Importance of economic analysis in environmental decision making
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Importance of economic analysis in environmental decision making
- 3. Detrimental air pollution Toxic chemicals Causes environmental effects
- 4. Increase public transportation Property changes Informing others
- 5. Cost and benefit analysis provides an organizational framework for identifying, quantifying, and comparing the costs and benefits (measured in dollars) of a proposed policy
- 6. HOW VALUABLE IS THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY RISK ANALYSIS IS RISK ANALYSIS A SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS Health & The Environment. Environmental Regulations
- 7. Policy Makers Money Qualified Personal Zoning Expropriation Licensing Third Party Liability Safety Regulation Mandatory Insurance Criminal Sanctions Enviromental Analysis Limitations rules of the legal system
- 8. Enviromental Analysis ProblemsProvides little guidance on the type of impacts that can occur, or the types of policy responses that might be considered Not directly suitable for whole system analysis Contrast between public interest and what scientists deem important to address. Potential for high level of complexity; uncertainty related to definition, interpretation and measurement
- 9. How economic analysis can be used regulations or policies If We Are Going To Use Economical Factors In Environmental Analysis, We Must Develop A Method Of Evaluation That Allows For Individual Differences. Policies Involves Identifying Priority Environmental State Issues, And Analyzing Changes Retrospectively Through Space And Time. Get The Message Out: Pollution Into The Atmosphere Releases Chemicals, Particulate Matter, Or Biological Materials Causes Discomforts, Diseases. Encourage Renewable Energies . During The Election Process People Need To Understand Enviromental Issues And Press The Law Makers To Allocate For Up To Date Studies To Enable Up To Date Solutions.
- 10. Sustainability is the capacity to endure through renewal, maintenance, and sustenance, or nourishment, in contrast to durability, the capacity to endure through unchanging resistance to change. People’s lifestyle has become hazardous to the Earth, over consumption comes at a cost and ultimately will come to Collect
Editor's Notes
- Presentation courtesy of ByPheNixx@2015
- Clean air is essential to our health and well being. For this and other reasons, U.S. consumers, businesses, and government are spending large amounts of money on air pollution controls. Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment. Recognizing the significant costs of reducing air pollution, many state and local air pollution control agencies perform analyses to estimate the economic impacts of their regulations. The precise goals of these analyses may vary, but most analysts seek to identify in advance those parties who will be affected by regulation, especially in a negative way. Most analysts also seek to provide information that can create informed policy decisions, especially by identifying less costly ways to achieve air quality standards. These efforts are important and are likely to become even more so in the future for two main reasons. First, the average costs of pollution controls can be expected to increase, because most inexpensive control measures already have been implemented over the last 20 years. Second, control costs are becoming more widely borne across society, as the measures required to solve remaining air pollution problems fall increasingly on decentralized sources and individuals, rather than on a relatively few large industrial facilities.
- Photochemical smog is a unique type of air pollution which is caused by reactions between sunlight and pollutants like hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide. Although photochemical smog is often invisible, it can be extremely harmful, leading to irritations of the respiratory tract and eyes. In regions of the world with high concentrations of photochemical smog, elevated rates of death and respiratory illnesses have been observed. Smog itself is simply airborne pollution which may cause hazy vision and various health conditions. It is caused by small particles of material which become concentrated in the air for a variety of reasons. Commonly, smog is caused by an inversion, in which cool air presses down on a column of warm air, forcing the air to remain stationary. Inversions are notorious in Southern California, where smog can sometimes get so severe that people are warned to stay indoors. Some of the particulate matter in the air can oxidize very readily when exposed to the UV spectrum. Nitrogen dioxide and various hydrocarbons produced through combustion will interact with sunlight to break down into hazardous chemicals. It doesn't have to be sunny for photochemical smog to form; UV light can also penetrate clouds. The pollutants released through human activity in this situation are known as “primary pollutants,” and they include sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other volatile organic compounds. When these compounds interact with the sun, they form “secondary pollutants” like ozone and additional hydrocarbons.
- Since automobile use, in particular the large volume of commuter traffic, is one of the primary factors in heightening the effects of photochemical smog. One solution would be to reduce commuter traffic and increase public transportation. Vehicle motors are the main contributors to the abundance of hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) in the atmosphere as other contaminants. Using alternate methods of transportation such as underground subway systems, city bus lines, bicycling to work, car pooling or other ways to reduce the thousands to millions of cars from entering large cities. Other changes can be made on your property. Such as, Using lawn equipment and tools that don't require gasoline, buy a barbecue with an electric starter rather than using lighter fluid, which releases hydrocarbons. Also buy products that have minimal or no packaging. Fossil fuels are required during the manufacturing process and hydrocarbons are generated during the printing process.
- Without the discipline of cost-benefit analysis it is not clear how the interests, claims, and opinions of parties affected by a proposed regulation can be examined and compared. Cost-benefit analysis is far from perfect, but it demands a level of objectivity and specificity that are necessary components of good decision making.
- Risk analysis summarizes available scientific information about hazardous activities, chemicals, or technologies and the effects they may have on exposed animals or people under various conditions, for example, with or without regulation. People generally agree that risk analysis is valuable for summarizing scientific information, but disagree about its scientific objectivity and information value for environmental policymakers, because risk is only one aspect of environmental problems. Also, the quality of information provided by risk analysis depends heavily on the quality of available data, which varies, so that the results of risk analysis almost always are debatable. what constitutes an acceptable risk is more than a scientific or technical issue. And remember acceptability of a risk involves ethical and psychological attitudes of individuals and society, how much will each of us, as individuals or collectively as a society, be willing to pay for a given reduction in that risk?
- The limitations of enviromental analysis affects every life on this planet, the policy makers/government has a duty to apply a Ethical principle according to which their actions is right in the decision making process to maximize happiness, not only that of the U.S. but the world. Understanding that no favors should be applied through contracting or grant approvals. n an ethical sense, Also, it is impossible to put a value on a human life. However, it is possible to determine how much people are willing to pay for a certain amount of risk reduction or a certain probability of increased longevity
- Treating the environment as a natural resource. The main reason why this resource is not optimally allocated in a market economy is that users often do not pay for the cost of using it. Therefore coming to solutions that are ultimately produced by the human population can be difficult. Using proper analysis can also become confusing, in view of its source, the data’s age, motive of the results and of course money and manpower.
- Changes affect the ecological services that the environment provides to humankind, such as the provision of clean air and water, food and protection from ultraviolet radiation as well as impacts on other aspects of the environment. It is clear that environmental issues are interlinked. An understanding and appreciation of these interlinkages is part of telling an integrated story of an environmental issue. For example, a driver (population growth in a forested watershed) can result in many environmental pressures such as increased logging and sewage discharge to rivers, Similarly, a pressure can have an effect on many environmental states (e.g., logging affecting the state of forest cover, soil, water and air quality). Get the message out: pollution into the atmosphere releases chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials causes discomforts, diseases, or death to all living organisms. matter, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans
- Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from controlling living conditions, to reappraising work practices. According to the 2008 Revision of the official United Nations population estimates and projections, the world population is projected to reach 7 billion early in 2012, up from the current 6.9 billion (May 2009), to exceed 9 billion people by 2050. At the global scale scientific data now indicates that humans are living beyond the carry capacity of the planet and that this cannot continue indefinitely. The ecological footprint measures human consumption in terms of the biologically productive land needed to provide the resources, and absorb the wastes of the average global citizen.
- PEOPLE PLEASE PAY ATTENTION. THIS IS BIGGER THEN YOUR OWN PERSONAL WORLD