The Floating Seahorse Hotel Proposal

HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE 5150
HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE
THE FLOATING
SEAHORSE
The Heart of Europe is building 42 Floating Seahorses which
will be located just offshore from St Petersburg Island and Main
Europe Island. Investors purchasing a
Floating Seahorse can benefit from rental returns through Mont
Royal Hotel.
There are also opportunities for investors / operators purchasing
any of The Heart of Europe’s hotels (i.e. Ibiza Hotel, Marbella
Hotel, Monaco Hotel) to also introduce The
Floating Seahorse into their hotel accommoda tion portfolio.
Prices & Payment Schedule
Each Floating Seahorse is currently for sale at AED 6.5 million.
The payment schedule is as follows:

Initial Reservation Deposit 20% AED 1.3 million
Second 20% Payment (December 2015*) AED 1.3 million
(*Subject to The Heart of Europe’s first Floating Seahorse
being ready and in the water)
Third 20% Payment (June 2016*) AED 1.3 million (*Subject to
Dry Docks Dubai structure completed and seen)
Final 40% Payment (December 2016) AED 2.6 million
(NB. Please note the above purchase price of AED 6.5 million
does not include furniture).
Business Plan for The Floating Seahorse
The Floating Seahorse is a totally unique product and there is
not currently anything similar available in the world. In light
of this, we have no exact product to compare it
with, but as an example, we have identified The Poseidon Suites
at The Atlantis Hotel as a guide in terms of business plan and
projections for The Floating Seahorse.
Poseidon Suites, Atlantis The Palm, Dubai
The average room rate per night for an underwater suite (which
isn’t actually underwater but boasts a built in aquarium to give
the impression that you are underwater) has
average room rate of AED 30,000 per night (based on two adults
sharing). The size of the suite is 165m2.
THE FLOATING
SEAHORSE
As there will only be 42 Floating Seahorses in the world, supply
is low and demand will be high.
Our estimated figures below are conservative, but realistic, in
comparison with average prices at the exclusive Posei don Suites

at The Atlantis:
Occupancy 80%
Average Daily Rate for one Floating Seahorse AED 15,000*
(*Each Floating Seahorse can accommodate up to six people.
The total built size is 182m2)
Estimate Annual Rental Revenue AED 4.5 million*
(*Based on 300 nights rented per year. The owner/investor is
entitled to 14 nights per year free of charge for personal use if
desired)
Total Operating Costs (60%) AED 2.7 million**
(**Please note, this excludes maintenance fees which are AED
20 per square foot)
Estimated Total Profit (ROI per year) AED 1.8 million
This conservative calculation represents an annual tax free ROI
of 27.69% based on the total initial investment which is highly
attractive.
Capital Growth Projection
Our estimations for capital growth is also conservative and is
detailed below:
10% per year from pre-construction to The Floating Seahorse
being fully-operational.
Based on an initial sales price of AED 6.5 million, 10% per
annum would generate AED 975.000 capital appreciation which
means that within the first three years,
the investor would get 100% return on his/her initial
investment.
THE FLOATING
SEAHORSE

THE FLOATING
SEAHORSE
FLOOR PLANS
& LAYOUTS
SEA LEVEL PLAN
58 HOTEL PROPOSAL – THE HEART OF EUROPE
UNDERWATER LEVEL PLAN UPPER DECK PLAN
Get in
TOUCH
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT MORE ABOUT
THE FLOATING SEAHORSE OR ANY OTHER
PROJECTS AT THE HEART OF EUROPE, PLEASE CONTACT
US FOR MORE INFORMATION.
The Heart of Europe is a truly unique project unlike anything
that’s has ever been seen before and now is the perfect
opportunity to invest in
your own little piece of paradise, be it for investment purposes
or for personal use.

To book a complimentary, no obligation VIP tour of the awe-
inspiring project, please contact us today to arrange an
appointment.
KENSINGTON INTERNATIONAL GROUP
Showroom / Offices :
Arenco Tower, 20th Floor,
Dubai Media City, Dubai, UAE
+39 02 21 117 186
[email protected]
www.groupkensington.com
w w w . g r o u p k e n s i n g t o n . c o m
The Floating Seahorse
Student ID

Date—Course Name—Professor’s Name
Explanation of construction process and alternative use of
proposed concrete in that construction
Rigid pavements with a reinforced concrete pavement base,
concrete roads are classified as rigid roads. The road alignment
and formation preparation are the two processes of road
construction. The purpose of the road alignment is to ensure
safe driving on the highway corridor. Comment by Author: I
don’t know why the roads and their data came in between this
doc
(1) The horizontal alignment, which is governed by the
horizontal movement and curves, is the first of the alignments.
(2) Tt the hills, the vertical alignment, describing the vertical
curves for comfortable driving for all vehicles (using super-
elevation etc.). The initial surface on which the road structure
will be mounted is the roan formation level. As a result, it must
be made sufficient and adequate in this regard.
Construction of a rigid pavement; the subgrade layer is
composed of the following layers. The level below which the
road is formed the layer of the subbase and base. The subbase is
a high-strength, high-quality layer on the subgrade; however,
because the pavement is concrete, the subbase and base layer
might be regarded a single unit known as the base layer. The
layer is designed and built as a structural unit to sustain the
weight of the cars and the predicted traffic on the road. Surface
layer with a bituminous finish. To provide a smooth
riding/driving surface as well as a cover for the concrete base.

Introduction of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahorse
at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015. It is
essentially a boat and a submersible without any motor. It has
three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above
deck. The architects plan to build an artificial coral reef beneath
it, where the endangered Arabic seahorse will be able to reclaim
its former home and be admired in all its beauty, accordi ng to
the architects. The fact that it was built in the mass-production
era distinguishes it from most architectural undertakings.
Something we've seen previously in architecture, particularly on
housing projects and complexes.
Using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
Researchers and engineers with the vision to maintain
development activities current while reducing costs could
explore for other building materials. In this paper, an attempt is
made to examine the possibilities of using EPS concrete in
seahorse structure, a packing material in the form of beads in
concrete that is otherwise providing a waste disposal and waste
management danger. Environmentalists are worried about this
substance. The goal of this research is to use EPF beads to
partially replace coarse aggregates. Under uniaxial loading, the
effect of EPF content on failure mode, stress-strain relationship,
and elastic modulus of expanded polystyrene aggregate concrete
(EPAC) was examined. The examined concrete had a density of
less than 800 kilograms per cubic meter. EPAC was claimed to
have good compressibility, and specimens tested under
compression showed the development of an apparent oblique

crack.Comment by Author: I told you , please tell the why the
EPS concrete used in structure and importance but you tell my
work is danges to that construction.Comment by Author: Who
said beads
Comment by Author: It mentions like my work is not sutable for
this construtions
Advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
In some circumstances, such as a medical emergency, repayment
of a home loan, building or acquisition of a new home,
remodeling of a home, children's weddings, or self-employment,
EPF enables partial fund withdrawals. In the event of a financial
emergency, an EPF member can also obtain a loan with a 1%
interest rate. The EPF account earns a better rate of return than
a traditional savings account. The excess contribution is
referred to as the 'Voluntary Provident Fund' when an employee
wishes to donate more than the minimum necessary
contribution. All PF accounts must be split into two accounts:
one for the taxable contribution and interest earned on that
component, and another for the non-taxable contribution, which
includes the PF account's closing balance as of March 31, 2021,
as well as all new non-taxable contributions and
interest.Comment by Author: What is this nonsense Comment
by Author: Its about concrete not loans Comment by Author:
What is savings accountComment by Author: I don’t know what
is this Comment by Author: Why it came in between this doc
Proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
BIM is a design and construction method used by architects.
The procedure incorporates a variety of design tools and
approaches with the ultimate goal of making every phase of
building and design as efficient, safe, and cost-effective as
feasible. BIM is a method of organizing and managing data and

information about a construction project in order to create a
building information model that can include a digital
description of each asset. Building and facility operations and
maintenance can account for up to 85% of the overall cost of
the structure. 3D visualization, clash detection, feasibility
analysis, constructability assessment, quantity take-off and cost
estimate, 4D/scheduling, environmental/LEED analysis,
producing shop drawings, and facility management are all BIM
applications in the AEC industry. BIM has the ability to
increase construction efficiency, boost team communication and
knowledge exchange, and assist with construction-related
activities. Using BIM throughout a project decreases risks by
increasing efficiency, reducing errors or misinterpretations
among designers, engineers, and contractors, and demanding
collaboration and knowledge exchange among all parties
involved to assure correctness and reliability.Comment by
Author: I am asking how BIM works used in sears construction
not what is BIM
Construction procedure of seahorse structure
Due to their uneven range and low density, as well as their
cryptic nature, there is a scarcity of ecological data on
seahorses (Foster and Vincent 2004). These characteristics make
it especially challenging to survey, measure, and monitor the
health of their people, whether for scientific study or
commercial development initiatives like environmental impact
assessments prior to construction activity. Only one seahorse
species, which is restricted to three estuaries in South Africa,
has had a range-wide ecological evaluation completed to yet.
The majority of European seahorse research has been focused
on a few tiny focal areas.Comment by Author: Biology is
mixing in construction what a senseless Comment by Author:
Zovalaoagy mixing

