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A Reflection on the Study of Economics
Part 1
Some of the most compelling topics that I learned in this topic only came into focus at the end of the course. Economics is a very large and complex
study and reflecting on this subject, piece by piece, requires some patience and ability to put the pieces together. The relationships between simple
choices, such as supply and demand, drives all economic and commercial exchange but only through the lens of economic models that attempt to layout
this system by combing mathematical principles and psycho–social evaluation. All in all, this was very interesting introduction to some of the complex
drivers that propel society.
Discussions are always useful because we are allowed an opportunity to weigh and evaluate our own personal thoughts with those of others. This
comparison helps gauge where I stand on many political and social issues that derive from economic theories and philosophies. Knowing where I
stand amongst my peers is a helpful measurement to contrast and qualify my own thoughts. For example, when the topic of monetary policy came up,
I was very shocked to find out the importance of currency and how it is used in global markets.
What was more revealing is the United States' relationship to the Federal Reserve and that organization's power of the monetary policy set in this
country. It is very difficult to fathom how the entire economic systems sometimes works without a major disaster every day. The ability of the
economic markets in the world to bring
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Scarcity And Scarcity Of Economics
Scarcity: Scarcity is a key concept in economics because it is one of the basic foundations of why economics exists. Scarcity means that there is a
limitation of resources. Since there is a limitation of resources it is important to to know how these resources will be used. In a world without
scarcity (which doesn 't exist), we could have access to whatever we wanted and there would be no need to trade or distribute goods and services, and
therefore no economics. Economics studies human behavior and how humans allocate their limited resources (scarcity) with their unlimited wants and
differences in the distribution of these resources affect decisions. This concept can be applied to a single person, a family, a country, and globally .
Opportunity Cost: Since we have limited resources (scarcity), we usually have to choose one option (choice) and forgo the other alternative when
another item or activity is chosen. The concept of opportunity cost is important in economics because any decision that involves a tradeoff between
two or more options has a relative cost. In other terms, opportunity cost is the the relative cost of one alternative in regards to the the next–best
alternative. Making Choices at the Margin: Almost all decisions are made at what economists call the "margin" or making decisions based on small
changes in resources. This is an important concept in economics because most people do not make all or nothing decisions, it is usually an addition or
subtraction
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Economics Elasticity Essay
Businesses know that they face demand curves, but rarely do they know what these curves look like. Yet sometimes a business needs to have a
good idea of what part of a demand curve looks like if it is to make good decisions. If Rick's Pizza raises its prices by ten percent, what will happen to
its revenues? The answer depends on how consumers will respond. Will they cut back purchases a little or a lot? This question of how responsive
consumers are to price changes involves the economic concept of elasticity.
Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness. Two words are important here. The word "measure" means that elasticity results are reported as numbers, or
elasticity coefficients. The word "responsiveness" means that there is...show more content...
When it is greater than one, economists say that demand is elastic.
Products which have few good substitutes generally have a lower elasticity of demand than products with many substitutes. As a result, more
broadly–defined products have a lower elasticity than narrowly defined products. The price elasticity of demand for meat will be lower than the price
elasticity of pork, and the price elasticity for soft drinks will be less elastic than the price elasticity for colas, which in turn will be less elastic than the
price elasticity for
Pepsi.
Time plays an important role in determining both consumer and producer responsiveness for many items. The longer people have to make
adjustments, the more adjustments they will make. When the price of gasoline rose rapidly in the late 1970s as a result of the OPEC cartel, the only
adjustment consumers could initially make was to drive less. With time they could also move closer to work or find jobs closer to home, and switch to
more fuel–efficient cars.
The concept of elasticity can help explain some situations that at first glance may seem puzzling. If American farmers all have excellent harvests,
they may have a very poor year financially. They may be better off if they all have mediocre harvests. If a bus company decides it needs more
revenue and tries to get it by raising fares, its revenues may decrease rather than increase.
Inelastic Demand
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What is It About Graphs in Economics? Essay
Graphs are the bread and butter of economics. The reason is that economics is a social science that attempts to understand the overall functioning of
whole economies, and within them the behavior of firms and individuals engaged in producing and purchasing millions of different goods and services,
ranging from iPhone to house cleaning. To make matters worse, economies, individuals and firms are dynamic and constantly changing over time.
Since it would be impossible and cumbersome to describe all these features of an economy in such minute details, economists put information on
graphs and summarize the world within the confines of two axes. They make complicated points easy to understand. However, it was not always so. It
all started with...show more content...
The equilibrium price and quantity of the commodity in the market are q1 and p1, determined by the intersection of the two curves, S1 and D1.
Marshall then proceeded to examine how changes in technology, tastes, prices of complementary and substitute goods, as well as the weather
impact equilibrium market price and quantity. For example, the impact of a drought on the supply of wheat is depicted by a shift of the supply
curve from S1 to S2, meaning that a lesser amount would be supplied at each possible price. The intersection of S2 and D1 result in a new
equilibrium price and quantity, between p3 and p1 and q3 and q1. Demand could also shift as a result of a change in tastes or the price of substitute
goods or income. Suppose that income in the market under analysis goes up (down), the demand curve would shift to the right (left), implying that
consumers demand a larger (smaller) amount at each price. MarshallĐ’Ò‘s analysis has been extended to many areas, among them the impact of
government mandated rent control on housing supply; the effects of taxes and subsidies on the quantity demanded of a commodity; the supply of
crime by criminals, and the demand for crime protection by society ; to ethics and freedom as goods to be valued for themselves; and, to family
decisions such as choosing a spouse, having children , marriage in
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Economics Reflection
. Through the process of reading, I learned many things about the economy. First of all, I learned that it is a much more difficult decision to come to
in regards of how much government involvement in the nation's economy is enough, how much is too little, and how much is not enough. I also
learned that trying to keep the economy stable and productive is a constant and difficult struggle, and that it is often difficult to even know what needs
to or can be done in order to stabilize it. While I find economics to be somewhat boring (I am a music major and largely emotionally driven, which
means that my entertainment is usually emotionally involving somehow), I actually enjoyed how Wheelan explained economics in this book. While I
would not read it for fun, reading this book as an assignment was not painful.
