Presentation as held in Hamburg at the Workshop Enhanced Weathering in January 2014.

1. Accelerated)Weathering)
&)
Dutch)developments!
Pol!Knops!
KU!Leuven!!Innova1on!Concepts) )
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 1

2. Background)myself
!
• Pol!Knops!
• 50!years!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1963:!317)ppm!
• Applied!Physics!(MSc.!Twente)!
• Worked!@!Environmental!projects,!!
!! ! ! ! renewable!energy!
• Since!4!years!involved!in!Mineraliza1on!
– Own!process!(Gravity!Pressure!Vessel)!
– “Enhancing!mineraliza1on”!+!Valuable!endZproducts!
• Since!1!year!PhDZstudent!@!KU!Leuven!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 2

3. Presenta?on
)
• Mineraliza1on!
– Introduc1on!
– Accelerated!
• Our!process!
– System!
– Some!results!
• Other!Dutch:!
– Research!
– Developments!
• Recommenda?ons)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 3

4. Fast)growing)research)
1000!
900!
800!
700!
600!
500!
400!
300!
200!
100!
0!
855
577
448
400
278
1
1990!
1
3
1
4
4
1995!
6
8
8
17
24
59
75
2000!
89
119
142
2005!
164
192
2010!
Google Scholar: "Mineral carbonation CO2 sequestration"
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 4

5. Op?ons)
3)routes:)
! !! ! ! ! ! ! !
Ambient/Enhanced!! !
Process!intensifica1on!
Product!replacement! !
15&16/1/2014
!
!
!
!
condi?ons)
ambient! !
HPHT!! !
various! !
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
)
!
!
!
focus))
CO2!
End!Products!
Replacement!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 5

6. Routes
)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 6

7. Chemical)reac?on)
Olivine:
Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O => 4HCO3- +2Mg2+ + Si(OH)4
[∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
Other minerals comparable
(although slower)!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 7

8. Exothermic)reac?on)
Coal!
“The ground energy state
of carbon is a mineral
carbonate”
ΔH!=!11,1!MJ/kg!CO2!
80%)
Gaseous!CO2!
ΔH!=!2,7!MJ/kg!CO2!
20%)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Solid!Carbonate!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 8

9. Academic)groups
)
• ExLsitu)only:)
– Columbia!University!New!York,!USA!
– Turku,!Finland!
– Ku!Leuven,!Belgium!
– ETH,!Switzerland!
– Herioj!Waj,!Edinburgh,!UK!
– Cambridge,!UK!
– University!of!Newcastle,!Australia!
– University!of!Rome,!Italy!
– University!of!Tallin,!Estonia!
– University!of!Toulouse,!France!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 9

10. Company)
Enhanced/
Accelerated)
“Maturity”)
Field)of)opera?on)
Cambridge!Carbon!Capture!!
ACC!
++!
Products,!sec.!CO2!
Calera!
ACC!
++!
Products!
Calix!/!Novacem!
ACC!
+!
Products!
Carbon8!
ENH!
+++!(plant))
Waste!improvement!
Carbon!Engineering!!
ACC!
+!
CO2!reuse!
CO2!Solu1ons!
ACC!
++!
CO2!reuse!
CO2!Transforma1on!!
ACC!
?!
Products!
Global!Thermostate!!
ACC!
+!
CO2!reuse!
Greenmag!
ACC!
+++)(pilot)plant))
Products!
greenSand!/!Smart!Stones!
ENH!
0!
CO2!
Innova1on!Concepts!!
ACC!
+!(batch!lab)!
Products!
ICS!
ACC!
0!
Products!
Kilimanjaro!Energy!!
ACC!
+!
CO2!reuse!
Skyonic!
ACC!
++!(pilot)plant))
Products!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 10

11. Process)intensifica?on)
• Chemical!process!
• High!Pressure,!High!temperature:!
• Enhanced!reac1on!rate:!
185°C,!!
40Z100!bar!P!CO2,!!
1!hour!residence!1me!
• Exothermic!behavior!known,!but!not!used!
6!March!2012!!
15&16/1/2014
Confiden1al!Informa1on!!Innova1on!
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Concepts!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 11
11!