What of materials used in seahorse structure
The group chose glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) covering for the
Seahorse Villas' construction because of its flexibility,
according to Bolzoni. A "floating platform that curves to create
a roof" is the goal for the villas. However, by incorporating
ocean ownership into the title deed, the value of each house will
skyrocket. "We wanted to mirror the beauty of the sea; we
wanted to have the close interaction with water that a boat has,
but with the luxury and comfort of a villa.""As a result of its
vessel title, the structure can be moved at any moment, while
the sea space is protected by its real estate title," says the
author.Comment by Author: Why glass power came in this work
I don’t knowComment by Author: What is this Comment by
Author: What is this nonsense irrelevant to heading
Design model of seahorse structure
Comment by Author: Am asinking desing model not history and
more over you already mentioned on top agin what is this
You may have heard of The World in Dubai, a global landmark
consisting of 300 islands reclaimed from the water in the shape
of a world map and home to an iconic collection of private and
resort islands. The Heart of Europe, a cluster of six islands
modelled after Europe, may be found within The World. The
Floating Seahorse Villas, which are three-level luxury
houseboats with the lowest levels submerged underwater, are
located within that.
Comment by Author: Same as above comment
Kleindienst Group owns the cluster of six islands on The World
project, which was designed to capture the true aesthetic and

cultural riches of European cities. The Floating Seahorse, the
world's first luxury underwater living experience with a view of
the Arabian Gulf, is located in the heart of Europe. It is also
home to the world's largest natural aquarium, The Floating
Seahorse. The photographs below are real photos of the Floating
Seahorse, not computer-generated representations that are often
circulated on the internet.
BIM process of seahorse structure
We found that using technology, such as building information
modelling (BIM) for various construction processes across all
six islands on The Heart of Europe, as well as aerial
photography and drones to define the exact layout of each area,
was particularly helpful during the early stages of the project
planning. The Floating Seahorses are linked to the heart-shaped
island by specially designed pathways made of concrete and
timber platforms. This ensures that the flooring is both durable
and low-maintenance, as well as matching the island concept.
We found that utilizing technology, such as BIM for various
construction procedures on all six islands, was extremely
beneficial. One of the most crucial parts of The Heart of Europe
is ensuring the island's and its terrestrial and marine
environments' long-term viability. The island provides a calm
environment with 300m of coastline thanks to the perfect
mixing of natural and man-made components.Comment by
Author: Unnecessary data
Floating concept of seahorse structure
Kleindienst Architects built and unveiled the Floating Seahor se
at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015, which is
essentially a boat and a submersible with no motor. It has three

levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck.
The 'floating seahorse,' built by a team of architects and inter ior
designers, offers four movable living / sleeping rooms to ensure
an amazing trip experience. Each unit can also be adjusted to
provide the utmost in seclusion by completely enclosing the
outdoor areas on both the lower and upper levels. These outdoor
spaces, when not covered, can be used for year-round alfresco
entertaining.Comment by Author: Already mentioned this point
on above again why you mentioned I don’t know
Clear explanation work with clear representation
"The Floating Seahorse is designed to be used on
breakwaters.""It sank because it was placed out on the strong
seas for which it was not constructed," he explained. So, how
did it get there in the first place? According to Kleindienst
Group, they had moved it there for a New Year's Eve party. It
was used as the center stage for the party, providing lights,
music, and DJs to surrounding yachts from which revelers
viewed the New York fireworks. That night, nothing unusual
occurred. It did, however, happen three days later. Fortunately,
there were no passengers on board. "There was no one inside or
near the house," stated Lt. Col. Ahmad Atiq Burqibah, Deputy
Director of the Dubai Police's Search and Rescue Department.
"We sped to the spot and arrived in eight minutes. “The waters
were rough and the waves were 6 to 8 feet high,” he
remembered. A model of a floating seahorse that keeled over
while being brought to Europe's heartland. The Floating
Seahorse, billed as the pinnacle of luxury and extravagance, is a
crucial component of Kleindienst's The Heart of Europe
development, a manufactured island on The World Islands, and
some 4 km off Dubai's coast. The corporation has been pushing
it heavily throughout the city's malls. The project has received
rave reviews in major local and international newspapers on a
regular basis. It was also filmed for the Discovery Channel's
Impossible Builds series by a UK-based production

company.Comment by Author: OMG what is this I read -2-3
times I what is this data and why it is related to this work
Comment by Author: This is not seahourse structure image
Model presentation of seahorse structure
Bolzoni goes on to highlight the unique problems of
constructing such a large project offshore. "With time, we
realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-
sufficient as possible," he says, adding, "Of course, independent
consultants are a tremendous resource when needed." For
example, we have JK Bauen based here, as well as our own GRP
team. Rather than hiring a specialist, we'd prefer to form our
own team. Sure, there are some things we can't do, but we've
honed our skills through time."Comment by Author: ?
Comment by Author: No use
Comment by Author: Not a sea hourese structure
Personal reflection for making thing project
We wanted to capture the beauty of the water, to have the close
interaction with the water that a boat has, but with the elegance
and comfort of a villa. "I usually conceive of weight sitting on
top of the foundation, but weight behaves in a completely
different way in this case." For any construction that is in
water, I learned that symmetry and regular shapes are
essential." According to Bolzoni, the weight distribution of the
Seahorse Villas is "totally unbalanced.""A marble-covered
bathroom may be in one corner of the villa, while the opposite
corner could be quite vacant, adding very little weight to the
overall construction." Given the underwater vistas offered by

the Seahorse Villas, maintaining a healthy seascape is critical.
"Our villas overlook an undersea realm, not a garden," he
explains. "Instead of gardeners, we have a dive team and a
marine biologist who look after everything around the Seahorse
Villas." With time, we realized that in order to build here, we
needed to be as self-sufficient as possible, relying on
independent consultants as little as possible. Because of the
project's unique and demanding requirements, the developer
will need to hire an additional "250 staff every month" to meet
the first phase's late 2019 completion deadline. The Floating
Seahorse is an absolutely one-of-a-kind aquatic product. It's a
private marine hideaway with its own plot in the Arabian Gulf
(basically a boat without propulsion). It is an iconic and one-of-
a-kind premium lifestyle product that was unveiled at the Dubai
International Boat Show in March of 2015. The Signature
Edition of The Floating Seahorse offers tremendous versatility
with four exi-living and sleeping rooms, each of which may be
customized to meet individual needs. By completely enclosing
the outside areas at sea level and on the upper deck, the
Floating Seahorse may be modified to provide the ultimate in
solitude. The Floating Seahorse's Signature Edition is geared
toward families and groups with children. The Floating
Seahorse can be completely modified and tailored to fit your
particular style and preferences. Each Floating Seahorse will be
one-of-a-kind and unique, inspired by the genuine meaning of a
signature.Comment by Author: I asked personal reflection with
headings like
Introduction
Project info
Definition of the Issue
Project Summary
Project Methodology
Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria
Stating the Plan and Approach
Risk Analysis & Management
Outing the Schedules

Ending the Proposal
You didn’t do that and
What evere you wrore the data is not related to personal
refelection of the project
No use of this data
General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of
construction materials and if proposed concrete and on
alternative original material report
The aptly called "Floating Seahorse," a $2.8 million floating
residence that arrived in the Heart of Europe earlier this year,
was the first of its kind. They now plan to construct even larger
mansions, with a price tag of $12 million. According to design
firm Kleindienst Group, the $2.8 million Floating Seahorse is
the culmination of over 5,000 hours of research and 13,000
hours of design and engineering. The cost of a single or
numerous rooms in a Floating Seahorse Villa is between $10
million and $16.5 million. The cost of renting a room for one
night can range from $10,000 to $25,000 per night.