Having government involved in the economy has its pros and cons. One of the Pros is that the government can help prevent or discourage harmful
behaviors or actions. Government regulation can prevent man–caused shortages. Fishing regulations are often put in place to prevent overfishing. These
regulations prevent or discourage fishermen from fishing too much in one season, which allows the fish to repopulate and remain available in the
future. In the book, Wheelan mentioned how the government can also tax bad behaviors to encourage behaviors that benefit health and/or the
environment. An example of this is a tax on gasoline and/or larger vehicles, or a tax on cigarettes.
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Extended Essay on Economics
Ho Wei
ACS (International)
Extended Essay
Subject: Economics
Word Count: 3988
Investigation Question
To what extent do the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration, help to increase the demand of the private property sector in the
housing market.
Abstract
The research question of this Economics Extended Essay is, "To what extent does the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration,
help to increase the demand of the private property sector in the housing market." For this investigation I used a variety of gathered raw data and
policies from the Singapore government websites, on top of that I kept a collection of newspaper progressively monitoring the local property market.
The...show more content...
The lack of housing access was a serious problem, hence the government undertakes mulitple measures to tackle the massive housing shortage inherited
from the colonial government to ensure that all of its citizens had access to affordable housing.[1]
.
This research topic is significant to the current property market in Singapore and its sudden increased demand for houses despite the economic
downturn, exploring deeper as to whether the government policies were the real influential causes to this boom in property demand. It has relevance to
the economic concepts of demand and supply, elasticity, inflation and monopolistic competition. This topic is worthy of investigation because it is a
hot media topic in Singapore, and is widely debated in the country because it's the most expensive household asset.[2]
My focus question of this extended essay will be
|To what extent does the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration, help to increase the demand of the private |
|property sector in the housing market? |
I shall look into details how policies in the public and private housing market and the immigration policies affects the private market, despite property
prices steadily increasing, the private property market in Singapore continues to boom. There are many factors that play a role in this drastic demand
for private property
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Overview of Behavioral Economics Essay
Behavioural economics is the study of the effects that psychology has on the decision making of the economy. This tends to be the way that
people think and feel when they are spending money on a certain good or service. The great economist Adam Smith was the first follower of this
idea through his book "The theory of moral sentiments" which dates back to 1759. However, it took over 100 years to get a more clarified meaning
of how big of a role the psychology of a buyer plays in economics. In behavioural economics there are seven basic principles which all contribute to
the decision making process. Behavioural economics can explain how people will react to different situations such as times when there are no
economic problems and times when...show more content...
In other words most people would prefer to pay more and buy a more expensive product thinking that by paying more it is also superior to the other
products of the same category that are cheaper. However, although the phrase "you get what you pay for" might have some validity in it that is not
always the case, due to the fact that sometimes the products that might be cheaper are just as good as the competitor brand which has a higher price.
In this instant it would be logical to buy the cheaper product however most human beings would opt for the expensive product, assuming that it is of
better quality than the cheaper product. On the other hand, Dan Ariely rebuffs this claim and states, "We choose what we like, not what's best."
Sometimes humans don't make decisions based on their preferences; instead they choose what they want and that leads to a process of rationalisation
in order to get what they really want. However, they still want to give the impression that they were acting according to their preferences. Secondly,
the framing effect states that presenting the same option but in a different format can change people's decisions. Plous (1993) states that, "individuals
have a tendency to select inconsistent choices, depending on whether the question is framed to concentrate on losses or gains." A good example of
when framing is apparent is when stores advertise sale on their products. For example two stores both sell the same product which is priced at ВЈ50
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Essay on Economics in My Life
Economics in My Life
When I was first given this assignment I was extremely perplexed at how I would even begin to finish it. I had no idea how economics related to
my life in anyway. I hadn't thought about it critically and I struggling terribly. Thanks to some much needed help from a fellow classmate, he
allowed me to get an idea of things from his own essay. After reading not one, but two other essays, I was so surprised at how oblivious I had been. I
never realized that just about everything that goes on in my daily life is, in fact, economics. I never realized that from the things I buy to the money I
earn from working is all economics. The things I miss out of while working or going to school is a complete opportunity cost. Or even...show more
content...
Certain books that were unbelievably hard to find were in the higher price range because they were, in a way, rare. As appose to a book that was so
common could easily be found at a cheap price.
They say that there is always something lost at the cost of another. Opportunity cost is something that I always consider before most decisions. For
example, I work weekends as a server, including Fridays. That Friday shift is one of the best days to work to make good money, but almost every
winter and summer class is Monday through Friday. It's also a full eight hour shift so it makes it extremely difficult to find even later classes. In my
whole two years at ECC I've only been in one sit–in winter class. Other than that I'm left with online classes. The opportunity cost for the much need
money I make on Friday sets me back enormously in school, because not every class is available online. Work stands in the way of a lot things in
my life. Because I go to school Monday through Thursday I really only have Friday through Sunday to work. It's hard for me to go on vacations or
even hang out with friends at the beach during summer because I get off later in the afternoon. Staying out late with friends is also an opportunity
cost because I work early mornings. So you can see that I give up a lot for work but I know that if I work hard now it won't be so hard later in life.
That's when I'll stay out late and go on vacations.
This was first year that I actually had to fill taxes and I
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Motivation Statement For Motivation In Economics
Throughout this essay, I want to present my reasons and motivations to continue for further studies, as well as to introduce my academic and
professional conditions in order to carry them out. In this regard, it is my aim to instruct me up to the highest and most rigorous level in a prestigious
doctoral program in economics with a specialization in macroeconomics or monetary and fiscal economics.
I have decided to work in this area because I am strongly convinced that these both policy measures play a fundamental role in the economy and that,
actually, generate considerable and transversal effects upon the whole population's welfare, on economic agents' decisions and, eventually, ends largely
influencing the economic and sustainable development process of a country in the long term.
For this reason, I tried to prepare myself academically in the field as a future policymaker. I own a major with Honors in Economics focused on
Macroeconomics and a Master degree with One Vote of Distinction in Applied Macroeconomics. Moreover, I possess robust
...show more content...
