Computers And Its Impact On The Workplace

Computers And Its Impact On The Workplace
According to the U.S. Census "Forty–four million households, or 42 percent, had at least one member who used the Internet at home in the 2000.
Today, no doubt, even more family members in the United States use computers. Most people are aware of the desktop computers which can be found
in the home and in the workplace. What are the different types of computers and what are their purposes? Computers can be classified into three
different categories of home computers, portable computers, and business computers including workstations and super computers. First, what is a
computer? While the term computer can apply to virtually any device that has a microprocessor in it, most people think of a computer as a device
that receives input from the user through a mouse or keyboard, processes it in some fashion and displays the result on a screen. Home computers are
being used by children, teenagers, and adults. The PC or personal computer is designed to be used by one person. The term, Mac, is a PC, but most
people link computers with Windows software such as Windows 98, Windows 2000, or Windows XP. A PC is actually a desktop that is designed
to be used in one set location. "Most desktops offer more power, storage, and versatility for less than their portable brethren. Many desktop computers
are used at home and at work. Various types of software have been designed to meet individual needs of the computer user. The use of home
computers or PCs can be for various purposes such as
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Essay about History of the Computer
History of the Computer
The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid–20th century (around 1940 – 1945), although the computer concept and various
machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several
hundred modern personal computers.[1] Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable
while occupying a fraction of the space.[2] Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch
battery. Personal computers in various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "acomputer"; however, the most
...show more content...
This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the
Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The
emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were
modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information,
and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high–tech
environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e–mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast
networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are
networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive
information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile
computing environments.

My Experience With Computer
Unit 1, post# 1:
1.What is your experience with computers? When did you start using them? What do you do with computers now?
My experience with computers is very enjoyable and sometimes challenging in a good way, but it has always been on a regular basis. I actually enjoy
troubleshooting any issues that may arise while using my computer, even if I am at the office, I would always try to figure out my ways before
reporting the issue to our IT department. I have a personal computer and a work computer and I almost use computers daily since I started
working on my completing my degree. During my 3 year diploma I was using my computer researches and assignments. After graduating, I started
working at the Registrar Office as full time employee and everyday once I enter my workstation I login to my computer and open my email and the
CRM system to be ready to start my work day. I have been working for more than 10 years in the higher education field, covering different areas and
all of them required using computer on a daily basis for all the work I do, as all transactions are done in the CRM system used at my institution.
Initially...show more content...
Through the internet people may communicate for example using social media or access personal or work related matters from anywhere. Social
media is sort of the trend of the century and it is being used by everybody and for so many different reasons. It is not only used for communications
but also for sharing information, sharing news, offering services, promoting products, advertisements and announcements. Social media is now a
powerful tool where a post can spread across the whole world in less than few seconds and we can see people reacting differently to the same post,
which may create a hot topic for discussions and may be actions like what happened with the Arab Spring in different

Essay on The Use of the Computer
In general, computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computers can be found in various forms such as personal
computers, calculators and mobile phones. They are utilised in places like houses, offices, and schools. The invention of computer symbolises the
advancement of technology in mankind. Furthermore, computer has made our life easier. We would not have achieved what we have today if computer
was not invented. It is difficult to identify which was the first computer invented. This is because the term computer has been subject to varying
interpretations over time. The meaning of computer changes as time passes by, thus making it difficult to interpret the accurate meaning. Originally,
computer...show more content...
The students are able to pay more attention to the lessons and exercises given through computer as it is animated. Besides that, we can solve a
mathematic question using a computer or calculator. We can get the answer fast and accurately instead of wasting time to redo the question a few
times to get an accurate answer. Computer is also a source of entertainment. We can use computer to entertain us besides doing work or study. We
can choose to play fun computer games, listen to our favourite songs or even watch exciting movies. These will keep us entertained during our free
time. In this way, computer can help us to release stress. We can always use the computer for play when we are stressed up and then continue
work. This can be said as killing two birds with one stone! Although computer has a lot of benefits, computer also has drawbacks as nothing is
perfect in this world. As computer is a part of our life, we tend to store private information in computer. Some inconsiderate people will try to hack in
our computer to get the data files or send in viruses to destroy our data files. Those who got the data files will either broadcast it in the internet or use
it to threaten the owner. Fortunately, this problem can be curbed using a secured firewall program and a good antivirus program. As computer is used
worldwide, children and teenagers are also using

Essay about Computers in the Medical Field
"Computers play a key role in almost every sphere of life" (Berry, Terrie). Without them, everything would be different. People all around the world
own or used a computer. Whether you are a professional in technology or just an average person, computers are still very important in your everyday
life. "No other technology has accessed the world like computers and the use of the Internet have" (Maddox, Amanda). Without computers, consumers
would not be able to do half the things as quickly as we can. Advances in computer design have increased its use for different industries, especially in
the medical field.
Computers help out hospitals and pharmacies very much. Pharmacists use computers to keep a record of medications and the dosage to...show more
content...
Some surgical procedures are computer–guided. These types of surgeries mean that the patient has less downtime since the procedures are more
straight–forward. Storing information using computers has changed the way in which the world works. The computer has helped the medical field as
much as or more than other fields (Maddox, Amanda).
In every medical office there are various uses of computers. They contribute a lot to the hospital administration; all the administrative processes are
kept in computers. Staff records, incoming and outgoing time of the staff, the holiday records of the staff, anything to do with the staff, are all
examples of how computers are used in a medical office. If the doctor were to hand–write every little thing, to keep track of such things, it would be
very difficult, but with computers, the task uses less time and the process is simplified. In most medical offices, accounting is also computerized; it
helps you keep the daily records of the financial transactions. It also can reduce the chances of money related frauds because all the data is stored into
a computer and can be used for future reference. Computers also help in recording the names and contact details of the doctors and associated people
and also the patients. It is useful when it comes to recording the medical history of the patient, such as, previous treatments and tests, diagnosis and
symptoms, surgeries, etc. Such information