Appendix
Appendix A
Appendix B
Company Profile, product image and specification, capacity,
production, price, cost, revenue, and contact information are all
provided in the Global Floating Seahorse Market report. In
addition, downstream demand analysis and upstream raw
materials and instruments are provided. The market
development trends and marketing channels for the Global
Floating Seahorse are investigated. Finally, the viability of
recent investment projects is evaluated, and the overall study
conclusions are presented (BIM-based mobile augmented reality
environment in facility management practices,” Facilities, vol.
34, no. 1/2, pp. 69–84, 2016.)
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The Floating Seahorse
Student ID
Date—Course Name—Professor’s Name

Explanation of construction process and alternative use of
Rigid pavements with a reinforced concrete pavement base,
concrete roads are classified as rigid roads. The road alignment
and formation preparation are the two processes of road
construction. The purpose of the road alignment is to ensure
safe driving on the highway corridor. Comment by Author: I
don’t know why the roads and their data came in between this
doc
(1) The horizontal alignment, which is governed by the
horizontal movement and curves, is the first of the ali gnments.
(2) Tt the hills, the vertical alignment, describing the vertical
curves for comfortable driving for all vehicles (using super -
elevation etc.). The initial surface on which the road structure
will be mounted is the roan formation level. As a resul t, it must
be made sufficient and adequate in this regard.
Construction of a rigid pavement; the subgrade layer is
composed of the following layers. The level below which the
road is formed the layer of the subbase and base. The subbase is
a high-strength, high-quality layer on the subgrade; however,
because the pavement is concrete, the subbase and base layer
might be regarded a single unit known as the base layer. The
layer is designed and built as a structural unit to sustain the
weight of the cars and the predicted traffic on the road. Surface
layer with a bituminous finish. To provide a smooth
riding/driving surface as well as a cover for the concrete base.
Introduction of seahorse structure
at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015. It is
essentially a boat and a submersible without any motor. It has

three levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above
deck. The architects plan to build an artificial coral reef beneath
it, where the endangered Arabic seahorse will be able to reclaim
its former home and be admired in all its beauty, according to
the architects. The fact that it was built in the mass-production
era distinguishes it from most architectural undertakings.
Something we've seen previously in architecture, particularly on
housing projects and complexes.
Using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
Researchers and engineers with the vision to maintain
development activities current while reducing costs could
explore for other building materials. In this paper, an attempt is
made to examine the possibilities of using EPS concrete in
seahorse structure, a packing material in the form of beads in
concrete that is otherwise providing a waste disposal and waste
management danger. Environmentalists are worried about this
substance. The goal of this research is to use EPF beads to
partially replace coarse aggregates. Under uniaxial loading, the
effect of EPF content on failure mode, stress-strain relationship,
and elastic modulus of expanded polystyrene aggregate concrete
(EPAC) was examined. The examined concrete had a density of
less than 800 kilograms per cubic meter. EPAC was claimed to
have good compressibility, and specimens tested under
compression showed the development of an apparent oblique
crack.Comment by Author: I told you , please tell the why the
EPS concrete used in structure and importance but you tell my
work is danges to that construction.Comment by Author: Who
said beads
Comment by Author: It mentions like my work is not sutable for
this construtions

Advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
In some circumstances, such as a medical emergency, repayment
of a home loan, building or acquisition of a new home,
remodeling of a home, children's weddings, or self-employment,
EPF enables partial fund withdrawals. In the event of a financial
emergency, an EPF member can also obtain a loan with a 1%
interest rate. The EPF account earns a better rate of return than
a traditional savings account. The excess contribution is
referred to as the 'Voluntary Provident Fund' when an employee
wishes to donate more than the minimum necessary
contribution. All PF accounts must be split into two accounts:
one for the taxable contribution and interest earned on that
component, and another for the non-taxable contribution, which
includes the PF account's closing balance as of March 31, 2021,
as well as all new non-taxable contributions and
interest.Comment by Author: What is this nonsense Comment
by Author: Its about concrete not loans Comment by Author:
What is savings accountComment by Author: I don’t know what
is this Comment by Author: Why it came in between this doc
Proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
BIM is a design and construction method used by architects.
The procedure incorporates a variety of design tools and
approaches with the ultimate goal of making every phase of
building and design as efficient, safe, and cost-effective as
feasible. BIM is a method of organizing and managing data and
information about a construction project in order to create a
building information model that can include a digital
description of each asset. Building and facility operations and
maintenance can account for up to 85% of the overall cost of
the structure. 3D visualization, clash detection, feasibility
analysis, constructability assessment, quantity take-off and cost

estimate, 4D/scheduling, environmental/LEED analysis,
producing shop drawings, and facility management are all BIM
applications in the AEC industry. BIM has the ability to
increase construction efficiency, boost team communication and
knowledge exchange, and assist with construction-related
activities. Using BIM throughout a project decreases risks by
increasing efficiency, reducing errors or misinterpretations
among designers, engineers, and contractors, and demanding
collaboration and knowledge exchange among all parties
involved to assure correctness and reliability.Comment by
Author: I am asking how BIM works used in sears constructi on
not what is BIM
Construction procedure of seahorse structure
Due to their uneven range and low density, as well as their
cryptic nature, there is a scarcity of ecological data on
seahorses (Foster and Vincent 2004). These characteristics make
it especially challenging to survey, measure, and monitor the
health of their people, whether for scientific study or
commercial development initiatives like environmental impact
assessments prior to construction activity. Only one seahorse
species, which is restricted to three estuaries in South Africa,
has had a range-wide ecological evaluation completed to yet.
The majority of European seahorse research has been focused
on a few tiny focal areas.Comment by Author: Biology is
mixing in construction what a senseless Comment by Author:
Zovalaoagy mixing
What of materials used in seahorse structure

The group chose glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) covering for the
Seahorse Villas' construction because of its flexibility,
according to Bolzoni. A "floating platform that curves to create
a roof" is the goal for the villas. However, by incorporating
ocean ownership into the title deed, the value of each house will
skyrocket. "We wanted to mirror the beauty of the sea; we
wanted to have the close interaction with water that a boat has,
but with the luxury and comfort of a villa.""As a result of its
vessel title, the structure can be moved at any moment, while
the sea space is protected by its real estate title," says the
author.Comment by Author: Why glass power came in this work
I don’t knowComment by Author: What is this Comment by
Author: What is this nonsense irrelevant to heading
Design model of seahorse structure
Comment by Author: Am asinking desing model not history and
more over you already mentioned on top agin what is this
You may have heard of The World in Dubai, a global landmark
consisting of 300 islands reclaimed from the water in the shape
of a world map and home to an iconic collection of private and
resort islands. The Heart of Europe, a cluster of six islands
modelled after Europe, may be found within The World. The
Floating Seahorse Villas, which are three-level luxury
houseboats with the lowest levels submerged underwater, are
located within that.
Comment by Author: Same as above comment
Kleindienst Group owns the cluster of six islands on The World
project, which was designed to capture the true aesthetic and
cultural riches of European cities. The Floating Seahorse, the
world's first luxury underwater living experience with a view of
the Arabian Gulf, is located in the heart of Europe. It is also
home to the world's largest natural aquarium, The Floating
Seahorse. The photographs below are real photos of the Floating
Seahorse, not computer-generated representations that are often

