Search Engine Optimization

1. 1
Pursuit of Technical “In Excellence”
A Seminar Report on
Search Engine Optimization
For The Degree of
MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
Submitted by
Rutuja Satish Goundge
(MC22F14F023)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Avinash K. Gulve
Department of Master of Computer Application
Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)
(2022-2023)

2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report on Search Engine Optimization which is
being submitted by Rutuja Satish Goundge Enrollment No. MC20F14F023 is a
bonafide work completed under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment for
award of the degree of “Master of Computer Application” of Government
Engineering College, Aurangabad (An Autonomous Institute of Government of
Maharashtra) affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,
Aurangabad
Date - 17/06/2023
Place - Aurangabad
Dr. Avinash K. Gulve Dr. PraveenShetiye
Seminar Guide Head MCA Department
MCA Department
Dr. A.S.Bhalchandra
Principal
Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity to
excel in my efforts to complete this seminar on time. I am extremely grateful to
Dr. College Principal, Principal, Government Engineering college and Mrs. HOD, Head of
Department, Department of MCA, for providing all the required resources for the
successful completion of my seminar. My heartfelt gratitude to my seminar guide Prof. A.
K. Gulve Senior Lecturer, MCA, for his valuable suggestions and guidance in
the preparation of the seminar report. I express my thanks to and all staff members and
friends for all the help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this seminar successfully
in time. I will be failing in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors
of the references and other literatures referred to in this seminar.
Submitted By
Rutuja_Satish_Goundge
(MC20F14F023)

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5. 5
Index
Sr. No. Topic Page Number
Abstract 6
1. Introduction 7
2 Search Engine 8
2.1 Search Engine Features 9-11
2.1 How do search engines work? 12-13
3 Search Engine Optimization 12
3.1 Search Engine Optimization Basic 13-15
3.2 Search Engine Challenges 16-19
4 Search Engine Techniques 20
4.1 On Page SEO 21-28
4.2 Off-Page SEO 28-31
4.3 Technical SEO 33-34
5 Application of SEO 35
5. 1 Webside application 36-38
7 Conclusion 39
Referances 40

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Figure Index
Fig. No. Caption of the figure Page No
1 Crawling 11
2 SEO Process 14
3 SEO Technique 20
4 On page SEO 21
5 Off page SEO 28

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ABSRACT
In today's era, with the rapid growth of information on the web, users are turning to search
engines to replace traditional media. This makes it difficult for the search engine to sort
specific information through billions of web pages and display the appropriate data. SEO
(Search Engine Optimization) is the remedy for this. Having a website optimized in such a
way that it will display the relevant webpages based on ranking. This is the main reason
that makes search engine optimization a prominent position in online world. Search Engine
Optimization (SEO) is the process used to enhance the visibility of the search results for a
website or web page on a free search engine. The optimization targets various types of
items such as images, videos, articles from academia, etc. The SEO may also be
defined as the process in search engines that affects the visibility of a website or webpage.
This paper covers the concepts, techniques and challenges of Search Engine Optimization
with website ranking. Keywords: Search Engine, SEO, Search Engine Optimization,
Website Ranking.[3]
This makes it difficult for the search engine to sort specific information through billions of
web pages and display the appropriate data. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is the
remedy for this. Having a website optimized in such a way that it will display the relevant
webpages based on ranking. This is the main reason that makes search engine optimization
a prominent position in online world. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process
used to enhance the visibility of the search results for a website or web page on a free
search engine. The optimization targets various types of items such as images, videos,
articles from academia, etc. The SEO may also be done[3]

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1.Introduction
The Internet is a large group that involves millions of customers and is also recognized as
one of today's most significant communication instruments. Everybody who believes of
Internet-based company as a significant client potential is also recognized in this large
society. In the modern world, the Internet has become a new channel for businesses in
which traditional sales channels cannot achieve such a high quantity. The operating
technique, which has altered with the Internet, has led to some modifications in other fields
and has also permitted businesses to need internet-based marketing operations.[1].
Increasing Internet popularity has resulted in the appearance of a crowd, which is also
called "electronic community." Marketers, who try to reach customers quickly and
efficiently using the direct marketing method and also reduce the cost of reaching
customers,aim to reach large potential electronic communities. [1]
This crowd, also called as an electronic community, is evaluated as a customer,
according to companies. Because of this, they are attempting to introduce and market their
businesses through developed websites. On the other hand, they also know that
participating on top lists of search engines is the most important and effective way of
introducing and marketing. While the Internet contains hundreds of thousands of web
pages, it is better to use search engines to reach the desired information or data.
Search engines are too important to respond to many people, especially marketers.
Companies that are aware of this situation are aiming to participate in the first page or first
row of search engines using Internet advertising or a more natural approach: search engine
optimization (SEO). Instead of Internet advertising, "SEO" is preferred because of lower
costs.[1]
Because of this, to make "SEO" more popular and widespread, such a study was carried
out. In the second section of this paper, search engines and their working mechanism were
explained. Search engine optimization was explained in the third section, as well as some
information and tips on how to perform "SEO".[2]

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2.Search Engine
Search engines have one goal–in relation to your search query to provide you with the most
relevant results possible. If the search engine provides you with information that meets
your needs, then you're a happy search engine. And happy searchers are more likely to
return time and time again to the same search engine because they get the results they need.
In order for a search engine to be able to show outcomes when a user enters a query, they
need to have an archive of accessible data to choose from. Each search engine has
proprietary methods to collect and prioritize content on the website. This process is called
indexing, irrespective of the specific tactics or methods used. In fact, search engines try to
scan the entire online universe and index all the information so that when you enter a search
query, they can show it to you.[2]
Web-based search engines (e.g. Google, Bing, Baidu) index and rank web-based data like
papers, pictures, videos, etc. Based on a certain ranking algorithm, the search outcomes are
listed beginning with the most associated ones up front. Web-based search engines are
rated according to their efficiency in retrieving the information that is closely relevant on
the internet; for example, Google has done a great job of improving both the efficiency of
the retrieval of information and the efficiency of the query performance. With the growing
popularity of social networks, however, latest study on particular web-based search engines
has depended on incorporating social connectivity variables into the search outcomes,
hence the name "social search," for example, a semantic social search engine that uses
social networks such as Google+, Twitter and Facebook.[2]
2.1 Search Engine Features
The search engine is some kind of software that gathers information about websites. At this
point, the data collected includes the website URL, certain keywords or keyword groups
that define the website content, the code structure that forms the website, as well as links
on the website. The collected data associated with this is indexed and stored in a database.
The search engine software (crawler, spider, bot) performs all these activities. Special
programs that are called spider or bot are used by search engines.[1]
These programs move through the Web's hyperlink framework. You navigate regularly
via websites and track modifications since last browsing (Spiders / Crawlers).
The data acquired from the associated programs is placed in a broad database system. This

