2. AP Biology
DNA Replication
Purpose: cells need to make a copy of
DNA before dividing so each daughter
cell has a complete copy of genetic
information
3 proposed Models of Replication
4. AP Biology
Semi-Conservative Model
Replication of DNA
base pairing allows
each strand to serve
as a template for a
new strand
new strand is 1/2
parent template &
1/2 new DNA
5. AP Biology
Anti-parallel strands
Nucleotides in DNA
backbone are bonded from
phosphate to sugar
between 3 & 5 carbons
DNA molecule has
“direction”
complementary strand runs
in opposite direction
THIS WILL CAUSE A
PROBLEM FOR
REPLICATION
3
5
5
3
6. AP Biology
Bonding in DNA
….strong or weak bonds?
How do the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA?
3
5 3
5
covalent
phosphodiester
bonds
hydrogen
bonds
8. AP Biology
Replication: 1st step
Unwind DNA
helicase enzyme
unwinds part of DNA helix
stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins
PREVENTS DNA MOLECULE FROM CLOSING!
DNA gyrase
Enzyme that prevents tangling upstream from the replication
fork
single-stranded binding proteins replication fork
helicase gyrase
9. AP Biology
Replication: 2nd step
RNA Primase
Adds small section of RNA (RNA primer) to the
3’ end of template DNA
Why must this be done?
DNA polymerase 3 (enzyme that builds new DNA
strand) can only add nucleotides to existing strands
of DNA
12. AP Biology
Limits of DNA polymerase III
can only build onto 3 end of
an existing DNA strand
Leading & Lagging strands
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
5
3
5
3 3
Leading strand
Lagging strand
ligase
Okazaki
Leading strand
continuous synthesis
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
joined by ligase
“spot welder” enzyme
DNA polymerase III
3
5
growing
replication fork
13. AP Biology
DNA polymerase III
RNA primer is added
built by primase
serves as starter sequence for DNA polymerase III
HOWEVER short segments called Okazaki fragments
are made because it can only go in a 5 3 direction
DNA replication on the lagging strand
5
5
5
3
3
3
5
3
5
3 5 3
growing
replication fork
primase
RNA
14. AP Biology
NEXT DNA polymerase I
removes sections of RNA
primer and replaces with
DNA nucleotides
STRANDS ARE GLUED
TOGETHER BY DNA LIGASE
Replacing RNA primers with DNA
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
growing
replication fork
DNA polymerase I
RNA
ligase
15. AP Biology
Replication fork
3’
5’
3’
5’
5’
3’
3’ 5’
helicase
direction of replication
SSB = single-stranded binding proteins
primase
DNA
polymerase III
DNA
polymerase III
DNA
polymerase I
ligase
Okazaki
fragments
leading strand
lagging strand
SSB