These scientific projects are mainly devoted to study the monetary policy driving under an inflation targeting framework and its relationship with the
exchange rate role in the economy along the economic cycle. Also, about government's policy and decisions effects on the economic activity respect to
public indebtedness management, genetically modified soybean crops production impact on the economy, impact of social programs, among other
researches like implications of possible real state bubbles in AsunciГіn city. For instance, a sample of my research's result could be the publication
approval of my study on money demand estimation within an inflation targeting framework in Paraguay at the international peer–reviewed Ecorfan
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Macroeconomics Essay
"Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole.
Macroeconomists seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in an economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment,
inflation, investment, and international trade" (Wikipedia, 2007). Government tends to use a combination of both monetary and fiscal options when
setting policies that deal with the Macroeconomic.
According to McConnell & Brue (2004), governments make adjustments through policy changes which they...show more content...
dollars into gold at $35 per ounce, has made the U.S. and other countries' monies into fiat money–money that national monetary authorities have the
power to issue without legal constraints.
Money is used in all economic operations; money has a powerful effect every economic activity. The increase in supply of money put more money in
the hands of the consumers and increased spending. When the money supply continues to expand and the prices begin to increase, particularly if the
output growth reach to the capacity limits as the public begin to expect the inflation, lenders insist on higher interest rates to offset and expected
decline in purchasing power over the life of their loans. Contradictory results happen when the supply of money falls, or when the rate of growth cries
off. The U.S. money supply comprises currency–dollar bills and coins issued by the Federal Reserve System and the Treasury–and various kinds of
deposits held by the public at commercial banks and other depository institutions such as savings and loans and credit unions. On June 30, 1990, the
money supply, measured as the sum of currency and checking account deposits, totaled $809 billion. Including some types of savings deposits, the
money supply totaled $3,272 billion. And even broader measure totaled $4,066 billion
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Essay Health Economics
Cost–benefit, cost–effectiveness and cost–utility analyses are forms of economic evaluation which are useful in health economics for comparing costs
and allocating resources. Health economics is widely relevant to governments and the health sector in implementation of new policy, as it concerns the
allocation of resources in the context of a limited budget, or 'scarcity'. Economic evaluation is a potential tool for setting priorities in health, though it
is only one of many potential criteria, including overall budget and public attitudes and wants. Economic evaluation is already in use in some settings,
such as in pharmaceutical company proposals for government subsidisation, but there is room for expansion across the field of...show more content...
Changing factors such as aging populations and new technologies becoming available are increasing expectations from people throughout the world,
and decision makers must make rational choices to maximise benefits to population health whilst working with limited resources. Yothasamut et al
(2009) summarise this by observing that "health care resources in every setting are always constrained, while unlimited demand is observed". The 'best'
choices in the context of economics are the ones which maximise utility (individual satisfaction through consumption of goods) and welfare, the sum
utility experienced by all individuals in society. Decision makers often have to seek satisfactory rather than optimal solutions, also known as working
with 'bounded rationality' (Simon 1957 in Williams et al 2008), as it is important to pursue both efficiency and equity in the funding of health care.
Therefore, it may be unsuitable to fund the most cost effective option if it sacrifices the equal distribution of benefits. Research in health economics can
take a normative or positive approach and this reflects the balance needed between cost control and equity when making economic decisions. Positive
economic research and analysis is concerned with 'how things are' and seeks to explain economic phenomena, whilst normative economic research and
analysis is concerned with 'how things ought to be' and relies on value
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business economics Essay
Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION 2.MAIN BODY 2.1THE NATURE OF RESOURCE COST STRUCTURE AND THE PRACTICAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT COSTS 2.2THE FACTORS INFLUENCING OPTIMUM SIZE AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEMAND AND
SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS 2.3UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELEVANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORY TO MANAGE
DECISIONS 3.CONCLUSION 1.INTRODUCTION: From the economic perspective, there are a full range of wants from individuals, firms and
government but there is only a few number of resources or factors of production such as land, labour, capital and enterprise. The raw material will
come from land, taking the example of oil, gas. The labour relates to the individuals able to work. The capital covers machinery,...show more content...
Equipment, everything used to bring all the materials together, for example, cranes, welding sets, computing time, mobile offices. It is also important
to know how much money committed to spend at any point in time. 2.1.1The microeconomics perspectives: This focuses on the market behaviour of
individual consumers and firms to help understand the decision making process of firms and households. This is at a level of individual buyer and
individual seller, meaning demand and supply. How much to produce and how much to charge for it. The law of the demand is that the demand
decreases when the price increases and the demand increases when the price decreases. Also more demand of a product results in an increase of the
price the price of that product. (See graph below). 2.1.2The macroeconomics perspectives, focuses on the big picture of the national economy as a
whole and provides a basic understanding of how things work in the business environment. The macrocosmic policy goals will be achieved by the
monetary policy and the fiscal policy. The monetary policy is the management of the nation money supply, the decision of the interest rate and the
banking system to promote economic growth, lower unemployment and inflation. 2.2The factors influencing optimum size and the significance of
demand and supply relationship: The demand and the supply are two main concepts of the economy. Demand is what quantity of product or service
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What is Economics? Essay
Many people think that economics is about money. Well, to some extent this is true. Economics has a lot to do with money: with how much money
people are paid; how much they spend: what it costs to buy various items; how much money firms earn; how much money there is in total in the
economy. But despite the large number of areas in which our lives are concerned with money,economics is more than just the study of money.
It is concerned with:
В·The production of goods and services: how much the economy produces; what particular combination of goods and services; how much each firm
produces; what techniques of production they use; how many people they employ.
В·The consumption of goods and services: how much the population as a...show more content...
There are three types of resources:
В·Human resources: labour The labour force is limited both in number and in skills.
В·Natural resources: land and raw materials The world's land area is limited, as are its raw materials.
В·Manufactures resources: capital
All inputs into production that have themselves been produced: e.g. factories, machines and tools.
One must bear in mind that our wants are virtually unlimited, while the resources available to satisfy these wants are limited. In other words when
society demands more of a product than can actually be produced to fulfil those wants we have a problem of scarcity. An example of this would be the
OPEC oil price shocks between 1973 and 1980. Yes, it is true that the price of oil rose and some individuals used substitutes but the economies of oil
importing countries like Germany and Japan fell because OPEC now had more buying power since they had the control over a scarce resource. We
can therefore think of oil as having become scarcer in economic terms when its price rose.