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database is called the search engine index. The executed procedure, on the other side, is
called "indexing." When customers conduct a request to obtain some data or information,
the associated request will be transmitted to the database of the search engine and the
findings will be shown to users(query). During the "appropriate displaying, sorting"
method, essential competition factor among search engines appears. They must be
displayed to customers in a sorted list framework after determining the associated websites
with the executed request. Briefly, robots are looking toretrieve URL information and to
store the information gathered in a database.[1]
2.2 How do search engines work?
Search engines work through three primary functions:
• 1.Crawling: Crawling is the discovery process in which search engines send out a team of
robots (known as crawlers or spiders) to find new and updated content. Content can vary
— it could be a webpage, an image, a video, a PDF, etc. — but regardless of the format,
content is discovered by links.[3]
.Fig. 1.1 crawling
• Googlebot starts out by fetching a few web pages, and then follows the links on those
webpages to find new URLs. By hopping along this path of links, the crawler is able to
find new content and add it to their index called Caffeine — a massive database of

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discovered URLs — to later be retrieved when a searcher is seeking information that the
content on that URL is a good match for.[4]
• 2.Indexing: Search engines process and store information they find in an index, a huge
database of all the content they’ve discovered and deem good enough to serve up to
searchers.
• 3.Ranking: When someone performs a search, search engines scour their index for highly
relevant content and then orders that content in the hopes of solving the searcher's query.
This ordering of search results by relevance is known as ranking. In general, you can
assume that the higher a website is ranked, the more relevant the search engine believes
that site is to the query.
It’s possible to block search engine crawlers from part or all of your site, or instruct search
engines to avoid storing certain pages in their index. While there can be reasons for doing
this, if you want your content found by searchers, you have to first make sure it’s accessible
to crawlers and is indexable. Otherwise, it’s as good as invisible.[2]

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3. Search Engine Optimization Basic
SEO is a way of getting a stronger ranking of a web site in search engines like Google,
Yahoo and Bing. A search engine optimization campaign combines on-site optimization
with off-site strategies that implies you make adjustments to the site itself while building a
portfolio of natural background connections to boost your organic ratings. When internet
consumers search for the item or service, the website is relevant to particular keywords that
internet consumers are looking for online. [3].
The search engine optimization method encompasses the search for Keywords,
contents creation, link construction and search engines. According to unfinished statistics,
the amount of Internet customers in China exceeded 200 million individuals in 2008, 89
percent of those internet customers primarily use the internet to acquire data, 88.8 percent
of which will use contact data from internet search engines, second only to send and receive
emails. Web search engines have become a major component of this. It was hectic to search
for some kind of data on the internet [4].
Data or information about an unknown subject is usually searched on the first page
of search engines. After examining first 5 result pages, other remaining pages are not
evaluated by users. Because of this, it is important to move a web page to top lists of search
engines in order to introduce it better. In order to achieve this, the search engine
optimization must be used by web site developers. Because, it is possible to move a web
page to the first page of a search engine by using only some necessary optimization rules.
It is important to have an effective, well-structured and good-looking web page to introduce
the related company, services or products better. But it is also too important for customers
to search and find the related web page on a search engine easily. Furthermore, 80 percent
of Internet users also search for products or services by using search engines
mostly(interactive- advertisements)(Internet3,2010). It is an easy and effective way to
introduce and market a company by using a web page. In order to achieve this, information
related to the company is obtained by using search engines. In a
competitive business environment, moving up to top lists can be achieved by using search
engine optimization.[1]
Briefly, the search engine optimization (SEO) is enabling a web site to appear in
top result lists of a search engine for some certain keywords. There are many different

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factors that enable a web site to move up top results. The most effective way to take
attention of many users is connected with search engine optimization. Because the search
engine optimization is basically based on keywords that are suitable to the web site and
can be used to search with search engines. In order to optimize a web site according to
search engines, it must be suitable to some technical conditions(Sezgin, 2009) A typical
search engine optimization process that can be performed to move up a web site,is
represented in Figure 1[1]
Fig.2 SEO Process
Search engines must be taken into consideration while designing a web site. Some
questions that must be answered before starting to web site designing are listed as below:
- Is there any vital method or approach used on search engines to take users’ attention to
the related web site?
- Which search engines is the related web site wanted to appear on?
- Which row on the results page is satisfactory? (øyiler,2009)
Optimization of a search engine can be performed in two separate groups. One of
them is internal web site optimization. The other one is external web site optimization.
Internal web site optimization includes web site design, meta tags, keywords that are

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necessary for the web site, page names, pictures, links, content texts in each page and styles
that used for the related texts, site map, RSS feeds, pages in different languages…etc.
On the other hand, external web site optimization includes adding web site to the site guide,
using social media factors, using links from other optimized web sites to the related web
page…etc. Two kinds of optimization methods, on-page and off-page SEO optimization,
operate the entire SEO operation. Both methods have their private, separate and
comprehensive search engine classification procedures. [5]
The method of SEO begins with SEO optimization on the website. The SEO
Optimization begins only once the entire on-page SEO optimization has been completed.
SEO off-page contains tricks that are used to link the site back to create the search engine
spiders on the site properly. SEO second off-page is responsible for improvements outside
of our page
Website to the search engine rankings. The only thing one can do off-site to increase the
rankings is building The popularity of this technique will increase. When a website is
optimized, visibility will improve in the search motor. Visibility of a website will improve.
There will be more individuals on the site. Search engine Optimization of directed traffic
can improve the amount of website tourists to the selected keyword. An efficient SEO
campaign with high ROI can generate a greater return on investment than any other
advertising. This will increase the volume of sales. Online Marketing and Promotion: Best
Promotion Strategy [6]
.There are many difficulties to be addressed in working in the area of SEO since
too many Web- pages in the production could be produced on the search engine, the
difficulty in observing outcomes and outputs could lead to a dispute that can easily measure
and report on observable job compared with the accountability demands. All current search
engines embrace several strategies and methods for improving search engine efficiency.
[7]. Including machines, database systems, data visualization, statistics and the theory of
information, data mining reflects the integration of various areas. Data mining can be
described as a non-trivial method for recognizing valid, novel, possibly helpful and
eventually understandable trends in information. It uses techniques such as machine
learning, statistics and databases [8].

