Pharmaceutical presentation

1. Mesopotamia pharmaceutics
"The ancient spot from which history began"

2. Gula (Nintinugga)
The goddess of health and
healing in Sumerian gods
"I am the doctor, I know how to
heal, I carry all the herbs, I have a
bag full of effective supplements,
and I carry texts about healing"

3. Mesopotamia were methodically trained, had
facilities and tools to treat patients with both
pharmaceutical medicine and surgery, and
were an integrated and regulated part of society.
Herbal medicine and other
pharmaceuticals were ubiquitously used tools
of asu physicians in ancient Mesopotamia.

5. Mesopotamian Medicines
The Sumerians are considered the originators of medication. They
used medicines as early as 3,500 B.C. and developed enemas,
suppositories, lotions, pills, inhalations, ointments, snuffs, poultices, and
infusions.
The world oldest known prescriptions, cuneiform tablets dating back
to 2000 B.C. from Nippur, Sumer, described how to make poultices,
salves and washes. The ingredients, which included mustard, fig, myrrh,
bat dropping, turtle shell powder, river silt, snake skins and "hair from
the stomach of a cow," were dissolved into wine, milk and beer.
Cuneiform tablets suggest Mesopotamians used salt water for gargling,
sour wine as a disinfectant, potassium nitrate obtained from urine as an
astringent, and willow bark (source of aspirin) to relieve fever.

6. By trial and error, the Sumerians discovered that
alkaline substances neutralize the stomach's natural
acids and reduce the production of pepsin, which
irritates the stomach's lining. The chief ingredient in
their stomach relief medicines was sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda).
The earliest known laxatives, used in Mesopotamia and
ancient Egypt, were made from ground senna pods and
yellowish castor oil around 2500 B.C. The Assyrians
were particularly adept laxative makers. They developed
"bulk-forming" laxatives made from bran and "saline"
laxatives with sodium and "stimulant" laxatives that
acted on the intestinal walls to produce defecation.

8. HEALTH IN MESOPOTAMIA
Illness had traditionally been thought of as punishment from the gods.
Even so Sumerian cuneiform tablets relate that Mesopotamians had
some awareness of deadly pathogens in 1770 B.C. Excavation of
Assyrian tombs belonging to the elite, perhaps kings and queens, revealed
that the people had few cavities but suffered from dental abscesses. Many
ancient people believed that tooth pain was caused by creatures called
tooth-worms. Describing one such worm a Babylonian poet wrote:
The earth had created the rivers...
The marsh had created the worm
The worm went weeping...
Lift me up among the teeth
And the gums cause me to dwell!
The blood of the tooth I will suck.
And the gums will I gnaw the roots!

10. Mesopotamian clinical procedure
They bring out all their sick into the streets, for
they have no regular doctors. People that come
along offer the sick man advice, either from
what they personally have found to cure such a
complaint, or what they have known someone
else to be cured by. No one is allowed to pass by
a sick person without asking him what ails him.

12. Surgery and Medicines in Mesopotamia
Among Hammurabi's laws were several that
pertained to the liability of physicians who
performed surgery. These laws state that a doctor
was to be held responsible for surgical errors and
failures. Since the laws only mention liability in
connection with "the use of a knife"

13. The first pharmacopoeia in the world
An anonymous Sumerian
doctor, at 1000 B.C, collected
and wrote his most expensive
medical descriptions in the first
pharmacopoeia in the world for
the benefit of his students and
colleagues. He created a 9.5 cm
15.9 cm clay tablet and made
12 prescription Medicine is one
of his favorite medicines. This
clay document is considered to
be the oldest known book in
medicine known to man.
9.5X 15.9 cm Nippur

14. One of the prescriptions for
fumigation from below is
contained in a Neo-Assyrian
text from Assur (700 B.C),
devoted to treating bleeding
during pregnancy:

15. Iraq now
The humanitarian crisis in Iraq
remains one of the largest and
most volatile in the world. Conflict
has destroyed livelihoods and
infrastructure, and many have
been threatened, displaced and
injured. The aim of the Health
Cluster is to reduce morbidity
and mortality for displaced and
vulnerable people in front-line
and other critical areas. This
includes basic emergency
healthcare, as well as specialized
trauma care. The Health Cluster
is also delivering emergency
vaccinations, reproductive health
services and psychosocial support.

16. Baghdad Medical City
*THE IRAQI CENTER FOR HEART
DISEASES.
College of Medicine University of
Baghdad.
Surgical Specialties Hospital (also
includes Iraqi Center for Cardiac
Diseases, Toxicology Center and Kidney
Transplant Center).
Private Nursing Home Hospital.
Child Protection Teaching Hospital (also
includes Bone Marrow Transplant
Center).
Medical City Department.
Central Laboratories.
institute of radiology.
Pasteur Institute.
Tuberculosis Health Center (TB and
Chest Institute).
National Center for Blood Transfusion.
Gastroenterology & Hepatology center.
Specialized Burn Hospital.
Police Department.

17. The corruption of doctors in Iraq
For as long as Iraqi doctors took
benefit of their patients, by
directing them to certain
pharmacies to buy medicine, can
not factor in any other pharmacy
read because it is encrypted by the
corrupt doctor It rejects 70%
Iraqi doctors handle electronic
prescription because they strike
their benefits. Where there are
some corrupt pharmacists give
60,000 $ or new car or tickets
to trip to the doctor so that
describe the drugs from their drug
store

18. "6769"
The end
Ahmed Mahdi