12. 15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 12

13. Well)head)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 13

14. Batch)autoclave
)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 14

15. Conversion
)
1EZ4!
1EZ5!
15&16/1/2014
Required!dissolu1on!
rate!
Achieved!dissolu1on!
rate!
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 15

16. Olivine)par?cle
)
Par1cle:!!
Z illed!
M
Z hipped!
C
Z rregular!surface!structure!
I
1/19/14!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Sample:!U1:!Milled!GL30!Olivine!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 16
16!

17. Reac?on)1
)
1/19/14!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Sample:!U10:!Reacted!Olivine!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 17
17!

18. Reac?on)2
)
1/19/14!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Sample:!U10:!Reacted!Olivine!
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 18
18!

19. Reac?on)products
)
1/19/14!
15&16/1/2014
Sample:!U3)
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 19
19!

20. Reac?on)products
)
SiO2!
MgCO3!
Sample:!U3:)
1/19/14!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 20
20!

21. Par?cle)Size)Distribu?on)
Run 30 Particle Size Distribution
GL30
Run 30 Hoogte 1
Run 30 Hoogte 2
Run 30 Hoogte 3
10%
Run 30 Hoogte 4
9%
8%
7%
Distribution
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
0
1
10
100
1000
-1%
Diameter (um) (logaritmic)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 21

22. Silica)forma?on)
• Literature:!Passiva1ng!silica!boundary!layer!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 22

23. Research)Leuven
)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 23

24. Dutch)research
)
• U:! ! ! ! Prof.!Schuiling,!prof.!Spiers
U
• IOZ:!! ! ! Francesc!Montserrat! ! (Marine)
N
• U!Delq:!! ! Shiva!Salek!! ! ! ! ! (Biogas)
T
• UR:!! ! ! Hein!ten!Berge,!Rene!Rietra!! !(Agri)
W
• UR:! ! ! Ralph!Lindeboom! ! ! !(Biogas)
W
• eltares:! ! iov!RWS,!greenSand! ! (Civil!…)
D
• ovares:! ! Schouwpad! ! ! ! ! (Civil)! ! ! ! !
M
• ijkswaterstaat!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Civil)!!
R
• euven!! ! Pol!Knops! ! ! ! ! ! (Products)
L
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 24

25. Ambient)weathering)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 25

26. Virgin)Earth)Challenge)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 26

27. Enhanced)weathering)
Z mbient!weathering!
A
! Speed!geological!1mescale!
Z nhanced!weathering!
E
! milling!!
! organic!acids,!lichens,!fungi,!!
! erosion!sensi1ve!places!
Rocks!
Soil!
Beach!
Coastal!areas!
15&16/1/2014
Lichens!secrete!oxalic!acid!
Mycorrhizal!fungi!secrete!a!
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol
Innovation Concept 27
Constant!abrasion! Knops/Lugworm!eats!top!layer!
range!of!organic!acids!

28. Product)replacement)
• Olivine:!
– As!pebbles,!sand,!etc.!!
– Fer1lizer:!
! counterac1ng!acidifica1ons!!
! Magnesium!release,!!
! CO2!binding!
• Life1me!product!
!>=!weathering!rate!
• Nickel!!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 28

29. Agricultural)Products
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Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 29

30. Various)products
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Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 30

31. Civil)products
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Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 31

32. Recap)
• Research!fast!increasing!
• Most!towards:!
Z!High!Temperature/High!pressure!
• Quite!some!“Dutch”!developments!
• Three!“fields”:!
– Process!intensifica1on!
– Product!replacement!
– Enhanced!weathering!
• Not!“only”!CO2!sequestra1on!!
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 32

33. “Dead)zone”
)
Academia)
Government)
Research
Funding
No sound proof CO2
No interest companies
Companies!
No business model
No proof of CO2
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 33

34. Recommanda?on)
Olivine:
Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O => 4HCO3- +2Mg2+ + Si(OH)4
[∆H = -239.2 kJ/mol]
Not only CO2
More “uses”
By effects (including negative)
15&16/1/2014
Enhanced Weathering Workshop
Pol Knops/ Innovation Concept 34