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3.1 How Search Engine Optimization Can Be Done?
First, the keyword analysis must be done for the web site, which the optimization operation
will be performed for. Keyword analysis of a web site must be done according to the
following rules or tasks:
• A strong list, which includes potential keywords, must be formed via keyword analysis.
• By performing some search, web sites in top 5 list must be found out.
• Links must be counted and their target keywords must be found.
• Words, which were not tested in the keyword analysis, must be found and listed.
• Some sites that are used during keyword defining analysis.
On the Internet, there are some web sites that show some information about searching
words used in different sectors and business fields. Some of them are listed as below:[5]
1. http://searchmarketing.yahoo.com/rc/srch/
2. https://adwords.google.com/select/KeywordToolExternal
3. http://www.webtrends.com/
4. http://www.seochat.com
5. http://www.keyworddensity.com
6. http://www.webjectives.com/keyword.htm
By using obtained data from these web sites, it is possible to know competitive
power and density of a keyword.
In keywords, products or services must be defined in their both short and long word usage
structures. At this point, definitions are made with some words rather than using a short
and single word. According to statistical research studies, Internet users prefer using 2 or
3 words to perform a search on a search engine. Because competition in single word is
denser than the one with other preferences. Some different keyword using approaches can
also be used to prevent from usual typing errors. Placing keywords to the top part, section
titles and image[2]
Names is an important task for the optimization. A keyword density with 5-8 % (5-
8 keywords in 100 words) is suggested to use in the page content. Favorite keywords
located at top part enable the robot to evaluate the web site

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as the most suitable site for the searched word. Using same keywords or definitions
repeatedly in the page content, meta tags or HTML area may be evaluated as spamming by
the robot.
Briefly, the related keywords can be used in the following fields in order to move web
site on top results of search engines:[2]
In the page title-tag, -In meta description tags, In keyword description tags, -In heading
tags
In lower description tags, -In graphics, -In link texts, -In plain texts, -In domain fields (if it
is possible)
3.2 Search Engine Challenges
The results of performed SEO projects for Ukrainian companies in 2012-2016
showed
some stable trends. Firstly, a lot of companies were trying to build their corporative WEB
site or Internet shop. Secondly, an enterprise structurally is being transformed. At the
moment the sale process is being built around Internet communications and interactions.
The enterprises actively apply the new paradigms such as «virtual office» (WEB 2.0),
«semantic search» (WEB 3.0) and «intelligent agents» (WEB 4.0) [9-10].
Thirdly, more and more users work with WEB content via mobile devices. Thus,
they create different textual and numeric information streams such as blogs and social
network accounts [10].
Fourthly, these streams (news and opinions) remain the sources of marketing
information. This information could be applied for advertising or product promotion
activity according to classical marketing theory named “4P” [11].
But marketing theory states if a trade mark comes first to the mind of a potential
customer it has maximum success. Therefore, at the moment if WEB content is the first in
search engine answers then a company has success in the market. In the Internet such task
is named search engine optimization problem for a WEB site. At the moment there
potentially exist three ways of solving the task. First way means that we manually or
automatically put maximum number of external hyperlinks on our WEB site in the Internet.
The more external links on the WEB pages of our site we have the closer we are to the first

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position on a list of search engine answers according to a well-known method named Page
Rank [2].
automate the process of external link generation we use a software or WEB service
to create a set of some hyperlinks (announcements) on web pages of predefined web sites.
The disadvantage of this approach is that this generation usually is stopped by CAPTCHA
function. We should input manually a secret code for each link. It is impossible to generate
unique hyperlink descriptions including a predefined keyword list as well because a search
engine has anti-spam and anti-plagiarism sub-systems to prune its search database.
Moreover, a search engine uses a recommendation system to range WEB sites and user’s
requests. Therefore, all web sites with a high range sell hyperlinks to our WEB site.
The second way is based on using the web services of contextually targeted
advertising (pay per click advertising) such as Google AdWords [3] or Yandex Direct.
These services provide automatic announcement of the product definition on different web
sites by means of payment. The third way is a promotion in a social network. This
technology could be realized for free. In this case we create an internal web page of our
product in a social network. As a result, we build a copy of our web site but on the platform
of social network. The set of new web pages might be a competitor to an existing web site
therefore we should input a unique description on both web sites. It is an advantage that
the social network forms a new network of personal accounts (web pages of products) and
a user can search the product inside at network based on opinions of other users. The second
advantage is that the hyperlink from social network has a high range in a search engine.
But the methods mentioned above cannot help us to reach the first position on the list of
answers[2]during predefined time period. The company cannot spend long time to do it.
This time is restricted and critical. Usually this time period is not more than three months
[4].According to marketing theory one quarter is the conventional peri-od for a product
promotion. At the moment, there are a lot of practices and good examples of SEO projects
but no stable theory was presented. All practices describe how we should change the
HTML content or how we can use Web services like Google AdWords. But we need the
theoretical basis – the fundamentals of SEO [5].
The main reason of this situation is that the program code of a search engine is
secret one. We can work with it as with a “black box”. There is some theoretical description

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similar to a vector space model to understand how search engine forms the answers. Thus,
at the moment we don’t have a stable theory of search engine optimization but only series
of practices how to implement it. Let us summarize the requirements and restrictions
mentioned above as follows:
• the time for the performance of search engine optimization process is restricted by
one
• quarter;
• at the moment a search engine is represented as a set of intelligent agents (Internet
bots);
• Web site content is a set of keywords and files, merged semantically. The number
of
• keywords and their combinations are unlimited;iv. Web content is not stable. [6]