Earlier I stated that economics is concerned with consumption and production. We can look at it in the terms of demand and supply. It is simply the
quantity of a good buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable price. Three factors determine demand:
В·Desire
В·Willingness to pay
В·Ability to pay
Whilst supply is the quantity of good sellers wish to sell at each conceivable price. Supply is
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Why I Want to Study Economics
My father always encouraged me to read books and magazines as a way to nurture my curious mind. The eagerness to explore new concepts and ideas
eventually led me to read magazines like the Economist. As a young reader, I never made an attempt to fully understand words like poverty, economic
development, and inflation. I thought these were just jargons that adults used in order to provide depth to their articles. However, when I took A–level
Economics in my junior year of high school, my perception towards these words changed. Economics was not some decorative dictation; rather it
helped me understand the economic, political and social changes that were taking place. Nevertheless, the reason that got me really intrigued to the
field of Economics and inspired to continue learning it in future was the infusion of mathematics with theories to analyze the real–world situation.
With the aim of being a successful Economist, I focused on equipping myself with various theoretical courses in Economics along with Econometrics
during my undergraduate studies at Smith College. Simultaneously, I also devoted my time towards taking rigorous classes in Mathematics and
Statistics. As I realized the importance of quantitative techniques in economic research, I enrolled in the prestigious and challenging General Course
program at the London School of Economics (LSE) where I focused on taking advanced Econometrics and Mathematical Statistics. Therefore, through
the courses I took during my
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In the beginning of my high school years, I started off with my interest in history and politics. While I was a freshman and sophomore at high school, I
took classes such as US History and Government and Politics. In these classes, I had the opportunity to briefly learn about the economy in U.S. and
other neighboring countries. At that time, I was not able to understand the mechanism behind economics. For example, I couldn't understand why the
United States suffered from such a great depression after they prospered in the Roaring Twenties. At the end of the year, these curiosities built up and
encouraged me to further study into economics.
Since learning AP Economics in my senior year, I have always desired to further my studies in economics. More specifically, I have wanted to study
international relations in economics. Recently, Donald Trump has won the presidential election, and his presidency is expected to bring a huge change
in the world's economy...show more content...
Learning history is always important as it reveals our mistakes and grants us the opportunity to learn from our mistakes. My understanding of the
history of economics will serve as a useful base–knowledge as I continue my studies in economics. Furthermore, studying Japanese and its history
simultaneously will help me understand more about the Japanese culture and economy. In my third and fourth year of university, I will broaden my
field of study to an international level. As I have mentioned previously, I plan to learn international economics through classes such as Study of Global
Political Economy or International Public Economic Policy. Moreover, I will take business–related classes funded by corporates to get familiarized
with industries in Japan and the real–world problems that they face. By taking courses at the department of Global Political Economics, I hope to
utilize my knowledge to solve practical problems in the
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Finance, Economics, And Finance Essay
Statement of Purpose
As a child, I often accompanied my uncle to the stock market. Looking at the share index numbers on the large overhead screen, I was fascinated with
this world. As I grew up, I gradually came to appreciate the importance of financial sector in the modern world. In the university, I was fortunate to have
been exposed to many interesting and challenging fields. Though I ultimately chose to major in Accounting, I also studied business, management,
economics, and finance. These courses impressed upon me the importance of the financial sector in the economy. Finance professionals have the unique
responsibility of managing assets and analyzing risks to ensure the future success of a company or organization. It is difficult to overstate the
importance of this role, as the financial crisis of 2009 showed. It is due to my understanding of the importance of finance and investment, coupled with
my longstanding interest for this subject, that I have decided to pursue postgraduate studies in finance at your prestigious university. Earning a master's
degree in finance would ideally complement my undergraduate degree in accounting. My background in accounting provides me with fundamental
knowledge of many finance–related theories and concepts, as well as familiarity with statistics and data analysis. I learned the basic tenets of finance in
courses such as Economics, Management, Accounting and Corporate Finance. Through case studies and lectures, I broadened my
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Statement of Purpose for Economics
Coming from the general business background, I find economics the most influential and powerful social science in society's daily life. Good
knowledge of economics leads to better decision–making and choices, understanding how people and countries interact with each other and can
significantly improve the quality of life for individuals and in the larger scale to countries.
I want to study economics and build a solid knowledge in the field to be able to see the causes of things more clearly, understand and find out the
ways to make good economic decisions, and build a career through which I can make good contribution to the field by using the acquired academic
skills correctly.
My independent research in the field started with my curious interest in the processes of how decisions made by individuals and governments, what are
the main factors encouraged them to choose particular decision over other options and the outcomes of those decisions. Then, I started to read theories
of great Economists, such as, Keynes, Freidman , Devenport, Kinnerly and Mason who wrote on decision–making and the ability of individual to
interpret the information. Additionally, there were theories by De Bondt , Clark , Tversky and Kehnman who argued that human psychology is
interconnected with economics which cannot be ignored. Learning those theories and comparing them with the real life happenings, my enthusiasm to
get deeper insights of economics increased. Encouraged by this, I have compiled
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Writing an extended essay in economics
Writing an Extended Essay in Economics
Introduction Approaching an extended essay in any subject area can be an intimidating prospect. However, like most large tasks, the essay is much
more manageable if you take it one step at a time and rely on your advisor to lead you in productive directions. What makes for a good economics
EE? You may want to look at some previous essays I have on file in my room to get an idea for the scope of topics that recent students have
undertaken. There is a lot of variation, but successful ones are nearly always based on a central question that the author attempts to answer.
Investigating this question will lead you to review the research of others, to synthesize others ' work in new ways,...show more content...
Since you cannot proceed with your analysis until your data are in place, the prompt completion of your data collection is of critical importance.
Much of what you need is likely to be easily available through standard published or electronic sources. But there may be other data series for which
you will have to search extensively and some you may not ever find–– there are almost always snags. The first step in data collection is to compile a
wish list. You should consider the characteristics of the data that are most desirable for your study. List all of the variables that you think you might
need. If you have doubts about the availability of some variables up front, formulate strategies for doing without them in case you cannot obtain them.
Once you have your list, start collecting numbers and entering them into your computer data base. The earlier you organize your data into data tables,
the better.
