English

1. Task A - do in class.
Rewrite the following paragraph, replacing the informal
language with formal language.
I decided to research ‘boy racers’ in auckland. my
friends are boy and girl racers although they don’t like to be
labled in that category. i’m interested to no some different
views on this subject which seems to have alot of attention.
it was alot different in year’s gone by. car are alot more
powerful than they were 20 years ago.

2. Task A - Answers
I decided to research ‘boy racers’ in Auckland.
My friends are boy and girl racers, although they do
not like to be labelled in that category. I am
interested to know some different views on this
subject, which seems to have a lot of attention. It
was very different in years gone by. Cars are more
powerful than they were 20 years ago.

3. Task B
1. Grab a magazine and find an example of each of the following:
•Imperative - an order which helps the reader understand the
importance of what you are saying.
•Statistics - numbers taken from research that give weight and help
support your point.
•Rhetorical question - a question that does not require an answer but
just some thought.
•Anecdotes - stories or a personal experience that illustrates the point
you are making.
•Examples - quotes or the description of an event which supports what
you are writing about.
•Listing - a list of numbers or items.
2. Cut each one out, glue it into your book and label it clearly.

4. For smaller boats, the decision of one outboard versus two usually reflects each owner's specific requirements.
ADDING UP
In general terms, the more engines you have, the more expensive and complex the installation becomes.
Twin engines usually means two sets of gauges.
That said, twin rigs, the most common multiple engine installation in New Zealand, aren't particularly complicated to fit and don't usually need
expensive specialised control systems, since most outboard manufacturers offer standard twin-engine controls.
However, control systems have become more sophisticated, with single trim buttons to operate the trim on both engines, fuel gauges that measure
combined fuel consumption for both engines, interlinked engine computers and in some cases the ability to steer the engines independently of one
another at manoeuvring speed. Consequently, rigging twin engines is reasonably technical and requires specialist knowledge. It also takes longer.
Ongoing service costs for twin engines are higher than for a single, since there are two engines to maintain and more technology to go wrong, so the
boatie needs to balance the benefits of twin engines against the extra cost. Usually though, it's not necessarily twice as expensive to service two
engines as it is to service one, since with twins you are likely dealing with eight cylinders and their valve trains as opposed to six cylinders and a valve
train on a single installation. Smaller engines also require less oil, so on balance servicing twin outboards costs only about 50% more than servicing a
single outboard. Servicing aside, the purchase price difference between a single engine and twin engines of equivalent horsepower is relatively slight.
If you add an auxiliary engine to your single installation, as a trolling motor or just as safety back-up, the cost difference is negligible. A single outboard
plus a suitable four-stroke auxiliary costs about the same overall as twin engines of similar horsepower. BUT WEIGHT, THERE'S MORE Weight is
another consideration. Even though outboards, especially four-strokes, are getting lighter with each new model, two 150hp engines are heavier than
one 300hp, sometimes by quite a margin. The weight difference varies between engine brands and horsepowers and between four-cylinder and six or
eight-cylinder engines. Extra weight has implications for the boat's balance and handling, while the extra space required by two engines on the
transom may necessitate modifications to the boat's structure. However, with today's lightweight outboards, a twin rig's total weight on the transom is
no longer the issue it was 10 or 15 years ago. SACRIFICING SPEED There is a speed penalty to pay with multiple outboards, too. Because the
surface area of two lower units is greater than the surface area of one, there's more drag through the water, reducing top speed. Depending on the
engine brand and leg design, a 200hp leg will typically be about 20-30% greater in surface area than a 100hp leg, but considerably less in total area
than two 100hp legs. A single rig creates less drag which translates into a faster boat.
To achieve the same top speed with twins as with a single outboard, you need slightly higher horsepower to overcome the extra weight and drag: say a
pair of 115hp outboards to match a single 200hp, depending on the engines used. Boat manufacturers recommend twin outboards of sufficient power
that one engine can easily plane the boat by itself – depending on the load. For example, the boat may plane on one engine with only two or three
people onboard, but would struggle to plane with a greater load. US boatbuilder Boston Whaler advises meeting the maximum recommended
horsepower rating for the boat when rigging two or more engines to ensure optimum performance. For best performance and handling, twin
installations should have counter-rotating propellers to eliminate torque steer and a tendency for the boat to lie over on one side under acceleration.
Until recently it was quite common to rig twin engines without counter-rotating propellers, especially with smaller horsepower outboards, toeing one
engine in slightly to counteract torque steer. However, counter-rotating is best and all the major players now offer left or right-hand rotating versions of
their bigger engines to meet the demands of twin-rigging. FUEL ECONOMY In theory, extra drag should impact on fuel economy as well, but there is
often little difference between twin or single installations of equivalent total horsepower. Fuel consumption between engines of the same vintage,
technology and total horsepower is about the same for twin or single outboard installations because it takes a certain amount of fuel, or energy, to
move a boat through the water. In some situations – trout trolling, traversing no-wake zones, or drift fishing at idle where it's prudent to leave the
engine running – one engine (continued on slide 11)