circulated on the internet.
BIM process of seahorse structure
We found that using technology, such as building information
modelling (BIM) for various construction processes across all
six islands on The Heart of Europe, as well as aerial
photography and drones to define the exact layout of each area,
was particularly helpful during the early stages of the project
planning. The Floating Seahorses are linked to the heart-shaped
island by specially designed pathways made of concrete and
timber platforms. This ensures that the flooring is both durable
and low-maintenance, as well as matching the island concept.
We found that utilizing technology, such as BIM for various
construction procedures on all six islands, was extremely
beneficial. One of the most crucial parts of The Heart of Europe
is ensuring the island's and its terrestrial and marine
environments' long-term viability. The island provides a calm
environment with 300m of coastline thanks to the perfect
mixing of natural and man-made components.Comment by
Author: Unnecessary data
Floating concept of seahorse structure
at the Dubai International Boat Show in March 2015, which is
essentially a boat and a submersible with no motor. It has three
levels: an underwater level, a water level, and an above deck.
The 'floating seahorse,' built by a team of architects and interior
designers, offers four movable living / sleeping rooms to ensure
an amazing trip experience. Each unit can also be adjusted to
provide the utmost in seclusion by completely enclosing the
outdoor areas on both the lower and upper levels. These outdoor

spaces, when not covered, can be used for year-round alfresco
entertaining.Comment by Author: Already mentioned this point
on above again why you mentioned I don’t know
Clear explanation work with clear representation
"The Floating Seahorse is designed to be used on
breakwaters.""It sank because it was placed out on the strong
seas for which it was not constructed," he explained. So, how
did it get there in the first place? According to Kleindienst
Group, they had moved it there for a New Year's Eve party. It
was used as the center stage for the party, providing lights,
music, and DJs to surrounding yachts from which revelers
viewed the New York fireworks. That night, nothing unusual
occurred. It did, however, happen three days later. Fortunately,
there were no passengers on board. "There was no one inside or
near the house," stated Lt. Col. Ahmad Atiq Burqibah, Deputy
Director of the Dubai Police's Search and Rescue Department.
"We sped to the spot and arrived in eight minutes. “The waters
were rough and the waves were 6 to 8 feet high,” he
remembered. A model of a floating seahorse that keeled over
while being brought to Europe's heartland. The Floating
Seahorse, billed as the pinnacle of luxury and extravagance, is a
crucial component of Kleindienst's The Heart of Europe
development, a manufactured island on The World Islands, and
some 4 km off Dubai's coast. The corporation has been pushing
it heavily throughout the city's malls. The project has received
rave reviews in major local and international newspapers on a
regular basis. It was also filmed for the Discovery Channel's
Impossible Builds series by a UK-based production
company.Comment by Author: OMG what is this I read -2-3
times I what is this data and why it is related to this work
Comment by Author: This is not seahourse structure image

Model presentation of seahorse structure
Bolzoni goes on to highlight the unique problems of
constructing such a large project offshore. "With time, we
realized that in order to build here, we needed to be as self-
sufficient as possible," he says, adding, "Of course, independent
consultants are a tremendous resource when needed." For
example, we have JK Bauen based here, as well as our own GRP
team. Rather than hiring a specialist, we'd prefer to form our
own team. Sure, there are some things we can't do, but we've
honed our skills through time."Comment by Author: ?
Comment by Author: No use
Comment by Author: Not a sea hourese structure
Personal reflection for making thing project
We wanted to capture the beauty of the water, to have the close
interaction with the water that a boat has, but with the elegance
and comfort of a villa. "I usually conceive of weight sitting on
top of the foundation, but weight behaves in a completely
different way in this case." For any construction that is in
water, I learned that symmetry and regular shapes are
essential." According to Bolzoni, the weight distribution of the
Seahorse Villas is "totally unbalanced.""A marble-covered
bathroom may be in one corner of the villa, while the opposite
corner could be quite vacant, adding very little weight to the
overall construction." Given the underwater vistas offered by
the Seahorse Villas, maintaining a healthy seascape is critical.
"Our villas overlook an undersea realm, not a garden," he
explains. "Instead of gardeners, we have a dive team and a
marine biologist who look after everything around the Seahorse
Villas." With time, we realized that in order to build here, we
needed to be as self-sufficient as possible, relying on

independent consultants as little as possible. Because of the
project's unique and demanding requirements, the developer
will need to hire an additional "250 staff every month" to meet
the first phase's late 2019 completion deadline. The Floating
Seahorse is an absolutely one-of-a-kind aquatic product. It's a
private marine hideaway with its own plot in the Arabian Gulf
(basically a boat without propulsion). It is an iconic and one-of-
a-kind premium lifestyle product that was unveiled at the Dubai
International Boat Show in March of 2015. The Signature
Edition of The Floating Seahorse offers tremendous versatility
with four exi-living and sleeping rooms, each of which may be
customized to meet individual needs. By completely enclosing
the outside areas at sea level and on the upper deck, the
Floating Seahorse may be modified to provide the ultimate in
solitude. The Floating Seahorse's Signature Edition is geared
toward families and groups with children. The Floating
Seahorse can be completely modified and tailored to fit your
particular style and preferences. Each Floating Seahorse will be
one-of-a-kind and unique, inspired by the genuine meaning of a
signature.Comment by Author: I asked personal reflection with
headings like
Introduction
Project info
Definition of the Issue
Project Summary
Project Methodology
Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria
Stating the Plan and Approach
Risk Analysis & Management
Outing the Schedules
Ending the Proposal
You didn’t do that and
What evere you wrore the data is not related to personal
refelection of the project

No use of this data
General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of
The aptly called "Floating Seahorse," a $2.8 million floating
residence that arrived in the Heart of Europe earlier this year,
was the first of its kind. They now plan to construct even larger
mansions, with a price tag of $12 million. According to design
firm Kleindienst Group, the $2.8 million Floating Seahorse is
the culmination of over 5,000 hours of research and 13,000
hours of design and engineering. The cost of a single or
numerous rooms in a Floating Seahorse Villa is between $10
million and $16.5 million. The cost of renting a room for one
night can range from $10,000 to $25,000 per night.
Appendix
Appendix A

Appendix B
Company Profile, product image and specification, capacity,
production, price, cost, revenue, and contact information are all
provided in the Global Floating Seahorse Market report. In
addition, downstream demand analysis and upstream raw
materials and instruments are provided. The market
development trends and marketing channels for the Global
Floating Seahorse are investigated. Finally, the viability of
recent investment projects is evaluated, and the overall study
conclusions are presented (BIM-based mobile augmented reality
environment in facility management practices,” Facilities, vol.
34, no. 1/2, pp. 69–84, 2016.)
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Using the mentioned article data, if this type of concrete is used
in the second-mentioned document what are the advantages that
will be obtained explain the following things
1. Explanation of construction process and alternative use of
1.1 Introduction of seahorse structure
1.2 using EPF concrete in Seahorse structure
1.3 advantages of using EPF concrete in seahorse structure
2. proper BIM data for the use of mentioned construction work
2.1 construction procedure of seahorse structure
2.2 what of materials used in seahorse structure
2.3 design model of seahorse structure
2.4 BIM process of seahorse structure
2.5 Floating concept of seahorse structure
3. clear explanation work with clear representation
3.1 model presentation of seahorse structure
4. Personal reflection for making thing project
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Project info
4.3 Definition of the Issue
4.4 Project Summary
4.5 Project Methodology

4.6 Definition of Deliver as well as the success criteria
4.7 Stating the Plan and Approach
4.8 Risk Analysis & Management
4.9 Outing the Schedules
4.10 Ending the Proposal
5. General conceptual costing matter like imagination cost of
Like
Normal concrete is 5 pounds EPC
Concrete is 2 pounds
Note:
1. Minimum of 20 references
2. Minimum of 3 appendices
3. Minimum of 4 png images
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Micro structural examination of low-density light weight
concrete based
on expanded polypropylene foam
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.564
2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection

and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee
of the Emerging Trends in Materials
Technology and Engineering.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik),
[email protected]
com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)
Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah
and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low -density
light weight concrete ba
expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings,
DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi
Madhavi c
a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering,
University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
b Department of Civil Engineeri ng, K.L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of
Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 10 November 2020
Accepted 17 November 2020
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Sulphate resisting cement
Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP)
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
Scanning electric microscopy (SEM)
Physical & chemical properties
This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement
reacts with polypropylene foam on low

density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical
resisting cement and physical properties of the
low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research
examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in
polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.
Considering that this research involved chemical
processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration
besides the mechanical tests and experi-
mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general,
Low Density Light Weight Concrete has
300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low
handling costs, with many advantages includ-
ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the
wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big
abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement.
Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water-
cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between
water and cement. Inadequate water
can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to
concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water
may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance
coatings which in turn weaken in solidity.
This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low -
density Light Weight Concrete based on
the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of
general aggregates. Procedures which
focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the
concrete are involved. In addition, the
research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these
works is done by examining the concrete
with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder
Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is
extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result.
� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-
review under responsibility of the scientific

committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science,
1. Introduction
There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The
light
weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position
for
consideration in the future construction industry since low
density
light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light
weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to
800
Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure
con-
struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light
weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of
the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently,
to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes
involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and
availability
of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a
way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre-
gates with different types of materials. The research mainly
focuses
on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with
sul-
phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal -
anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper
bonding between the water and cement.
In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in
low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on
strength properties. This study can be conducted on the
polypropy-

lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such
as
Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.
1.1. Objectives and scopes
� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the
sulphate
resisting cement.
Science,
sed on
mailto:[email protected]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22147853
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Table 1
Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS:
12330–1988
Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max
Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max
Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02
Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max
Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max
SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max