Creating results Once you have reviewed the relevant literature and collected the data you need for any empirical work you plan to do, you are ready to
get down to the central task of research: creating results. The way that you achieve these results depends entirely on the research methodology you and
your advisor have chosen. It may involve theoretical reasoning using economic models, combining and/or comparing the results of others, interpreting
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A Reflection On The Study Of Economics

  • 1. A Reflection on the Study of Economics Part 1 Some of the most compelling topics that I learned in this topic only came into focus at the end of the course. Economics is a very large and complex study and reflecting on this subject, piece by piece, requires some patience and ability to put the pieces together. The relationships between simple choices, such as supply and demand, drives all economic and commercial exchange but only through the lens of economic models that attempt to layout this system by combing mathematical principles and psycho–social evaluation. All in all, this was very interesting introduction to some of the complex drivers that propel society. Discussions are always useful because we are allowed an opportunity to weigh and evaluate our own personal thoughts with those of others. This comparison helps gauge where I stand on many political and social issues that derive from economic theories and philosophies. Knowing where I stand amongst my peers is a helpful measurement to contrast and qualify my own thoughts. For example, when the topic of monetary policy came up, I was very shocked to find out the importance of currency and how it is used in global markets. What was more revealing is the United States' relationship to the Federal Reserve and that organization's power of the monetary policy set in this country. It is very difficult to fathom how the entire economic systems sometimes works without a major disaster every day. The ability of the economic markets in the world to bring Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. Scarcity And Scarcity Of Economics Scarcity: Scarcity is a key concept in economics because it is one of the basic foundations of why economics exists. Scarcity means that there is a limitation of resources. Since there is a limitation of resources it is important to to know how these resources will be used. In a world without scarcity (which doesn 't exist), we could have access to whatever we wanted and there would be no need to trade or distribute goods and services, and therefore no economics. Economics studies human behavior and how humans allocate their limited resources (scarcity) with their unlimited wants and differences in the distribution of these resources affect decisions. This concept can be applied to a single person, a family, a country, and globally . Opportunity Cost: Since we have limited resources (scarcity), we usually have to choose one option (choice) and forgo the other alternative when another item or activity is chosen. The concept of opportunity cost is important in economics because any decision that involves a tradeoff between two or more options has a relative cost. In other terms, opportunity cost is the the relative cost of one alternative in regards to the the next–best alternative. Making Choices at the Margin: Almost all decisions are made at what economists call the "margin" or making decisions based on small changes in resources. This is an important concept in economics because most people do not make all or nothing decisions, it is usually an addition or subtraction Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Economics Elasticity Essay Businesses know that they face demand curves, but rarely do they know what these curves look like. Yet sometimes a business needs to have a good idea of what part of a demand curve looks like if it is to make good decisions. If Rick's Pizza raises its prices by ten percent, what will happen to its revenues? The answer depends on how consumers will respond. Will they cut back purchases a little or a lot? This question of how responsive consumers are to price changes involves the economic concept of elasticity. Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness. Two words are important here. The word "measure" means that elasticity results are reported as numbers, or elasticity coefficients. The word "responsiveness" means that there is...show more content... When it is greater than one, economists say that demand is elastic. Products which have few good substitutes generally have a lower elasticity of demand than products with many substitutes. As a result, more broadly–defined products have a lower elasticity than narrowly defined products. The price elasticity of demand for meat will be lower than the price elasticity of pork, and the price elasticity for soft drinks will be less elastic than the price elasticity for colas, which in turn will be less elastic than the price elasticity for Pepsi. Time plays an important role in determining both consumer and producer responsiveness for many items. The longer people have to make adjustments, the more adjustments they will make. When the price of gasoline rose rapidly in the late 1970s as a result of the OPEC cartel, the only adjustment consumers could initially make was to drive less. With time they could also move closer to work or find jobs closer to home, and switch to more fuel–efficient cars. The concept of elasticity can help explain some situations that at first glance may seem puzzling. If American farmers all have excellent harvests, they may have a very poor year financially. They may be better off if they all have mediocre harvests. If a bus company decides it needs more revenue and tries to get it by raising fares, its revenues may decrease rather than increase. Inelastic Demand
  • 4. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. What is It About Graphs in Economics? Essay Graphs are the bread and butter of economics. The reason is that economics is a social science that attempts to understand the overall functioning of whole economies, and within them the behavior of firms and individuals engaged in producing and purchasing millions of different goods and services, ranging from iPhone to house cleaning. To make matters worse, economies, individuals and firms are dynamic and constantly changing over time. Since it would be impossible and cumbersome to describe all these features of an economy in such minute details, economists put information on graphs and summarize the world within the confines of two axes. They make complicated points easy to understand. However, it was not always so. It all started with...show more content... The equilibrium price and quantity of the commodity in the market are q1 and p1, determined by the intersection of the two curves, S1 and D1. Marshall then proceeded to examine how changes in technology, tastes, prices of complementary and substitute goods, as well as the weather impact equilibrium market price and quantity. For example, the impact of a drought on the supply of wheat is depicted by a shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2, meaning that a lesser amount would be supplied at each possible price. The intersection of S2 and D1 result in a new equilibrium price and quantity, between p3 and p1 and q3 and q1. Demand could also shift as a result of a change in tastes or the price of substitute goods or income. Suppose that income in the market under analysis goes up (down), the demand curve would shift to the right (left), implying that consumers demand a larger (smaller) amount at each price. MarshallĐ’Ò‘s analysis has been extended to many areas, among them the impact of government mandated rent control on housing supply; the effects of taxes and subsidies on the quantity demanded of a commodity; the supply of crime by criminals, and the demand for crime protection by society ; to ethics and freedom as goods to be valued for themselves; and, to family decisions such as choosing a spouse, having children , marriage in Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Economics Reflection . Through the process of reading, I learned many things about the economy. First of all, I learned that it is a much more difficult decision to come to in regards of how much government involvement in the nation's economy is enough, how much is too little, and how much is not enough. I also learned that trying to keep the economy stable and productive is a constant and difficult struggle, and that it is often difficult to even know what needs to or can be done in order to stabilize it. While I find economics to be somewhat boring (I am a music major and largely emotionally driven, which means that my entertainment is usually emotionally involving somehow), I actually enjoyed how Wheelan explained economics in this book. While I would not read it for fun, reading this book as an assignment was not painful. Having government involved in the economy has its pros and cons. One of the Pros is that the government can help prevent or discourage harmful behaviors or actions. Government regulation can prevent man–caused shortages. Fishing regulations are often put in place to prevent overfishing. These regulations prevent or discourage fishermen from fishing too much in one season, which allows the fish to repopulate and remain available in the future. In the book, Wheelan mentioned how the government can also tax bad behaviors to encourage behaviors that benefit health and/or the environment. An example of this is a tax on gasoline and/or larger vehicles, or a tax on cigarettes. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Extended Essay on Economics Ho Wei ACS (International) Extended Essay Subject: Economics Word Count: 3988 Investigation Question To what extent do the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration, help to increase the demand of the private property sector in the housing market. Abstract The research question of this Economics Extended Essay is, "To what extent does the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration, help to increase the demand of the private property sector in the housing market." For this investigation I used a variety of gathered raw data and policies from the Singapore government websites, on top of that I kept a collection of newspaper progressively monitoring the local property market. The...show more content... The lack of housing access was a serious problem, hence the government undertakes mulitple measures to tackle the massive housing shortage inherited from the colonial government to ensure that all of its citizens had access to affordable housing.[1] . This research topic is significant to the current property market in Singapore and its sudden increased demand for houses despite the economic downturn, exploring deeper as to whether the government policies were the real influential causes to this boom in property demand. It has relevance to the economic concepts of demand and supply, elasticity, inflation and monopolistic competition. This topic is worthy of investigation because it is a
  • 8. hot media topic in Singapore, and is widely debated in the country because it's the most expensive household asset.[2] My focus question of this extended essay will be |To what extent does the Singapore Government's policies on housing and immigration, help to increase the demand of the private | |property sector in the housing market? | I shall look into details how policies in the public and private housing market and the immigration policies affects the private market, despite property prices steadily increasing, the private property market in Singapore continues to boom. There are many factors that play a role in this drastic demand for private property Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Overview of Behavioral Economics Essay Behavioural economics is the study of the effects that psychology has on the decision making of the economy. This tends to be the way that people think and feel when they are spending money on a certain good or service. The great economist Adam Smith was the first follower of this idea through his book "The theory of moral sentiments" which dates back to 1759. However, it took over 100 years to get a more clarified meaning of how big of a role the psychology of a buyer plays in economics. In behavioural economics there are seven basic principles which all contribute to the decision making process. Behavioural economics can explain how people will react to different situations such as times when there are no economic problems and times when...show more content... In other words most people would prefer to pay more and buy a more expensive product thinking that by paying more it is also superior to the other products of the same category that are cheaper. However, although the phrase "you get what you pay for" might have some validity in it that is not always the case, due to the fact that sometimes the products that might be cheaper are just as good as the competitor brand which has a higher price. In this instant it would be logical to buy the cheaper product however most human beings would opt for the expensive product, assuming that it is of better quality than the cheaper product. On the other hand, Dan Ariely rebuffs this claim and states, "We choose what we like, not what's best." Sometimes humans don't make decisions based on their preferences; instead they choose what they want and that leads to a process of rationalisation in order to get what they really want. However, they still want to give the impression that they were acting according to their preferences. Secondly, the framing effect states that presenting the same option but in a different format can change people's decisions. Plous (1993) states that, "individuals have a tendency to select inconsistent choices, depending on whether the question is framed to concentrate on losses or gains." A good example of when framing is apparent is when stores advertise sale on their products. For example two stores both sell the same product which is priced at ВЈ50 Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Essay on Economics in My Life Economics in My Life When I was first given this assignment I was extremely perplexed at how I would even begin to finish it. I had no idea how economics related to my life in anyway. I hadn't thought about it critically and I struggling terribly. Thanks to some much needed help from a fellow classmate, he allowed me to get an idea of things from his own essay. After reading not one, but two other essays, I was so surprised at how oblivious I had been. I never realized that just about everything that goes on in my daily life is, in fact, economics. I never realized that from the things I buy to the money I earn from working is all economics. The things I miss out of while working or going to school is a complete opportunity cost. Or even...show more content... Certain books that were unbelievably hard to find were in the higher price range because they were, in a way, rare. As appose to a book that was so common could easily be found at a cheap price. They say that there is always something lost at the cost of another. Opportunity cost is something that I always consider before most decisions. For example, I work weekends as a server, including Fridays. That Friday shift is one of the best days to work to make good money, but almost every winter and summer class is Monday through Friday. It's also a full eight hour shift so it makes it extremely difficult to find even later classes. In my whole two years at ECC I've only been in one sit–in winter class. Other than that I'm left with online classes. The opportunity cost for the much need money I make on Friday sets me back enormously in school, because not every class is available online. Work stands in the way of a lot things in my life. Because I go to school Monday through Thursday I really only have Friday through Sunday to work. It's hard for me to go on vacations or even hang out with friends at the beach during summer because I get off later in the afternoon. Staying out late with friends is also an opportunity cost because I work early mornings. So you can see that I give up a lot for work but I know that if I work hard now it won't be so hard later in life. That's when I'll stay out late and go on vacations. This was first year that I actually had to fill taxes and I Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Motivation Statement For Motivation In Economics Throughout this essay, I want to present my reasons and motivations to continue for further studies, as well as to introduce my academic and professional conditions in order to carry them out. In this regard, it is my aim to instruct me up to the highest and most rigorous level in a prestigious doctoral program in economics with a specialization in macroeconomics or monetary and fiscal economics. I have decided to work in this area because I am strongly convinced that these both policy measures play a fundamental role in the economy and that, actually, generate considerable and transversal effects upon the whole population's welfare, on economic agents' decisions and, eventually, ends largely influencing the economic and sustainable development process of a country in the long term. For this reason, I tried to prepare myself academically in the field as a future policymaker. I own a major with Honors in Economics focused on Macroeconomics and a Master degree with One Vote of Distinction in Applied Macroeconomics. Moreover, I possess robust ...show more content... These scientific projects are mainly devoted to study the monetary policy driving under an inflation targeting framework and its relationship