5. can be shut down to save fuel. DOING THE QUICK-STEP
A major advantage of a twin installation comes in manoeuvrability: for close-quarters operation, docking, steering and control in big seas, twins have the edge. Two
legs and propellers in the water provide better control than one, and many boats equipped with twins seem to ride better too, perhaps because of extra weight at
the stern.
Some modern high-tech steering systems for multiple outboard installations offer unprecedented directional control at low speed by allowing the outboards to steer
independently of one another, which is impossible to replicate with a single outboard. Even standard installations allow the operator to run one motor in reverse
and one going ahead for superior control dockside.
SAFETY: PLAN B
Perhaps the most common justification for fitting twin outboards is safety. If one engine fails for any reason, the other will get you home. If the motors are big
enough for the task, you may even get back on the plane at good speed without excessive fuel use.
For charter boats, commercial vessels and boats that operate offshore or in remote areas, twin rigs make a lot of sense. In South Africa, trailer boats that travel
more than five miles offshore must have two outboards and be able to plane on just one, so the authorities there obviously acknowledge the safety benefits of twin
installations.
In many boating situations, a suitable auxiliary will get you home safely should the primary engine have problems – provided the auxiliary works.
The maintenance regime of auxiliary engines is often neglected; they may not even be started for several years and then refuse to go when they are needed in an
emergency. This is especially true of auxiliary motors that spend their lives lying on their sides somewhere up in the bows.
Auxiliaries on transom brackets get in the way when fishing, can be difficult to secure properly when the sea is rough and many boaters consider them ugly too, so
despite their safety credentials they are less popular than they used to be.
But perhaps the main reason most boaters no longer consider an auxiliary essential is because modern outboards have become so reliable. Many boat owners
never experience any problems with their outboards, particularly if they service them regularly.
Breakdowns are rare and most new outboards have 'limp home' modes that reduce power when there is a mechanical issue, but still allow the skipper to get home,
albeit at reduced speed.
CONCLUSION
For boats plying busy recreational waters like the Hauraki Gulf, there's less reason to fit twin engines or even an auxiliary, but if you regularly travel well offshore or
fish and dive along an exposed, isolated coast, the security and other benefits of twin engines may well justify the higher initial outlay and ongoing service costs.
TWIN OUTBOARD
Pros Cons
*safety/redundancy * purchase price
*superior low-speed manoeuvrability * service costs
*superior control in reverse * more to go wrong
*superior control in a seaway * speed penalty
*faster hole shots * weight penalty
*better trout trolling * need for counter-rotation
*can run on one engine *take up more room on transom
*no trim tabs required
SINGLE OUTBOARD
Pros Cons
*one engine cheaper than two *no redundancy
*simpler/cheaper to rig *extra cost of
auxiliary for safety
*less to go wrong *inferior control in
reverse
*cheaper to service *inferior low-speed
manoeuvrability
*higher top speed *may need trim tabs
*lighter *takes longer to
plane
*uses marginally less fuel

6. Task C
•Identify 4 persuasive writing techniques that have been used in the
following letter. (Use the Formal Writing ISRAEL acronym to help you if
you are stuck.)
Screaming Children
Is there some new movement among childcare personnel to encourage
young children to scream, squeal or shout very loudly anywhere, any
time?
This must be so because it is impossible to escape this unprovoked,
meaningless, and distressing racket that appears to be not only
permitted but encouraged by parents, ignoring the unpleasant effect on
others.
It is particularly noticeable in supermarkets where there is an almost
constant cacophony of sounds that make one believe some little one is in
dire distress.
Parents, it is rude. To those who have ear problems or perhaps a
headache, it is extremely unpleasant. It is also an abuse of the rights of
others to shop in peace, and it is teaching children to be inconsiderate
and disrespectful of the right of others to what the law terms “quiet
enjoyment” of one’s activities.
Answers: Rhetorical Question, Example, Listing, Short Sentence

7. Emotive language
Emotive language is the use of language or words that
create an emotional response in the reader.
These are words such as amazing, terrifying,
awesome, frightening…
These words are effective because if the reader feels
some sort of emotion then they are more likely to be
driven towards taking action.
So the use of emotive words can mobilise people into
supporting or protesting against an issue.

8. Task D - a class task
• Rewrite the following paragraph using
emotive language to make it more
persuasive.
Ontario is a good place to visit. It is a massive
province with many tourist attractions. You
can see huge waterfalls at Niagara Falls. Or
you can walk through Toronto and look at
large skyscrapers. If you like to excitement,
you can take all the thrilling rides at
Canada’s Wonderland or grove to a live
concert at Ontario Place. Ontario even has a
superior Science Centre. Whatever you love
to do, it’s available in Ontario!

9. Task D - Answers
Ontario is a terrific place to visit. It is a
massive province with hundreds of tourist
attractions. You can watch gigantic waterfalls
at Niagara Falls. Or you can stroll through
Toronto and gaze at towering large
skyscrapers. If you prefer to have excitement,
you can experience all the thrilling rides at
Canada’s Wonderland or groove to a live
concert at Ontario Place. Ontario even has a
superior Science Centre. Whatever you love to
do, it’s offered in Ontario!