C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max
2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max
C3S 52.14 . . .
C2S 19.60 . . .
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi
� To Examine the Expanded Polypropyle ne Foam aggregates
properties.
� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres.
� To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density
light
weight concrete.
� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene
foam aggregates light weight concrete.
� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded
polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.
� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded
polypropylene foam aggregates.
� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light
weight
aggregates.
2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete
The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early
19th century in the United States. In the construction industry,
there are several benefits associated with low density light
weight
concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the
dead
load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal

conductivity,
low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce
haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low-density
light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a
char-
acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.
3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with
sulphate resisting cement
Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions
where
the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to
sul-
phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it
gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive
amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or
uncovered
especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement
con-
tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably
low
value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts
in sul-
phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of
Ca2+
ions with SO4 present in the
Solution
can be exhibited in gypsum.
The tri-calcium aluminate reacts with sulphate ions in concrete

to form gypsum
C3A + 3CSH2 + 26H ! C3A.3CS.H32
The ettringite is reduced by the sulphate concentration which in
turn disintegrates the structure to nano sulphates”.
2C3A + C3A.3CS3H32 ! 3C3A.3CS.H12
It is necessary to understand how the Sulphate resisting cement
compounds influence the slow-density light weight concrete. At
the same time, the Expanded Polypropylene foam aggregates
react
with Sulphate resisting cement affecting the binding nature of
the
cement molecules.
2
Expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates are in solid state, so
the reaction of bogus compounds in cement is unique. When the
bogus compounds penetrate the inter-molecular matrix
structure,
they result to a strength increase property of the low -density
light

weight concrete. This is significant in comprehending the
ingrained
nature of low-density light weight concrete and how it
influences
various parameters of the concrete, which are made with the
expanded polypropylene foam.
4. Systematic Examination of materials
In the preparation of low-density light weight concrete, Sul-
phate resisting cement, Expanded Polypropylene Foam
Aggregates,
Super plasticizer and Air Entraining Agents were applied.
The suggested methodology for the improvement of this inves-
tigation is categorized in three primary phases. In the three pri -
mary phases, there are several sub-functional components of
works that include;
Phase 1: Chemical and Physical characterization of materials.
Sub-component 1.1. Chemical and physical Examination of Sul-
phate Resisting Cement through X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and
Visual Examination Processes by different tests.

Sub-Component 1.2. Examination of Expanded Polypropylene
Foam Aggregates as per DIN EN 71–1/2/3 Test processes.
Sub-Component 1.3. Examination of Recron 3 s fibres material
by some physical and optical tests.
Phase 2: Design and preparation of concrete.
Phase 3: Study the Mechanical, Micro-structural, Durability
tests and NDT tests of the concrete.
Sub-component 3.1. Examination of Mechanical properties of
concrete, compressive strength and tensile strength.
Sub-component 3.2. Examination of Micro structural Analysis,
X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electric Microscopy
(SEM).
Sub-Component 3.3. Examination of Durability test, pH value
and water absorption tests.
4.1. The chemical examination of the sulphate resisting cement
The chemical structure of Sulphate Resisting Cement can be

determined by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. By
performing
this test, it helps in sample chemical analysis by quantifying the
emitted fluorescent X-ray from the morsel when it is generated
from a fundamental source of X-ray. Moreover, every
component
has its unique nature when it reacts with other elements or pro-
cesses. Likewise, the bogus compounds in sulphate resisting
cement involved in XRF processes, shows the qualitative
analysis
of material composition. In order to find some other chemicals
in
cement, other tests are carried out [2] (Table 1).
Table 3
Expanded Polypropylene Foam Physical Properties.
Properties Test Method Units Test
Results
Moulded density — Kg/ 90

D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi Materials
Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
4.2. Physical examination of sulphate resisting cement
The physical examination can be done by standard test proce-
dures of codebooks. And the requirements can be considered as
per the standard codebook of IS: 12330–1988 (Table 2).
Table 2
Physical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test
Outcomes
Requirements
of IS:
12330–1988
Standard Consistency Mm/% water
content
6/29% . . .
Time Setting by Vicat
Method

a) Initial min 110 30 Min
b) Final min 207 600 Min
Specific Cement Gravity . . . 3.15 3.0–3015
Cement Fineness M2/Kg 260 225 Min
Soundness Test
a) Le-Chatliar
Expansion
Mm Nil 10 Max
b) Auto-Clave Test % 0.02 0.80 Max
Expansion of Sulphate % 0.0052 0.045 Max
Compressive Strength
72 ± 1 h Mpa 31.2 10.0 Min
168 ± 2 h Mpa 42.6 16.0Min
672 ± 4 h Mpa 53.1 33.0 Min
m3
Thermal Conductivity at 10 �C DIN 52,612 W/
(m*K)
0.044

Compressive stress at 25% deformation DIN 53,421 kPa 650
Elongation at break DIN 53,571 % 11
Tensile Strength DIN 53,571 kPa 1150
Pressure deformation residual 22 h/RT/
24 h,25% deformation
DIN53572/
ISO 185
% 9
Static load per Surface 5%/ 100d DIN 53,421 kPa 170
Specific Energy Absorption Iso 4651 kJ/m3 —
Bump elasticity DIN 53,512 % —
Squash Hardness DIN 53,577 kPa —
C-Factor ISO 4651 1 —
Surface Resistance: DIN/VDE
0303
a) Standard Types Respectively O � 1012
b) Standard Types Coated with
antistic agent
DIN 60,093 O —

Dielectric Strength DIN VDE
0303
KV/
mm
—
23 �C /50% Relative Humidity Teil 21
Water Absorption at Saturation
After 1 day DIN 53,428 Vol. % < 1
After 7 days Vol. % 1–2,5
Heat Resistance 9Test Period 3 Weeks) — oC �40 to
110
4.3. Technical information of expanded polypropylene foam
Expanded Polypropylene Foam components are made of
expanded polypropylene particles with an almost closed cell
struc-
ture. These particles, delivered as bulk goods, are produced into
different foam components with machines for processing
particle
foams. The range of standard type moulded density is from 20

to
120 kg/m3 [3]. Production and processing of the foam particles
are without any emission of CFC. The standard results can be
con-
sidered by (DIN EN 56–1/2/3) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Expanded Polypropylene Foam.
4.3.1. Properties of expanded polypropylene foam
Expanded Polypropylene Foam has multi-functional properties,
some of which are explained below:
� High Energy Absorption on Low weight.
� Good resilience after static and dynamic stress.
� Almost unaffected energy absorption after multi-impacts.
� Isotropic deformation behaviours irrespective of impact’s
direction.
� Low absorption of water.
� Functional reliability over a wide temperature range (Table
3).
3
4.3.2. Chemical resistance
To know the chemical resistance of the Expanded Polypropy-
lene Foam at Active Medium of EPP 50 g/l 14 days/ 22 �C as

shown
in the graph below
.
4.3.3. Preparation of expanded polypropylene foam aggregates
In the preparation of Expanded Polypropylene Foam Aggre-
gates, dimensions of ‘‘Review Paper on Network Analysis and
Syn-
thesis of Deriving Point
Functions” 20*20*20 mm are considered. In making the aggre-
gates, take the foam sheets and cut them on a mechanical
machine
with a marking of dimensions with a density of 18 kg/m3 (Fig.
2).
Fig. 2. Dimensions of the Aggregates.
Table 5
Properties of Fine Aggregates.