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4.Search Engine Techniques:
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of improving visibility of a website
in search engine's results page (SERP) in response to a keyword query. Search Engine
Optimization is mainly used in order to enhance organic search outcomes. The purpose of
this article is to optimize the classification results in search engines using significant
methods of optimization. Search engine optimization can be broadly categorized into two
different categories:[7]
Fig. SEO Techniques
4.1.On-Page SEO:
Optimization is carried out in the coding portion of Webpages in page optimization
method. The optimizing elements on the website are as:[6]

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Fig. 3.1 On Page SEO
1.Internal Link: When you link to other pages on your website, you ensure that search
engine crawlers can find all your site’s pages, you pass link equity (ranking power) to other
pages on your site, and you help visitors navigate your site.
For example, if you wanted to emphasize the importance of any newly updated website
you will simply add a link like that! (and it's a really good guide)The importance of internal
linking is well established, but there can be confusion over how this looks in practice.[7]
2. Image optimization : Images are the biggest culprits of slow web pages! The best way
to solve for this is to compress your images. While there is no one-size-fits-all when it
comes to image compression, testing various options like "save for web," image sizing, and

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compression tools like Optimize for Mac (or Windows alternatives), as well as evaluating
what works best is the way to go.[5]
How to choose which image format to use:
If your image requires animation, use a GIF.
• If you don’t need to preserve high image resolution, use JPEG (and test out different
compression settings).
• If you do need to preserve high image resolution, use PNG.
• If your image has a lot of colors, use PNG-24.
• If your image doesn’t have a lot of colors, use PNG-8.
• Submit an image sitemap
• To ensure that Google can crawl and index your images, submit an image sitemap in your
Google Search Console account. This helps Google discover images they may have
otherwise missed.[3]
• Don’t forget about thumbnails
• Thumbnails(especially for ecommerce sites) can be a huge page speed slow down.
Optimize thumbnail properly to avoid slow pages and to help retain more qualified
visitors.[4]
• Alt text
• Alt text (alternative text) within images is a principle of web accessibility, and is used to
describe images to the visually impaired via screen readers. It’s important to have alt text
descriptions so that any visually impaired person can understand what the pictures on your
website depict.Search engine bots also crawl alt text to better understand your images,
which gives you the added benefit of providing better image context
• to search engines. Just ensure that your alt descriptions reads naturally for people, and
avoid stuffing keywords for search engines.[5] Bad:
• <img src="grumpycat.gif" alt="grumpy cat, cat is grumpy, grumpy cat gif">Good:<img
src="grumpycat.gif" alt="A black cat looking very grumpy at a big spotted dog">
3. Formatting for readability & featured snippets

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Your page could contain the best content ever written on a subject, but if it’s formatted
improperly, your audience might never read it! While we can never guarantee that visitors
will read our content, there are some principles that can promote readability, including:[4]
• Text size and color - Avoid fonts that are too tiny. Google recommends 16-point font and
above to minimize the need for “pinching and zooming” on mobile. The text color in
relation to the page’s background color should also promote readability. Additional
information on text can be found in the website accessibility guidelines and via Google’s
web accessibility fundamentals.
• Headings - Breaking up your content with helpful headings can help readers navigate the
page. This is especially useful on long pages where a reader might be looking only for
information from a particular section.
• Bullet points - Great for lists, bullet points can help readers skim and more quickly find
the information they need.
• Paragraph breaks - Avoiding walls of text can help prevent page abandonment and
encourage site visitors to read more of your page.
• Supporting media - When appropriate, include images, videos, and widgets that would
complement your content.
• Bold and italics for emphasis - Putting words in bold or italics can add emphasis, so they
should be the exception, not the rule. Appropriate use of these formatting options can call
out important points you want to communicate.[4]

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1.Title tags
A page’s title tag is a descriptive, HTML element that specifies the title of a particular web
page. They are nested within the head tag of each page and look like this:
<head> <title>Example Title</title></head>
Your title tag has a big role to play in people’s first impression of your website, and it’s an
incredibly effective tool for drawing searchers to your page over any other result on the
SERP. The more compelling your title tag, combined with high rankings in search results,
the more visitors you’ll attract to your website. This underscores that SEO is not only about
search engines, but rather the entire user experience.[3]
2. Meta descriptions
Like title tags, meta descriptions are HTML elements that describe the contents of the page
that they’re on. They are also nested in the head tag, and look like this:
<head>
<meta name=”description” content=”Description of page here.”/>
</head>
For example, if you search “find backlinks,” Google will provide this meta description as
it deems it more relevant to the specific search:[2]
While the actual meta description is:
This often helps to improve your meta descriptions for unique searches. However, don’t

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let this deter you from writing a default page meta description — they're still extremely
valuable[2].
4.2URL structure: Naming and organizing your pages
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. URLs are the locations or addresses for
individual pieces of content on the web. Like title tags and meta descriptions, search
engines display URLs on the SERPs, so URL naming and format can impact click-through
rates. Not only do searchers use them to make decisions about which web pages to click
on, but URLs are also used by search engines in evaluating and ranking pages.[1]
1.Clear page naming
Search engines require unique URLs for each page on your website so they can
display your pages in search results, but clear URL structure and naming is also helpful for
people who are trying to understand what a specific URL is about.[3]
Searchers are more likely to click on URLs that reinforce and clarify what information is
contained on that page, and less likely to click on URLs that confuse them.
The URL is a minor ranking signal, but you cannot expect to rank on the basis of the words
in your domain/page names alone (see Google EMD update). When naming your pages or
selecting a domain name, have your audience in mind first.[5]
2. Page organization
If you discuss multiple topics on your website, you should also make sure to avoid
nesting pages under irrelevant folders. For example:
example.com/commercial-litigation/alimony
It would have been better for this fictional multi-practice law firm website to nest
alimony under “/family-law/” than to host it under the irrelevant "/commercial-litigation/"
section of the website.[6]
The folders in which you locate your content can also send signals about the type, not just
the topic, of your content. For example, dated URLs can indicate time-sensitive content.
While appropriate for news-based websites, dated URLs for evergreen content can actually
turn searchers away because the information seems outdated.[4]
3. URL length
While it is not necessary to have a completely flat URL structure, many click-
through rate studies indicate that, when given the choice between a URL and a shorter