with the exchange rate role in the economy along the economic cycle. Also, about government's policy and decisions effects on the economic activity respect to public indebtedness management, genetically modified soybean crops production impact on the economy, impact of social programs, among other researches like implications of possible real state bubbles in AsunciГіn city. For instance, a sample of my research's result could be the publication approval of my study on money demand estimation within an inflation targeting framework in Paraguay at the international peer–reviewed Ecorfan Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Macroeconomics Essay "Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole. Macroeconomists seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in an economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, and international trade" (Wikipedia, 2007). Government tends to use a combination of both monetary and fiscal options when setting policies that deal with the Macroeconomic. According to McConnell & Brue (2004), governments make adjustments through policy changes which they...show more content... dollars into gold at $35 per ounce, has made the U.S. and other countries' monies into fiat money–money that national monetary authorities have the power to issue without legal constraints. Money is used in all economic operations; money has a powerful effect every economic activity. The increase in supply of money put more money in the hands of the consumers and increased spending. When the money supply continues to expand and the prices begin to increase, particularly if the output growth reach to the capacity limits as the public begin to expect the inflation, lenders insist on higher interest rates to offset and expected decline in purchasing power over the life of their loans. Contradictory results happen when the supply of money falls, or when the rate of growth cries off. The U.S. money supply comprises currency–dollar bills and coins issued by the Federal Reserve System and the Treasury–and various kinds of deposits held by the public at commercial banks and other depository institutions such as savings and loans and credit unions. On June 30, 1990, the money supply, measured as the sum of currency and checking account deposits, totaled $809 billion. Including some types of savings deposits, the money supply totaled $3,272 billion. And even broader measure totaled $4,066 billion Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Essay Health Economics Cost–benefit, cost–effectiveness and cost–utility analyses are forms of economic evaluation which are useful in health economics for comparing costs and allocating resources. Health economics is widely relevant to governments and the health sector in implementation of new policy, as it concerns the allocation of resources in the context of a limited budget, or 'scarcity'. Economic evaluation is a potential tool for setting priorities in health, though it is only one of many potential criteria, including overall budget and public attitudes and wants. Economic evaluation is already in use in some settings, such as in pharmaceutical company proposals for government subsidisation, but there is room for expansion across the field of...show more content... Changing factors such as aging populations and new technologies becoming available are increasing expectations from people throughout the world, and decision makers must make rational choices to maximise benefits to population health whilst working with limited resources. Yothasamut et al (2009) summarise this by observing that "health care resources in every setting are always constrained, while unlimited demand is observed". The 'best' choices in the context of economics are the ones which maximise utility (individual satisfaction through consumption of goods) and welfare, the sum utility experienced by all individuals in society. Decision makers often have to seek satisfactory rather than optimal solutions, also known as working with 'bounded rationality' (Simon 1957 in Williams et al 2008), as it is important to pursue both efficiency and equity in the funding of health care. Therefore, it may be unsuitable to fund the most cost effective option if it sacrifices the equal distribution of benefits. Research in health economics can take a normative or positive approach and this reflects the balance needed between cost control and equity when making economic decisions. Positive economic research and analysis is concerned with 'how things are' and seeks to explain economic phenomena, whilst normative economic research and analysis is concerned with 'how things ought to be' and relies on value Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. business economics Essay Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION 2.MAIN BODY 2.1THE NATURE OF RESOURCE COST STRUCTURE AND THE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT COSTS 2.2THE FACTORS INFLUENCING OPTIMUM SIZE AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY RELATIONSHIPS 2.3UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELEVANCE AND LIMITATIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORY TO MANAGE DECISIONS 3.CONCLUSION 1.INTRODUCTION: From the economic perspective, there are a full range of wants from individuals, firms and government but there is only a few number of resources or factors of production such as land, labour, capital and enterprise. The raw material will come from land, taking the example of oil, gas. The labour relates to the individuals able to work. The capital covers machinery,...show more content... Equipment, everything used to bring all the materials together, for example, cranes, welding sets, computing time, mobile offices. It is also important to know how much money committed to spend at any point in time. 2.1.1The microeconomics perspectives: This focuses on the market behaviour of individual consumers and firms to help understand the decision making process of firms and households. This is at a level of individual buyer and individual seller, meaning demand and supply. How much to produce and how much to charge for it. The law of the demand is that the demand decreases when the price increases and the demand increases when the price decreases. Also more demand of a product results in an increase of the price the price of that product. (See graph below). 2.1.2The macroeconomics perspectives, focuses on the big picture of the national economy as a whole and provides a basic understanding of how things work in the business environment. The macrocosmic policy goals will be achieved by the monetary policy and the fiscal policy. The monetary policy is the management of the nation money supply, the decision of the interest rate and the banking system to promote economic growth, lower unemployment and inflation. 2.2The factors influencing optimum size and the significance of demand and supply relationship: The demand and the supply are two main concepts of the economy. Demand is what quantity of product or service Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. What is Economics? Essay Many people think that economics is about money. Well, to some extent this is true. Economics has a lot to do with money: with how much money people are paid; how much they spend: what it costs to buy various items; how much money firms earn; how much money there is in total in the economy. But despite the large number of areas in which our lives are concerned with money,economics is more than just the study of money. It is concerned with: В·The production of goods and services: how much the economy produces; what particular combination of goods and services; how much each firm produces; what techniques of production they use; how many people they employ. В·The consumption of goods and services: how much the population as a...show more content... There are three types of resources: В·Human resources: labour The labour force is limited both in number and in skills. В·Natural resources: land and raw materials The world's land area is limited, as are its raw materials. В·Manufactures resources: capital All inputs into production that have themselves been produced: e.g. factories, machines and tools. One must bear in mind that our wants are virtually unlimited, while the resources available to satisfy these wants are limited. In other words when society demands more of a product than can actually be produced to fulfil those wants we have a problem of scarcity. An example of this would be the OPEC oil price shocks between 1973 and 1980. Yes, it is true that the price of oil rose and some individuals used substitutes but the economies of oil importing countries like Germany and Japan fell because OPEC now had more buying power since they had the control over a scarce resource. We can therefore think of oil as having become scarcer in economic terms when its price rose.