Properties Units Results
Sieve Analysis Nature Zone-II
Bulk Density Kg/m3 1600
Specific Gravity — 2.6
Moisture Content % 4.2
Silt Content % 2
Fine Modulus Nature Course Sand
4.4. Properties of the Recron 3S Fibre
Fibres of Recron 3S are engineered Micro Fibres contains a
unique Triangular transaction, employed in Concrete Peripheral
Augmentation. It supplements systemic steel in strengthening
shrinkage resistance of the concrete, fissure and improvement of
mechanical aspects like Split/Flexural Transverse and Tensile
con-
crete Strength alongside the wanted enhancement in impact and
abrasion strength. The manufactured of Recron 3 s fibres
happens
in an ISO 9001:2000amenity for concrete use as a ‘‘secondary
aug-
mentation” at a dosage rate ranging from 0.1% � 0.4% and

volume
(0.9 kgs/ Cu.m to 3.60 kgs /Cu.M) [4,7]. Fibres conform to
ASTM C
1116, type 111 Fibre Buttressed Concrete (Fig. 3) (Table 4).
Fig. 3. Recron 3S Fibre.
Table 4
The Recron 3S Properties.
Properties Units Adopting Materials Standards
Shape — Triangular —
Cut Length Mm 12 3/ 4.8/ 6 /12/ 24
Effective Diameter Microns 22 20–40
Specific Gravity — 1.36 1.34–1.39
Melting Point Deg C 255 250–265
Tensile Strength Gpd 5 4–6
Elongation % 28 20–60
Young’s Modulus Mpa 4000 >5000
Alkaline Stability — Very Good 32 standards
Acid Resistance Nature Excellent Standards
Fig. 4. Floating Phenomenon.
4.5. Properties of Fine aggregates

Natural sand with a specific size of sieves of retained sample is
considered, with sieve sizes of 150m �600m. The properties of
fine
aggregates are illustrated in Table 5 below.
4
4.6. Chemicals
For the preparation of concrete, two types of chemicals are
considered.
Chemical 1: Super plasticizer; used for water content reduction
in concrete. The Super Plasticizer‘s has a 1.04 particular gravity
is.
Chemical 2: Air Entraining Agent (AEA); it is a surface-active
chemical which helps create small air bubbles on concrete and
mix uniformly. The advantage of this agent is that, it increases
the resistance of freezing and thawing, which results in increase
in cohesion and less bleeding in concrete mix. In our case, the
specific gravity of the A.E.A is 1.05.
5. Methodology
The research work was divided to two phases which are as
follows.

First Phase: In this phase, the design mix was prepared with
expanded polypropylene aggregates of 18 kg/m3density and
100%
replacement of course aggregates. For getting high strength pur -
pose, the material ratio of cement and water– (a/mc) of 0.32 was
considered.
Second Phase: In this Phase, the design mix was prepared in the
same way as First Phase but with addition of 1.1% / bag of
cement.
5.1. Test sample preparation
The mix of concrete was prepared as per the design mix of first
and second phases. For free test of compaction strength, the
sam-
ple tests of 15 cm � 15 cm � 15 cm, as established by
IS:456:2000
was considered. The prepared cubes were exposed to a process
of
damp curing in liquid saturated water, at a 27 ± 2 �C room
temper-
ature for a period of 7 to 28 days in compaction strength. The
pores
volume and absorption of water tests were then conducted on

the
samples. At the same time, the preparation of the tensile
strength
test sample of 30 cm high and 15 cm of radius of test specimen
is
consider as per the IS:456–2000 (Fig. 4).
6. Experimentation
6.1. Mix Design
Explanation of Mix Design of two research works (Tables 6
and 7).
Table 7
Design Mix of low solidity concrete of light weight with
addition of Recron 3S Fibre.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates
(kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt) Recron 3S Fibre
(kg)

358 300 12 125 2.5 3 3.93
Table 6
Design Mix of low-density light weight concrete.
S.R. Cement (kg) Fine Aggregate (kg) EPP Foam Aggregates
(kg) Water (lt) Super Plasticizer (lt) AEA (lt)
358 300 12 125 2.5 3
Table 9
Tensile Strength Test Results.
Sample Tensile strength
Test after 7 days
(Mpa)
Tensile strength
Test after 28 days
(Mpa)
Low Density light weight concrete
with EPP Foam Aggregates
0.651 0.772

7. Results and discussions
In this part, explanation given to Mechanical, Durability,
Micro-
logical, and NDT tests were conducted. These tests were subdi -
vided into different test forms.
Mechanical Tests: In this part, Split Tensile and compressive
strength tests were conducted.
Durability Tests: Absorption of water, pH value and water pen-
etration tests were performed in this segment.
Micrological Tests: In this area, X-ray Powder Diffraction
(XRD)
and Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) were done.
with EPP Foam Aggregates and
Recron 3S Fibre
0.786 0.95
7.1. Mechanical tests
7.1.1. Compressive strength test
The test of Compaction strength was carried out after 7 and

28 days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all
conditions
then testing was conducted. The test results were as presented
on
Table 8, for both types of research works [1].
Table 8
Compressive Strength Test Results.
Sample Mechanical
strength Test after
7 days (Mpa)
Mechanical
strength Test after
28 days (Mpa)
with EPP Foam Aggregates
7.62 8.72
with EPP Foam Aggregates and
Recron 3S Fibre

8.54 10.31
Table 10
Water Absorption Test Results.
Sample Water Absorption in
The strength of compression of low-density lightweight con-
crete using Expanded polypropylene Foam masses, with and
with-
out the inclusion of Recron 3S Fibre, gave best results with an
average compressive strength of 7.62 Mpa after 7 days and 8.72
Mpa after 28 days without adding Recron 3S fibre Sample, and
8.54 Mpa for 7 days and 10.31 Mpa after 28 days after adding
Recron 3S fibre sample.
Percentage
Low Density light weight concrete with EPP Foam
Aggregates
5.2
Aggregates and Recron 3S Fibre

4.5
7.1.2. Tensile strength test
The test of tensile strength was carried out after 7th and 28th
days. The sample was subjected to wet curing at all conditions,
5
and then testing was conducted. The test results were presented
on Table 9, for both research works [5].
The Tensile strength test was conducted on UTM of 60 tones
capacity and a load intensity of 1KN/sec was applied to the
speci-
men but still ended up failing. The Tensile strength of low-
density
lightweight concrete using Expanded polypropylene Foam
masses,
with and without the adding Recron 3S Fibre, produced the best
results with an average strength of compressive of 0.651 Mpa
after
7th day and 0.772 Mpa after 28th day without adding Recron 3S
fibre Sample, and 0.786 Mpa for 7 days and 0.95 Mpa after 28th
day shaving added Recron 3S fibre sample.
In both tensile and compressive strength, a characteristic of

expanded polypropylene froth aggregates giving higher strength
in the concrete of low density light weight was revealed.
7.2. Durability tests
7.2.1. Water absorption test
This is a durability test employed to determine the amount of
water (percentage) that was absorbed in concrete using IS: 1124
(1974). In reporting the results of a test made in accordance
with
this standard, [10] the outcomes of the test are as presented [6]
in Table 10 below:
The water absorption test improved over time as the concrete
was standard and crystals continued to grow.
7.2.2. PH value of concrete
In general, concrete was prepared with different compositions
like, aggregates, cement and water in order to get strength and

durability. Moreover, pH value of water also changed when pro-
cessing was taking place. During the hydration of concrete,
there
was introduction of some concentration levels of either acids or
bases present in the moisture of concrete (Table 11).
Fig. 6. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with
expanded
polypropylene Foam.
Table 11
PH of Concrete Test Results.
Sample PH Value of
Concrete
Aggregates
12.6
12.4
Normally, the pH of concrete lies between 12 and 13. The

results of this research work were efficient and reliable.
7.2.3. Water penetration test
This was conducted to check the durability property of concrete
as per the German standard DIN 1048 (Part 5)
This result clearly showed that the concrete of low density light
weight has high strength, since the depth of penetration was too
low and the durability of concrete was high [3,7] (Table 12).
Table 12
Water penetrations of Concrete Test Results.
Sample Maximum depth of
Concrete (mm)
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam
Aggregates
8
Concrete of Low Density light weight with EPP Foam
9.2