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URL, searchers often prefer shorter URLs. Like title tags and meta descriptions that are
too long, too-long URLs will also be cut off with an ellipsis. Just remember, having a
descriptive URL is just as important, so don’t cut down on URL length if it means
sacrificing the URL's descriptiveness.[4]
example.com/services/plumbing/plumbing-repair/toilets/leaks/
vs. example.com/plumbing-repair/toilets/Minimizing length, both by including fewer
words in your page names and removing unnecessary subfolders, makes your URLs easier
to copy and paste, as well as more clickable.[4]
4. Keywords in URL
If your page is targeting a specific term or phrase, make sure to include it in the
URL. However, don't go overboard by trying to stuff in multiple keywords for purely SEO
purposes. It’s also important to watch out for repeat keywords in different subfolders. For
example, you may have naturally incorporated a keyword into a page name, but if located
within other folders that are also optimized with that keyword, the URL could begin to
appear keyword-stuffed.[4]
Example:
example.com/seattle-dentist/dental-services/dental-crowns/
5.Case Sensitivity
Sites should avoid case sensitive URLs. Instead of
example.com/desserts/Chocolate-Pie-Recipe it would be better to use
example.com/desserts/chocolate-pie-recipe. If the site you're working on has lots of mixed-
case URLs indexed, don't fret — your developers can help. Ask them about adding a
rewrite formula to something known as the .htaccess file to automatically make any
uppercase URLs lowercase. [4]
6.Hyphens for word separation
Not all web applications accurately interpret separators like underscores (_), plus
signs (+), or spaces (%20). Search engines also do not understand how to separate words
in URLs when they run together without a separator
(example.com/optimizefeaturedsnippets/). Instead, use the hyphen character (-) to separate
words in a URL.[5]

26. 26
7.Geographic modifiers in URLs
Some local business owners omit geographic terms that describe their physical
location or service area because they believe that search engines can figure this out on their
own. On the contrary, it’s vital that local business websites’ content, URLs, and other on-
site assets make specific mention of city names, neighborhood names, and other regional
descriptors. Let both consumers and search engines know exactly where you are and where
you serve, rather than relying on your physical location alone.[3]
Protocols: HTTP vs HTTPS
A protocol is that “http” or “https” preceding your domain name. Google
recommends that all websites have a secure protocol (the “s” in “https” stands for
“secure”). To ensure that your URLs are using the https:// protocol instead of http://, you
must obtain an SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) certificate. SSL certificates are used to encrypt
data. They ensure that any data passed between the web server and browser of the searcher
remains private. As of July 2018, Google Chrome displays “not secure” for all HTTP sites,
which could cause these sites to appear untrustworthy to visitors and result in them leaving
the site.[4]
4.2.Off-page SEO
"Off-page SEO" (also called "off-site SEO") refers to actions taken outside of your
own website to impact your rankings within search engine results pages (SERPs). Along
with on-page SEO, these include several of the factors of basic SEO that help a site to rank.
Fig.3.2 Off-page SEO

27. 27
Optimizing for off-site ranking factors involves improving search engine and user
perception of a site's popularity, relevance, trustworthiness, and authority. This is
accomplished by other reputable places on the Internet (pages, sites, people, etc.) linking
to or promoting your website, and effectively "vouching" for the quality of your content[4]
Off-page SEO relies on human behavior (namely, that people only reference and
share content they like). As such, it applies to both organic and local SEO. Even in a brick-
and-mortar business, high-quality products get a lot of word-of-mouth referrals from
current customers — the in-person equivalent of off-page SEO.[3]
We do this by some advertising techniques to enhance the classification of the page
in the search engine results pages. Some of the common off page methods are
• Directory submission: These directories must be categorized under multiple headings for
URL and web site information. A number of tourists will then see the page whenever
they browse through these directories. Please take note that the directories should have a
decent page rank. Some blogs with a decent page rank are Yahoo, DMOZ, networked
blogs and blog top lists.[5]
• Submission of Article: Submit distinctive papers to the folder, including appropriate
hyperlinks that link to the page. It will create a backlink to the internet. Search engine
crawlers are persistently visiting these article directories as considering approved
locations. So, you may get more tourists than the customers who access these locations
on a regular basis.3) Blog: upload, generate and maintain a blog on the Website. Please
provide a connection to other pages on our blog.[3]
• Press release: The press release is all about offering your website or your company's
service information or news. Please ensure that the content is aimed at those interested in
your products and services and that it is consistent with the search engines. It leads the
mass of visitors to your blog and improves its visibility online. Freepress-release.com,
openpr.com, prsync.com, przoom.com and new releaser are a few famous apps with
excellent article ranks. Com and so on. Com and so forth. visiting these article directories
as considering approved locations. So, you may get more tourists than the customers who
access these locations on a regular basis.[4]
• Social book labeling: Users store connections to web pages they want to remember
and/or share in a social bookmarking scheme (Wikipedia). It produces performance

28. 28
backlinks, improves website visibility, and improves referral traffic. Some of the
excellent websites include Reddit, Delicious, Stumble upon, Slashdot, tumblr.com.
• Submission by search motor: there are two key explanations why a search engine should
present a website or blog. The first reason is that the website providers are not waiting for
a search engine to find a completely fresh website. The second reason is that the
corresponding search engine has a website or site updated.[4]
4.3Links and off-page SEO
Building backlinks is at the heart of off-page SEO. Search engines use backlinks as
indications of the linked-to content's quality, so a site with many high value backlinks will
usually rank better than an otherwise equal site with fewer backlinks.
There are three main types of links, defined by how they were earned: natural links,
manually built links, or self-created links.[5]
• Natural links are editorially given without any action on the part of a page owner. For
example, a food blogger adding a link to a post that points toward their favorite produce
farms is a natural link.
• Manually built links are acquired through deliberate link-building activities. This
includes things like getting customers to link to your website or asking influencers to share
your content.
• Self-created links are created by practices such as adding a backlink in an online directory,
forum, blog comment signature, or a press release with optimized anchor text. Some self-
created link building tactics tend toward black hat SEO and are frowned upon by search
engines, so tread lightly here.[5]
Regardless of how links were obtained, those that offer the greatest contribution to SEO
efforts are generally those that pass the most equity. There are many signals that positively
contribute to the equity passed, such as:[5]
• The linking site's popularity
• How related the linking site's topic is to the site being linked to
• The "freshness" of the link
• The anchor text used on the linking site
• The trustworthiness of the linking site
• The number of other links on the linking page