  • 16. Earlier I stated that economics is concerned with consumption and production. We can look at it in the terms of demand and supply. It is simply the quantity of a good buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable price. Three factors determine demand: В·Desire В·Willingness to pay В·Ability to pay Whilst supply is the quantity of good sellers wish to sell at each conceivable price. Supply is Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Why I Want to Study Economics My father always encouraged me to read books and magazines as a way to nurture my curious mind. The eagerness to explore new concepts and ideas eventually led me to read magazines like the Economist. As a young reader, I never made an attempt to fully understand words like poverty, economic development, and inflation. I thought these were just jargons that adults used in order to provide depth to their articles. However, when I took A–level Economics in my junior year of high school, my perception towards these words changed. Economics was not some decorative dictation; rather it helped me understand the economic, political and social changes that were taking place. Nevertheless, the reason that got me really intrigued to the field of Economics and inspired to continue learning it in future was the infusion of mathematics with theories to analyze the real–world situation. With the aim of being a successful Economist, I focused on equipping myself with various theoretical courses in Economics along with Econometrics during my undergraduate studies at Smith College. Simultaneously, I also devoted my time towards taking rigorous classes in Mathematics and Statistics. As I realized the importance of quantitative techniques in economic research, I enrolled in the prestigious and challenging General Course program at the London School of Economics (LSE) where I focused on taking advanced Econometrics and Mathematical Statistics. Therefore, through the courses I took during my Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. In the beginning of my high school years, I started off with my interest in history and politics. While I was a freshman and sophomore at high school, I took classes such as US History and Government and Politics. In these classes, I had the opportunity to briefly learn about the economy in U.S. and other neighboring countries. At that time, I was not able to understand the mechanism behind economics. For example, I couldn't understand why the United States suffered from such a great depression after they prospered in the Roaring Twenties. At the end of the year, these curiosities built up and encouraged me to further study into economics. Since learning AP Economics in my senior year, I have always desired to further my studies in economics. More specifically, I have wanted to study international relations in economics. Recently, Donald Trump has won the presidential election, and his presidency is expected to bring a huge change in the world's economy...show more content... Learning history is always important as it reveals our mistakes and grants us the opportunity to learn from our mistakes. My understanding of the history of economics will serve as a useful base–knowledge as I continue my studies in economics. Furthermore, studying Japanese and its history simultaneously will help me understand more about the Japanese culture and economy. In my third and fourth year of university, I will broaden my field of study to an international level. As I have mentioned previously, I plan to learn international economics through classes such as Study of Global Political Economy or International Public Economic Policy. Moreover, I will take business–related classes funded by corporates to get familiarized with industries in Japan and the real–world problems that they face. By taking courses at the department of Global Political Economics, I hope to utilize my knowledge to solve practical problems in the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Finance, Economics, And Finance Essay Statement of Purpose As a child, I often accompanied my uncle to the stock market. Looking at the share index numbers on the large overhead screen, I was fascinated with this world. As I grew up, I gradually came to appreciate the importance of financial sector in the modern world. In the university, I was fortunate to have been exposed to many interesting and challenging fields. Though I ultimately chose to major in Accounting, I also studied business, management, economics, and finance. These courses impressed upon me the importance of the financial sector in the economy. Finance professionals have the unique responsibility of managing assets and analyzing risks to ensure the future success of a company or organization. It is difficult to overstate the importance of this role, as the financial crisis of 2009 showed. It is due to my understanding of the importance of finance and investment, coupled with my longstanding interest for this subject, that I have decided to pursue postgraduate studies in finance at your prestigious university. Earning a master's degree in finance would ideally complement my undergraduate degree in accounting. My background in accounting provides me with fundamental knowledge of many finance–related theories and concepts, as well as familiarity with statistics and data analysis. I learned the basic tenets of finance in courses such as Economics, Management, Accounting and Corporate Finance. Through case studies and lectures, I broadened my Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. Statement of Purpose for Economics Coming from the general business background, I find economics the most influential and powerful social science in society's daily life. Good knowledge of economics leads to better decision–making and choices, understanding how people and countries interact with each other and can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals and in the larger scale to countries. I want to study economics and build a solid knowledge in the field to be able to see the causes of things more clearly, understand and find out the ways to make good economic decisions, and build a career through which I can make good contribution to the field by using the acquired academic skills correctly. My independent research in the field started with my curious interest in the processes of how decisions made by individuals and governments, what are the main factors encouraged them to choose particular decision over other options and the outcomes of those decisions. Then, I started to read theories of great Economists, such as, Keynes, Freidman , Devenport, Kinnerly and Mason who wrote on decision–making and the ability of individual to interpret the information. Additionally, there were theories by De Bondt , Clark , Tversky and Kehnman who argued that human psychology is interconnected with economics which cannot be ignored. Learning those theories and comparing them with the real life happenings, my enthusiasm to get deeper insights of economics increased. Encouraged by this, I have compiled Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 21. Writing an extended essay in economics Writing an Extended Essay in Economics Introduction Approaching an extended essay in any subject area can be an intimidating prospect. However, like most large tasks, the essay is much more manageable if you take it one step at a time and rely on your advisor to lead you in productive directions. What makes for a good economics EE? You may want to look at some previous essays I have on file in my room to get an idea for the scope of topics that recent students have undertaken. There is a lot of variation, but successful ones are nearly always based on a central question that the author attempts to answer. Investigating this question will lead you to review the research of others, to synthesize others ' work in new ways,...show more content... Since you cannot proceed with your analysis until your data are in place, the prompt completion of your data collection is of critical importance. Much of what you need is likely to be easily available through standard published or electronic sources. But there may be other data series for which you will have to search extensively and some you may not ever find–– there are almost always snags. The first step in data collection is to compile a wish list. You should consider the characteristics of the data that are most desirable for your study. List all of the variables that you think you might need. If you have doubts about the availability of some variables up front, formulate strategies for doing without them in case you cannot obtain them. Once you have your list, start collecting numbers and entering them into your computer data base. The earlier you organize your data into data tables, the better. Creating results Once you have reviewed the relevant literature and collected the data you need for any empirical work you plan to do, you are ready to get down to the central task of research: creating results. The way that you achieve these results depends entirely on the research methodology you and your advisor have chosen. It may involve theoretical reasoning using economic models, combining and/or comparing the results of others, interpreting Get more content on HelpWriting.net