7.3. Micrological tests
7.3.1. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
The characteristics of low density light weight concrete can be
observed by the performance of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The
per-
formance of XRD analysis can be modified on XRD PAN
analytical
X-Part Pro MPD with a source of copper (Cu) with a frequency
of
CuKa=1:541862 A in 2h interval between 6� �60� with a
0.0200o
scan step and the 30sec accrual time period. The goniometric
with
Mini Flex of 300/600, with a dirtier of SC-70, and the scan
speed of
1000 deg/min, with a scan range of 3.000–90.000� [8] (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. XRD Process.
6
The diffract grams identification was carried out with the X-
Part
High Score data plus Software. With the low density light
weight

concrete of expanded polypropylene aggregates, it can be
observed
that, the maximum point reached in Fig. 6, was in between 20
deg
and 30 deg.
The major component observed this analysis was Quartz 40%,
and the minor component is lint site with 11% of occupancy.
And
the remaining chemical is calcite of 34% and the 15% of
andradite.
Fig. 7. XRD analysis on low density light weight concrete with
Recron 3Sandex-
panded polypropylene Foam.
In Fig. 7 the maximum point can be seen in between 20�and
30�which explain the low density light weight concrete with
Expanded Polypropylene Foam and Recron 3S fibre. The major
component observed in this analysis was calcite 28%, and the
minor component being Norsethite with 7% of occupancy. The
remaining chemical is Mullite of 27% and the 22% of Quartz
and
16% of Hanksite Fig. 8.
A

B
Fig. 8. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM).
The composition of material was significant in getting the high
strength. The results show how the low density light weight
con-
crete acquired that much strength.
C
Fig. 9. The low-density light weight concrete with expanded
polypropylene Foam
SEM Report.
7.3.2. Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM)
SEM is a versatile power tool for material characterization.
SEM
has become more useful and necessary due to the continuous
decrease of the materials dimensions for copious application.
SEM uses electron for imaging, just like light microscopes
[6,9].

When doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes Morphological
studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size. The model of
trans-
mission line using Z-View Software
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Quartz (Fig. 9A) and
Quartz
and Calsite composites (Fig. 9B). The pure Quartz shows pure
mor-
phology. The size of pores represented in (Fig. 9 A, B, and C)
range
depending on distribution of uniform nature of concrete. The
micro
cracks were observed at 5 mm section with 1000 magnification
range. The figures have less pores and this reduces water
penetra-
tion. Since the bonding between the molecules is high, it
increases
the compressive strength as well.
Fig. 10 shows the morphology of the Calcite (Fig. 10a) and the
Mullite and Quartz (Fig. 10b). The immaculate Calcite
illustrates
a permeable morphology; its post-treatment efficiently filled the
pores within the Recron 3S strands surface (Fig. 10b) thereby

mak-
ing calcite within the composite. Even though the impacts are
not
clear for moo calcite concentration (0.1 M) treatment,
especially at
the surface of Recron 3S strands, the higher concentrations effi-
ciently created nanoparticles (Measure 5–100 nm) which were
not as it was shaped (a lean Calisite over layer) on the surface
but moreover filled the holes between adjoining MPNFs coming
about and made strides filaments interconnecti vity constituting
the MPNF s. Additionally, the SEM high concentration images
(0.5 M) appeared within the supporting data (Fig. 10c), which
illus-
trates the arrangement of extraordinary calcite on the electrode
of
MPNFs. The moved forward visible photo-anode film
correlation
upon Clacite post-processing is their cross-sectional apparent
shape [2,10].
Even though the photo-anode’s fabric absorbency supports
entrance of electrolyte and upgraded colour take-up, it increases
strands-boundary thickness and decreases particle–particle
inter-
connectivity subsequently coming about in increased voltage

transport opposition. Quartz was used as a channel of filling the
voids in immaculate MPNFs (Fig. 10a) anticipated extending
the
photo anode’s film transport properties. The photo-anode’s
cross-
sectional view films illustrate the nearness of numerous pores in
unadulterated Calcite MPNFs (Fig. 10b). The MPNFs held their
holes morphology after glue making handle, which applies a
mechanical tumult on the nanostructure.
7
8. Conclusion
The following inferences can be deduced basing on the current
research work outcomes.
1. The expanded polypropylene foam has a high compressive
strength when compared to other foam materials. So when
mixed with bogus material, it increases the bond strength.
a
b

c
Fig. 10. SEM Report of the low-density light weight concrete
with expanded
polypropylene Foam and Recron3S.
2. The concrete compressive strength with 100 replacement of
natural aggregate by Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggre-
gates is 8.72 Mpa in a period of 28 days. And it gets more
strength than the low density light weight concrete
standards.
3. The compressive strength of expanded polypropylene aggre-
gates with Recron3S fibre concrete is 10.31 Mpa in a period
of 28 days and it gets twice stronger than the low density
light weight concrete standards.
8
4. Both concretes exhibit the floating phenomenon.
5. The concrete splitting Tensile strength with 100 replace-
ment of natural aggregate with Expanded Polypropylene
Foam aggregates is 0.772 Mpa within 28 days which is
8.85% of its compressive strength. This strength is consid-

ered as satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
6. The splitting Tensile strength of expanded polypropylene
aggregates with Recron3S fiber concrete is 0.95 Mpa in
28 days which is 9.21% of its compressive strength. This
strength is considered as satisfaction of the low density light
weight concrete.
7. Water absorption of both concretes is 5.2% and 4.5% which
is
a satisfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
8. PH values of both concretes are 12.6 and 12.4 which is a sat-
isfaction of the low density light weight concrete.
9. Water penetration test of both concretes is 8 mm and
9.2 mm which is a satisfaction of the low density light
weight concrete.
10. By doing SEM analysis, imaging proposes, Morphological
studies, normally for micro size and Nano Size.
11. XRD analysis characterizes the crystalline phases of wide
components in the concrete.

9. Availability of data
The facts that support this study’s outcomes are openly avail -
able in authors names and the URL reference numbers.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
DaraEaswar karthik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Soft-
ware, Data curation. Shaik Mohammad Arifullah: Visualization,
Investigation, Writing - original draft. Yellinedi Madhavi:
Supervi-
sion, Software, Validation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
A significant support of this research was from the Mechanical
and Construction Engineering Department, University of
Northum-
bria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Vignan’s LARA Institute
of

Technology & Science’s Department of Civil engineering,
Vadla-
mudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India also supported this study.
In
a special way we appreciate L.C.C Ready mix Concrete pvt.
Ltd,
NH-5, opp. Raintreepark, Namburu, Andhra Pradesh 522508.
References
[1] Ayhan, Mustafa, HaticeGönül, _Ismail AğaGönül, and
AskeriKarakus�, 2011,
Effect of basic pumice on morphologic properties of inter facial
transition zone
in load-bearing lightweight/semi-lightweight concretes.
Construction and
Building Materials 25, no. 5: 2507-2518.
[2] Dale P. Bentz, Influence of internal curing using lightweight
aggregates on
interfacial transition zone percolation and chloride ingress in
mortars, Cem.
Concr. Compos. 31 (5) (2009) 285–289.
[3] K.M.A. Hossain, S. Ahmed, M. Lachemi, Lightweight

concrete incorporating
pumice based blended cement and aggregate: Mechanical and
durability
characteristics, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (3) (2011) 1186–1195.
[4] Ismail, KamsiahMohd, MohamadShazliFathi, and N. Manaf,
2004, Study of
lightweight concrete behaviour. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.
[5] Dara Easwar Karthik, PattelaMrudunayani, and S. V. V. K.
Babu. Influence of
magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using sulphate
resisting cement
influence of magnetic water on self-compacting concrete using
sulphate
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2214-7853(20)39233-6/h0010

resisting cement. In Annales de Chimie-Science des Matériaux,
vol. 43, no. 5,
pp. 347-352. 2019.
[6] Y. Ke, S. Ortola, A.L. Beaucour, H. Dumontet,
Identification of microstructural
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micromechanical
modelling including the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)., Cem.
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(11) (2010) 1590–1600.
[7] Recron 3S FibersFor Concrete. , Reliance Industries
Limited., http://www.
royalmarketing.co.in/Recron3S-Product%20Data%20Sheet.pdf.
Technical
Information of expanded Polypropylene Foam., Ruch Nova
Plast., Status :
08.2010. , www.ruch.de.
9
[8] P. Vargas, Oscar Restrepo-Baena, Jorge I. Tobón,
Microstructural analysis of
interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and its impact on the
compressive strength of

lightweight concretes, Constr. Build. Mater. 137 (2017) 381–
389.
[9] Paola Vargas, Natalia A. Marín, Jorge I. Tobon,
Performance and microstructural
analysis of lightweight concrete blended with nanosilica under
sulfate attack,
Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018).
[10] S.P. Zhang, L. Zong, Evaluation of relationship between
water absorption and
durability of concrete materials., Advances in Materials Science
and
Engineering 2014 (2014).