29. 29
• Authority of the linking domain and page
At a high level, improving the "off-page SEO" of a website involves improving search
engine and user perception of a site's quality. This happens by getting links from other sites
(especially those that are reputable and trustworthy themselves), mentions of your brand,
shares of your content, and "votes of confidence" from sources outside of your own
website.[5]
4.3 Technical SEO
Technical SEO refers to the process of optimizing your website for the crawling and
indexing phase. With technical SEO, you can help search engines access, crawl,
interpret and index your website without any problems.[4]
It is called “technical” because it has nothing to do with the actual content of
the website or with website promotion. The main goal of technical SEO is to optimize
the infrastructure of a website.[4]
Technical SEO is the process of using website and server optimizations to improve
organic search rankings. Technical SEO ensures that a website meets the technical
requirements for search engine spiders to crawl and index a site more effectively.
TECHNICAL SEO is important because it can prompt the search engines to rank
your website higher. Technical SEO helps search engines crawl and index your content
without having issues. It is important for your site to be fully optimized for technical SEO
so it has more visibility in organic search. of SEO is a core factor for how search engine
optimization works.[4]
Google and other search engines are getting better at crawling, indexing, and
understanding website content, but they’re not perfect. So they need help to completely
understand the information on a page to rank it correctly in organic search.[5]
Plus, there are SEO ranking factors for both the user experience and technical
requirements that are applied to every website.
If a page loads slow, for example, then that is considered to be a poor user
experience, and Google may rank your content lower in the search engine because of that
technical SEO optimization problem.

30. 30
On the other hand, if your site has duplicate content or errors in 301 redirects, then Google
won’t know which content to properly index for certain queries in its search engine. That
means your content will have lower visibility in organic search.[5]
1.Page speed:
Page speed refers to the measurement of time for how fast the content on your page
loads for the user. Page speed is an important technical SEO optimization element because
faster pages provide a much better user experience and Google tends to reward this with
higher rankings. Also, pages with a longer load time often have higher bounce rates and
lower average time on the page, which can affect the quality of website traffic you
receive.[4]
Page speed is a set of Core Web Vitals that relate to page speed and technical SEO
which include:
• Largest Content ful Paint (LCP): Measures loading performance. To provide a good user
experience, LCP should occur within 2.5 seconds of when the page first starts loading.
• First Input Delay (FID): Measures interactivity. To provide a good user experience, pages
should have a FID of 100 milliseconds or less.
Statergies you can use to improve technical SEO for page speed include:
• Leverage browser caching
• Improve server response time
• Use a content distribution network (CDN)
• Enable compression
• Minify CSS, JavaScript, and HTML
• Reduce redirects
• Remove render-blocking JavaScript
• Optimize images for lower file size
2.404 Errors:
A 404 error indicates that the web page you’re trying to reach cannot be found.
According to Google, “In general, 404 errors will not impact your site’s search
performance, and you can safely ignore them if you’re certain that the URLs should not
exist on your site.”

31. 31
However, if the 404 error is occurring because of a broken internal link on your
site, then you should fix it for improving technical SEO.[4]
3.Mobile.Optimization:
Mobile optimization refers to the process of delivering website content so that
visitors can easily access the site from mobile devices. A mobile-friendly website will
include a responsive design, good site architecture, and fast page speed performance.
Google predominantly uses mobile-first indexing and rolled out a mobile-friendly
update that’s now baked into its algorithm where it boosts the ranking of mobile-friendly
pages on mobile search results.[4]
Common mobile optimization issues include:
• Non-responsive design
• Not specifying mobile viewport in the HTML
• Slow site speed
• Intrusive interstitials (e.g. pop up ads and newsletter sign ups)
• Mobile-only 404 errors
• Blocked files
• Unplayable content
• Bad redirects
4.HTTPS
HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) which is the secure
version of HTTP that is the primary protocol used to send data between a web browser
and a web site.
HTTPS is a technical enhancement over HTTPS because it is encrypted to increase
security of data transfer. Security is a top priority for search engines like Google and it
wants to make sure that the websites its users access from the search engine are safe and
secure. Google considers HTTPS to be so important that it is now a ranking factor for
search.[4]
To take advantage of this technical SEO factor, you want to ensure the following things
are present on your website:
• HTTPS is deployed site-wide.

32. 32
• All pages are resolving to the HTTPS version of the site.
Technical SEO Tools:
• 1.Screaming frog
• Screaming frog is a tool that crawls websites and reports essential technical SEO errors
like missing page titles and meta descriptions, error response codes, errors in URLs, errors
in canonicals, and more.[4]
• 2. Deep Crawl Deep crawl is a complete end-to-end technical SEO platform that can
detect all types of technical issues and offers recommendations for improvements.[5]
• 3.Ahrefs Ahrefs is primarily an SEO tool for keyword and backlink analysis but it also has a
powerful Site Audit feature for technical SEO improvements. It helps you spot 404 errors,
missing or non-optimal tags, content quality issues, and more.[4]
• 4.Semrush Semrush has a suite of technical SEO tools that allow you to perform full site
audits, check on-page SEO factors, and analyze log files to find problems that need to be
fixed.[4]
• 5.WebPageTest Web Page Test allows you to run a free website speed test from around
the globe using real browsers at consumer connection speeds with detailed optimization
recommendations.[4]
This tool helps you uncover page speed performance issues when doing a technical
SEO audit like time to first byte, start render time, speed index, largest contextual paint,
and more.[5]
• 6.GTMetrix Page Speed Report GT Metrix is similar to Web Page Test. It’s a technical
website performance analytics tool that helps you find speed issues on a website.[4]
• 7.W3C ValidatorW3C validation is the process of checking your website’s code to
determine if it follows the correct formatting standards. And the W3C Validator tool makes
this process easy for technical SEO audits.[4]
• 8.Google Web Developer Toolbar
• The Google web developer toolbar extension is for Chrome and can help you diagnos
JavaScript and CSS issues, find broken images, view meta tag information, and more.[4]

