4. Before You Read
1. Previewing: Reading Diagrams
1) What does the word code
mean? When and where are code used?
2) What does the genetic code determine? Where is it lo
3) What is DNA?
4) What is gene?
6. Before You Read
A code is a way to hold and send
information, sometimes in a such
way that it cannot be read without a
key. Codes are used in military.
The Morse code was used to send
messages by telegraph. Special
software can code messages so
that they cannot be read
13. Before You Read
A gene is a segment of DNA
A gene is a segment of DNA
that carries instructions that
that carries instructions that
guide the
guide the
development and behavior of
development and behavior of
cells.
cells.
14. Before You Read
2. Understanding Idiomatic Phrases in Context
1. half dead
1. half dead
2. started making
2. started making
sense
sense
3. take her
3. take her
concerns more
concerns more
seriously
seriously
4. not a procedure
4. not a procedure
to be taken
to be taken
lightly
lightly
5. go that route
5. go that route
B. sickly
B. sickly
A. became easy to
A. became easy to
understand
understand
D. pay attention to her
D. pay attention to her
problems
problems
D. a course of action
D. a course of action
to think about
to think about
seriously
seriously
B. have that done
B. have that done
to her
to her
15. Before You Read
2. Understanding Idiomatic Phrases in Context
6. can spot
6. can spot
7. normal life span
7. normal life span
8. trigger a flood
8. trigger a flood
9. will be routine
9. will be routine
10. only a handful
10. only a handful
A.
A.
D.
D.
is able to find
is able to find
the typical number of
the typical number of
years before dying
years before dying
B. bring about the
B. bring about the
production of a large
production of a large
number
number
A. is going to become a
A. is going to become a
common practice
common practice
C. a small number
C. a small number
16. Read
• Introduction
• Fifteen years ago, most people said it couldn’t be done. No one
would ever be able to decode, map out, and sequence (put in order)
the entire human genome, the 3.1 billion genes that make up a
human being. Genes are the building blocks of life. So learning what
each gene is made of could give us the ability to control our own
health. Even biologists and scientists thought that this was an
impossible dream.
• Nevertheless, just in time for the new millennium, two separate
scientific group announced that they had completed the task. One of
these group is the Human Genome Project sponsored by the U.S.
National Institutes of Health, and the other is a private company
called Celera Genomics
– This is a great achievement, but how do you think it might be
able to help us?
– Do you know, or can you imagine, how this breakthrough is
already having an effect on health
17.
18. SUMARY
• Ann Miscoi’s father and her uncle died of organ failure in their mid40s. Although she could live at 50 years ago, she felt half dead. Her
joints ached, her hair was falling out ,and she was infectious, but
doctor didn’t find any problems in her health. However, she scanned
the internet and learned about her disease called
hemochromatosis.
19. hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis is genetic disorder in which the body
contains too much iron and stores it in the bodily organs
(can cause organ damage, diabetes, and skin
discoloration)
20.
21.
22. SUMARY
• Ann Miscoi’s father and her uncle died of organ failure in their mid40s. Although she could live at 50 years ago, she felt half dead. Her
joints ached, her hair was falling out ,and she was infectious, but
doctor didn’t find any problems in her health. However, she scanned
the internet and learned about her disease called
hemochromatosis.
• Then she found the doctor to solve her problem. Generally, patients
have to make a liver biopsy to find out the disease, but she didn’t
have to do. However, she made a DNA test that can spot it in a drop
of blood. It was the DNA test. So her iron level was reduced before
her organs sustained lasting damage.
• With doctor’s help, she had a normal life span.
23. • By 2010,says Dr.Fransic Collins of National Human Genome
Research Institute, screening tests will enable anyone to gauge his
or her unique health risks, down to the body’s tolerance for
cigarettes and cheeseburgers.
• By 2050, he said recently many potential diseases will be cured at
the molecular level before they arise.
• Clinical labs now perform some four million genetic tests each year
in the United states. Genes help determine not only whether we get
sick but also how we respond to various treatments.