http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2214-7853(20)39233-6/h0050Micro
structural examination of low-density light weight concrete
based on expanded polypropylene foam1 Introduction1.1
Objectives and scopes2 Application of low-density lightweight
concrete3 Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene
foam with sulphate resisting cement4 Systematic Examination
of materials4.1 The chemical examination of the sulphate
resisting cement4.2 Physical examination of sulphate resisting
cement4.3 Technical information of expanded polypropylene
foam4.3.1 Properties of expanded polypropylene foam4.3.2
Chemical resistance4.3.3 Preparation of expanded
polypropylene foam aggregates4.4 Properties of the Recron 3S
Fibre4.5 Properties of Fine aggregates4.6 Chemicals5
Methodology5.1 Test sample preparation6 Experimentation6.1
Mix Design7 Results and discussions7.1 Mechanical tests7.1.1
Compressive strength test7.1.2 Tensile strength test7.2
Durability tests7.2.1 Water absorption test7.2.2 PH value of
concrete7.2.3 Water penetration test7.3 Micrological tests7.3.1
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)7.3.2 Scanning Electric
Microscopy (SEM)8 Conclusion9 Availability of dataCRediT
authorship contribution statementDeclaration of Competing
InterestAcknowledgementReferences

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Micro structural examination of low-density light weight
concrete based

on expanded polypropylene foam
2214-7853/� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection
and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee
of the Emerging Trends in Materials
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (D. karthik),
[email protected]
com (S. Mohammad Arifullah), [email protected] (Y. Madhavi)
Please cite this article as: D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah
and Y. Madhavi, Micro structural examination of low -density
light weight concrete ba
expanded polypropylene foam, Materials Today: Proceedings,
DaraEaswar karthik a, Shaik Mohammad Arifullah b, Yellinedi
Madhavi c
a Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering,
University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
b Department of Civil Engineering, K.L University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
c Department of Civil Engineering, R. V. R& J. C College of
Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 10 November 2020
Accepted 17 November 2020
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Sulphate resisting cement
Expanded polypropylene foam (EPP)
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
Scanning electric microscopy (SEM)
Physical & chemical properties
This research work focused on how sulphate resistance cement
reacts with polypropylene foam on low
density light weight concrete. It looked into the chemical
resisting cement and physical properties of the
low-density light weight concrete. Moreover, the research
examined the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in
polypropylene foam aggregates light weight concrete.
Considering that this research involved chemical
processes, the methodology was also taken into consideration
besides the mechanical tests and experi-
mentation to validate the credibility of the results. In general,
Low Density Light Weight Concrete has
300 to 800 Kg/ M3, high thermal conductivity nature, low

handling costs, with many advantages includ-
ing the dead load cutback of the building. When applied on the
wall, flimsy concrete sustains its big
abysses without making laitance coatings or films of cement.
Nevertheless, appropriate ratio of water-
cement is important in producing satisfactory cohesion between
water and cement. Inadequate water
can lead to lack of cohesion between particles, resulting to
concrete strength loss. Similarly, excess water
may lead to cement off aggregate, thereby forming laitance
coatings which in turn weaken in solidity.
This paper examines the micro structural analysis of the Low -
density Light Weight Concrete based on
the Polypropylene Foam Aggregates by replacing 100 percent of
general aggregates. Procedures which
focus on both Physical and Micro structural characters of the
concrete are involved. In addition, the
research is elaborated on fibres. The Implementation of these
works is done by examining the concrete
with Scanning Electric Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder
Diffraction (XRD). Further, this work is
extended with Recron 3S fibres and then Exhibits the result.
� 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer -
review under responsibility of the scientific

committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science,
1. Introduction
There are different forms of concrete that light weight. The
light
weight concrete based on density is placed in a better position
for
consideration in the future construction industry since low
density
light weight Concrete is a flourishing factor in the entire light
weight concretes. Since its density is between 300 Kg/M3 to
800
Kg/M3 due to its low-density nature, it reduces the structure
con-
struction dead-load. The main concept of the low-density light
weight concrete to reduce the cost and maintain the volume of
the concrete is equating it to structural concrete. Consequently,
to reduce the density of concrete, there are several processes
involved [1]. Based on the project considerations and
availability
of resources, it is advisable to adopt the best method in such a
way that, the most common method replaces the general aggre-
gates with different types of materials. The research mainly

focuses
on, how expanded polypropylene Foam aggregates react with
sul-
phate resisting cement in light weight concrete. Moreover, bal -
anced ratio of cement and water is indispensable to proper
bonding between the water and cement.
In extending the Research work, the fibres were implemented in
low density light weight concrete to examine how they react on
strength properties. This study can be conducted on the
polypropy-
lene foam aggregates performance in light weight concrete such
as
Micro structural analysis of Physical Properties.
1.1. Objectives and scopes
� To find out the Chemical and Physical features of the
sulphate
resisting cement.
Science,
sed on

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/22147853
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Table 1
Chemical properties of the Sulphate Resisting Cement.
Properties Units Test Results Requirements of IS:
12330–1988
Loss on Ignition % 1.18 5.00 Max
Insoluble Residue (IR) % 0.4 4.0 Max
Lime saturation Factor 1.0 0.66–1.02
Chlorides % 0.05 0.10 Max
Mgo % 1.16 6.00 Max
SO3 % 2.08 2.50 Max
C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate) 2.0 5.00 Max
2C3A + C4AF 22.18 25.00 Max
C3S 52.14 . . .

C2S 19.60 . . .
D. karthik, S. Mohammad Arifullah and Y. Madhavi
� To Examine the Expanded Polypropylene Foam aggregates
properties.
� To study the properties of the Recron 3S fibres.
� To elaborate on the physical properties of the low density
light
weight concrete.
� To study the behaviour of Recron 3S fibres in polypropylene
foam aggregates light weight concrete.
� To study the Micro structural behaviour of Expanded
polypropylene foam aggregates with concrete.
� To study the pH value of water when it reacts with expanded
polypropylene foam aggregates.
� To study the NDT tests on the polypropylene Foam light
weight
aggregates.
2. Application of low-density lightweight concrete

The use of low-density light weight concrete took place by early
19th century in the United States. In the construction industry,
there are several benefits associated with low density light
weight
concrete. Since it exhibits low density nature, it reduces the
dead
load of the building. In addition, it has low thermal
conductivity,
low shrinkage and high heat resistance. These properties reduce
haulage costs and speed the construction rate. This low -density
light weight concrete can exhibit the floating phenomenon, a
char-
acteristic that enhances aesthetic appearance.
3. Chemical investigation of expanded polypropylene foam with
sulphate resisting cement
Sulphate Resisting Cement is useful in specific conditions
where
the concrete is uncovered to the extent of disintegration due to
sul-
phate assault. The equations show the resultant products when it
gets in contact with soil and ground waters containing excessive
amounts of sulphate as well as concrete in seawater or

uncovered
especially to the sea coast. In general, sulphate resisting cement
con-
tainingno tricalciumaluminateamount,results to unacceptably
low
value. Moreover, the MgSO4 salts, NaSO4salts and other salts
in sul-
phate resisting cement contain SO3- ions. The interaction of
Ca2+
ions with SO4 present in the

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