33. 33
• 9.Google Search Console
• Google Search Console is a free tool that helps you monitor and troubleshoot your
website’s appearance in the search results. You can use it to find and fix technical errors,
submit and verify XML sitemaps, see backlinks, and more.[4]
• 10.Google Analytics
• Google Analytics is a tool that can help you identify issues with traffic, URL structures,
page load times, bounce rates, and other problems that could be affecting the technical
aspects of your site.[4]
• 11.Google Page Speed Insights
• Google PageSpeed Insights analyzes the content of a web page, then generates suggestions
that you can use to make that page faster.
• 13.Google Mobile-Friendly Testing Tool
• Google Mobile-Friendly Testing Tool can give you insights into how friendly a web page
is on mobile devices.
• 14.Google Structured Data Testing Tool
• Google Structured Data Testing Tool helps you test structured data markup against the
known data from Schema.org that Google supports.[4]

34. 34
5.SEO Techniques for various Applications -
A Comparative Analyses and Evaluation National Conference on Recent Trends in
Computer Science and Information Technology 21 | Page (NCRTCSIT-2016)Search
Engine Optimization, a popular network marketing method in recent years, focuses on
increasing the web visibility through raising the exposure of specific keywords to create
more sales opportunities. With the help of these techniques, SEO committed to optimize
the website to increase the search engine ranking and web visits number and eventually to
increase the ability of selling and publicity through the
study of how search engines scrape internet page and index and confirm the ranking of the
specific keyword. [3]
SEO, a guiding theory for search engine marketing, is not only about the ranking of
search engine, but also about the every detail of web producing, construction, and
maintenance, which worth the attention of every web producer, developer and agent to the
significance of their job for the SEO. Search Engine Optimization is the practice of building
a web site search engine friendly, so that it can be found easily on the search engine with
its relevant keywords [1].
Keyword is most important factor which influences search result ranking; therefore the
first thing is to solve the keyword selection and application.
Building of external link, backward link and index have a positive correlation with search
result ranking. Therefore, the superior building of linking and indexing after the perfection
of keywords will greatly contributes
to the SEO of the websites. Flow monitoring and search engine analysis. The key of SEO
is the instant monitoring of the whole website and the flow of each page. The basic flow
of website SEO as shown in
There are many free lancing SEO companies [3], which provide the facility of building
a web site search engine friendly, so that it can be found easily on search engine with
relevant keywords. The main role of these companies is to list the websites on search
engine. Some of those small SEO providers or other people
use some automated tools and/or other unethical techniques. The different SEO techniques
are used for this purpose. Large web search engines use significant hardware and energy
resources to process hundreds of millions of queries each day, and a lot of research has

35. 35
focused on how to improve query processing efficiency. One general class of optimizations
called early termination techniques is used in all major engines, and essentially involves
computing top results without an exhaustive traversal and scoring of all potentially relevant
index entries.[3]
SEO techniques also obtained various kind of identification from general website
managers and even search engine inside [2]. But the arrival of foreign enterprise, our
technology will gain upgrades. Large web search engines have to answer hundreds of
millions of queries per day over tens of billions of documents. To process this workload,
such engines use hundreds of thousands of machines distributed over multiple data centres.
In fact, query processing is responsible for a significant part of the cost of operating a large
search
engine, and a lot of industrial and academic research has focused on decreasing this cost.
Major families often techniques that have been studied include caching of full or partial
results or index structures at various levels of the system, index compression techniques
that decrease both index size and access costs, and early termination(or pruning) techniques
that, using various shortcuts, try to identify the best or most promising results without an
exhaustive evaluation of all candidates.[5]
Comprehensive search engine to meet a lot of horizontal information search, the
accuracy of search results, and the results of correlation and the user's search goal has some
differences on the information needs of the relative concentration of the lack of
classification more detailed industrial customers oriented[3].
With increasing the amount of information contained in search engine, in the mass of
information queries to the information about the time it takes is gradually increased.
SEO Techniques for various Applications - A Comparative Analyses and Evaluation
National Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology
22
(NCRTCSIT-2016)
Search Engine Optimization Techniques are used for the following some of the
applications [1-5]:
• Spamming application
• Block-Max Indexes application

36. 36
• Website application
• News Industry application
• Six Sigma Management application
Spamming application: Search engine spamming is a practice of misleading the search
engine and increasing the page rank of undeserving websites [1]. Thisis a new way to
counter those techniques using link based spam detection combined with the page rank
algorithm. This technique helps us to discover
target page and trace down the entire graph responsible for spreading spam.
The spam technique is mainly classified into two basic categories, namely; boosting
technique and the hiding technique [1].
The boosting technique is the technique, which is used to make the page look more
relevant to the search engine. The boosting techniques are further classified as keyword
stuffing and link building. Keyword stuffing is also known as on page technique. During
the on page, the target keyword [1]
stuffed into the web pages i.e. the HTML page, PHP page or any other available source
page on the web server. These keywords are stuffed into HTML tag i.e. META tag, H1 tag,
HEADER tag etc. Each tag is rated explicitly by the search engine and the summation of
all the ratings provides the total keyword density for the particular page. Even the sub
directory, URLs and contents are rated and included in calculating the keyword density for
the website.[2]
The various factors affecting search engine results are: trusted link, link population,
traffic, converging graphs. Hiding techniques are the techniques that are used to hide the
boosting techniques [3].
These techniques are responsible for generating traffic from the user and misguiding the
crawlers.b) Block-Max Indexes application: Large web search engines use significant
hardware and energy resources[2] to process hundreds of millions of queries each day, and
a lot of research has focused on how to
improve query processing efficiency. One general class of optimizations called early
termination techniques[5]
used in all major engines, and essentially involves computing top results without an
exhaustive traversal and scoring of all potentially relevant index entries. There are several