This is one of the most wonderful breakthroughs in medicine
because scientists discovered that the DNA test can find reasons of
many diseases ,so patients can cure problems soon.
24. After You Read
3. Separating Fact from
Opinion
Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic illness in the U.S.
Hemochromatosis is probably the most undiagnosed genetic illness.
Scientists isolated the gene for hemochromatosis a few years ago and
developed a test that can spot it in a drop of blood.
If the blood tests had been available earlier, the lives of Ann Miscoi’s
father and uncle would have been saved.
Genetic discoveries will trigger a flood of new pharmaceutical.
25. After You Read
By 2050, many potential diseases will be cured at the molecular level
before they arise.
Clinical labs now perform some four million genetic tests each year in
the U.S.
Newborn babies in the U.S are routinely checked for sickle cell anemia
and other diseases.
Certain terrible diseases can be highly manageable if they are
detected early.
Genes help determine not only whether we get sick but also how we
respond to various treatments
Soon parents will get a CD – Rom with their child’s genetic sequence
as soon as he or she is born
26. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic
Word List
Analyze
Predict
Sequence
Benefit
Researchers
Sequenced
Detection
Respond
Vision
28. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Respond (v): to do something as a reaction to
something that has been said or done.
(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)
29. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Benefit (n): advantage, profit; aid; stipend, pension
(Babylon English)
30. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Researcher (n): one who investigates, one who
studies a subject in great detail.
(Babylon English)
31. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Predict (v): state that (a specified event) will happen
in the future.
(Concise Oxford English Dictionary)
32. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Analyze (v): examine methodically and in detail for
the purposes of explanation or interpretation.
(Concise Oxford English Dictionary)
33. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Vision (n): a mental image of what the future will or
could be like.
(Concise Oxford English Dictionary)
35. After You Read
4. Focusing on Words From the Academic Word
List
Sequence (n): (Genetics)order of
monomers within a polymer chain.
(Babylon English)
36. Early detection is just the beginning. Genes help determine not only
whether we get sick but also how we respond to various treatments.
“In the past,” says Dr. William Evans of St. June Chlidren’s Research
Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, “the questions were How old are you
and how much do you weigh?” Now, thanks to recent genetic
discoveries, physicians can sometimes determine who stands to benefit
from a given drug, and who might be harmed by it.”
Only a handful of clinics are using gene tests to guide drug therapy,
but the pratice (known as pharmacogenetics ) is spreading fast.
Researchers are now learning to predict reactions to treatments
for asthma, diabetes, heart disease, and migraines – and firms like Incyte
Genomics are developing chips that can analyze
thousands of
genes at a time. “ My vision is that everyone will be sequenced at
birth,” says Dr. Mark Ratain of the University of Chicago. “Parents will
get a CD-ROM with their child’s geneti sequence . When physicians
prescribe drugs,they’ll use it to optimize treatment.”
37. After You Read
5 . Scanning a Timeline
1. What is the structure of DNA that Watson and
Crick discovered? When did they discover it ?
the now familiar double helical, 1953
2 . What is the name of the Austrian monk who
started the science of genetics ?
Gregor Mendel
3. What plants did he use to establish the rules of
inheritance ?
peas
38. 4. What did sciences use in the 70s to put DNA into
and produce the genetic function?
a restriction enzyme
5. What are the genes carried?
on chromosomes inside the cell’s nucleus
6. What year was this discovered?
1910
7. When was the Human Genome project started?
When was it finished?
1990 and 2000
39. 8. Who showed that DNA carries genetic information ?
Oswald Avery
9. Can DNA testing be used to help solve crimes ?
Yes
10. When was DNA testing used to determine family
relations ?
2001- 2006
40. 6. Guided Academic Conversation : Expressing your opinion
1.
Notice that in the first paragraph, Ann Miscoi found help from the
Internet when her doctor could not help her. The Internet is the
best place to go for reliable health information. Yes or no?
4.
If you were from a family with a history of serious disease, you
should absolutely take a genetic test to find out if you will some
day suffer from it.
Yes or no?