37. 37
early termination algorithms for disjunctive top-k query processing, based on a new
augmented index structure called Block-Max Index [2]
enables aggressive skipping in the index. Major families of techniques that have been
studied include caching of full or partial results or index structures at various levels of the
system, index compression techniques that decrease both index size and access costs, and
early termination (or pruning) techniques
that, using various shortcuts, try to identify the best or most promising results without an
exhaustive evaluation of all candidates.[2]
An augmented inverted index structure called a Block-Max Index and used it to speed
up the WAND and Maxscore approaches [2]. The basic idea of the structure is very simple:
Since inverted lists are often compressed in blocks of say 64 or 128 postings, we store for
each block the maximum term score within the block, called block Max score. Thus each
inverted list maintains a piece-wise constant upper bound approximation of the term scores.
5.2 Website application:
The search engine deals with tens of thousands of information search; the process is bound
to follow the rule that pre-determined search engine operating principle. Any search engine
after finishing one work will request in accordance with three following steps [3]:
1. Crawl Page: Each individual search engine has its own web capture progress. It along
the hyper link of the web, continuously capture the pages. The capture page is called web
page snapshot. Due to the application of hyperlink Internet is common, theoretically,
starting from a range of web pages, you can collect the vast majority of page pages.
2. Processing Page: After catching web pages, still need to do lots of pre-treatment projects
to provide retrieval service, among them, most important part is extracting keywords and
establishing index file. Others also are including removing duplicate web pages,
participles, judging the types, analyzing hyper
links and counting pages important degree/abundance etc.
5.3 SEO Techniques for various Applications –
A Comparative Analyses and Evaluation National Conference on Recent Trends in
Computer Science and Information Technology 23 | Page
(NCRTCSIT-2016) 3. Providing Search Services: User inputs the keywords then Search
engine finds the matching pages from indexed database; except for page title and URL, it

38. 38
still provide an abstract from web pages and other information to make users estimate
expediently.[4]
The SEO tool is tool that optimizes search engine function. An application of search
engine optimization tool is designed to test that web site may obtained search ranking effect
to search engine optimization degree machine. SEO tools mainly include keyword too, link
tool, usability tool and other tools.[5]
Existing news sites usually have the following two questions: (1) information update
is slow. Slow information update is a common problem with the existing website. (2) News
editor is poor. Existing news networks, including Sina-Chinese news web site, Yahoo
China, Sohu and other influential online news media,
there is the problem of poor news editor. In the case of limited human and material
resources, it is hard to resolve Then the news source for automated production will be
reasonable and efficient, vertical search engine
is suitable to the development of the news industry.[7]
The vertical search engines [4] must meet the performance requirements of multi-
threaded crawling. On this basis, it can be extending to distributed systems. The news site
for news and information requirements is timely, accurate information. Lucene is an open
source tool package. Its basic function is from the file system, database, Web, manual input
and other sources of data integration, indexing documents, stored in the index database.
When the user submits the query in the index quickly, it find the information in returned to
the user. Lucene as[4]
a full-text search engine, it has the number of advantages.
Six Sigma Management Application:
SEO, a guiding theory for search engine marketing, is not only about the ranking of search
engine[5], but also about the every detail of web producing, construction, and maintenance,
which worth the attention of
every web producer, developer and agent to the significance of their job for the SEO. Six
Sigma is a typical process management to conduct empirical study of SEO. Nowadays, Six
Sigma Management is considered as the most efficient way to improve quality, reduce cost
and raise effectiveness.[5]

39. 39
Sigma ( , ), originated from Greek, is a statistic unit used to measure the standard
deviation among the total. While using Sigma to show the quality control level, 3 control
level means the product percent of pass is above 99.73%, while 6 control level means the
product percent of pass is above 99.99966%, and the defects per million opportunities
(DPMO) is above 3.4 (or the Process Capability Index Cp≥2.0,Cpk≥1.5). Now 6 are more
than the statistical significance or a quality goal, more importantly, it has become an
integration of philosophy, culture and method system. Six Sigma Management includes
DMAIC and DFSS, and DMAIC includes five phases, which mainly used methods are as
listed in “Fig. 2”.DFSS, short for De sign for Six Sigma, is the design method [2]

40. 40
Conclusion
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a long-term strategy, which should lead to a
higher ranking on search results page and, subsequently, bring higher traffic to a website.
Although the result of optimization is not guaranteed, the right mix of off-page and on-
page optimization techniques is extremely vital. Creating a unique and interesting website
content is an absolute necessity. User-friendly URL structure, clear domain name, relevant
titles, descriptive headings, and structured source code with quickly loading interface are
another suggestions imperative to on-page SEO. Publishers cannot forget about the off-
page aspect either and must focus on building quality links with relevant partners. As part
of the experiment, we have implemented all of the main SEO techniques to a website,
which offers tourist information about Bratislava in English.[3]
We have prepared a list of keywords with high volume of searches and low
competition upon which we have performed the optimization steps. The results were
surprising. We assume, that five months after the initial launch of the website (March2012),
Google started to recognize our content and pushed it higher in the results page. Thanks to
SEO, 95% of the keywords we were focusing on are currently being displayed on the first
search result page (rank<10) and 45% even ranked in the first position. These high rankings
lead to a significant increase of traffic reaching 325,000 page views in 2013 and predicted
to exceed 500,000 page views in 2014.[5]
Further research should focus on estimating the importance of each SEO technique and
finding the right mix for other industries. SEO, as a long-term strategy, should be
accompanied by a short-term strategy (i.e. advertising in AdWords) to gain quicker results.
Researchers, thus, should provide a tutorial on how to proceed while creating a complex
digital marketing strategy[1]

41. 41
REFERENCE
[1]Eren, K., (2009), Internet Tüketicininin Satin Alma Davran฀฀lar฀n฀n ฀ncelenmesi
Üzerine Bir Ara฀t฀rma, Master Thesis, Çukurova Üniversity, Institute Social Sciences,
Adana.
[2]G. Zhang, C. Li, C. Xing, and G. Zhang, “A Semantic++ Social Search Engine Framework
in the Cloud,” in SKG ‟12: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on
Semantics, Knowledge and Grids. IEEE Computer Society, Oct., pp. 277–278, 2012.
[3]R. Singh and S. K Gupta, “Search Engine Optimization Using Crawler Optimization- A
Technique” International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science
(IJETTCS), Volume 2, Issue 4, India, July – August, pp. 393-395, 2013.
[4]J. B. Killoran,"How to Use Search Engine Optimization Techniques to Increase Website
Visibility", IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 56, no. 1, March
2013, USA, pp 50-66,2013.
[5]D. Agarwal and P. Sharma " Study on Information Retrieval Proficiencies for Mining the
Network" International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software
Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 4, India, April, ISSN: 2277 128X, 2013.
[6]“Ultimate Benefits of SEO” [Online]. Available: Access on
http://www.nextsbd.com/seo/benefits-ofseo
[7] Elbarougy, R., Behery, G. and El Khatib, A. (2020) "Extractive Arabic text summarization
using modified PageRank algorithm," Egyptian Informatics Journal,
21(2), pp. 73–81. Available at: access on https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2019.11.001.