Essay about Affect of Computers on Society
Computers and Society
The first modern digital computers were developed in the 1940s for military purposes that arose during World War II. These computers filled entire
rooms. They took hours to perform complex mathematical operations. In the 1970s, the first personal computers were sold. Fitting on a desktop, they
were much faster and more powerful than the computers that had once filled large rooms. Computers were also affordable to individual consumers,
making it possible for many people to use them for personal, business, and academic needs. By the mid–1990s, laptop computers capable of millions of
calculations per second had been developed. Currently, nearly half of American homes have apersonal computer, and businesses have...show more
content...
Internet is the network connecting all of these computers to each other. Some people are calling it the information highway. The network help
computers to join together to communicate with us and for us. As we look to the future the changes to society will be as revolutionary as those of the
Industrial Age and the Renaissance. Not only will people shop and conduct business through their computers, but they will also engage in every type of
human activity, from reading to simply hanging out with friends. The increased level of communication made possible bycomputer networks will bring
many benefits in the areas of business, education, and social interaction, producing sharing of knowledge and wealth and a worldwide cultural renewal.
A few critics, however, are skeptical of the optimism of computer enthusiasts. They question whether the benefits of computer technology will outweigh
the potential harms. One of the arguments is that technology has done nothing to help in our social problems. Since computers tend to decrease actual
human contact, their use may weaken people's sense of community and increase existing social divisions.
One area in which the optimism of computer enthusiasts comes into immediate conflict with the skepticism of critics is education. Those who believe
that computers will bring revolutionary changes to society say that schools should prepare children for that future with computer education. By giving

Computer Systems And The System Essay
Introduction
Computer systems advanced quickly when considered relative to how long systems have been around. The advancement of systems allowed for
threads and processes to evolve to become more complex, and more efficient. The systems programs were executed on also became more efficient in
the way they run programs. Systems that could only execute one program at a time, and share CPU cycles advanced to the point of parallel processing
where threads are executed across many CPU cores. The security implementations among these systems was equally unique, and also have their own set
of problems.
Evolution of Threads and Processes
A thread in a system is a sequential execution stream. That is, the instructions are executed in order. A process is one or more threads, as well as the
current state of execution (Lambert, 2012). Early operating systems allowed one process, with one thread to be executed. Systems became capable of
executing multiple processes, and threads as technology advanced.
Time–sharing systems allowed processes to run concurrently on a computer, although each process was active on the CPU at one given time.
Multiprogramming systems advanced this further, allowing multiple processes to occupy CPU time. Distributed systems were the next advancement
where processes were distributed across multiple computers on a network. Parallel processing was the next to allow processes with multiple threads to
be spread across cores on a single CPU.
Time–sharing Systems

A Career as a Computer Programmer Essay
Becoming a computer programmer would be great because there are many options in this career by having the ability to produce an operating system,
or a game for the world. Computer programmers have many opportunities in life to find a job they would love. Programmers can work independently,
or in a big company. Programmers have and are creating the future for computers.
Computer programmers have a wide range on what they can do. Computer programmers write the detailed list of instructions the computer will follow
in the software (Great Sample Resume). This is also called "coding." Programmers test their software, or other peoples, to see if it works properly
(Career Cruising). Programmers study the tasks that the program will...show more content...
The programmer will either have to go to the business or the home in some sort of transportation, or by using his own computer. If the programmer is
working on certain software for his clients, then he may have built it in a way to assist them from his computer.
All jobs need some sort of qualifications to work at that specific job. As a programmer, the person may not go very far if they only have a high
school degree. Most employers require programmers to have at least a bachelor's degree (Education Portal). Some higher–ranking jobs may even
require a master's degree (Education Portal). Some qualifications may be as simple as having a certain amount of experience (Education Portal). With
an advanced degree and certain knowledge, a programmer could become a software engineer (Education Portal). Certain employers and jobs may want
the programmer to have great technical skills, and programming needs in the businesses (Education Portal).
Other than going to school and getting a degree, employers may want more experience and more skills then the programmer may have. During
college the programmer most likely spent an abundant amount of time programming for class and maybe some of their own projects. The
programmer may get an internship and be supervised so they will eventually get the experience they need (Education Portal). Later down the road in
life they my need more experience to get a higher up job. Experience and maybe more

Computers
Computers Computers have made life easier for the human race. Americans today take for granted the great impact the computer has on their lives,
making things easier, faster, and more convenient for them. Computers helped the world a lot and helped us take a large step into the future. Almost
anything you know is run or made by computers, industry, cars, jets, and ect. Computers are the most important innovations in history, without
computers the world would not be able to function in the manner today that people are accustom to. Before there were electronic computers most of
the tasks we now do with a computer were done other ways. Computers today have replaced many of the roles that people had once done manually.
This is both...show more content...
"The first complex computer was ENIAC, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer/Calculator" (Lewis 17). This computer was so big that it
took up a large room. ENIAC was invented by Presper Eckert, John W. Maulchy, and their associates. ENIAC was created during World War II, it
was used to calculate movement and strategies for the military during the war. It was very helpful for America during World War II. John Vincent
Atanasoff was born on October 4th, 1903. Atanasoff was a professor of mathematics and physics, that had always been interested in finding new
ways to perform mathematical calculations at a faster rate. He was the inventor of the electric digital computer. Clifford Berry, a graduate student,
and also a gifted engineer helped in assisting Atanasoff in building that world 's first electronic computer. ""In December 1939, the first prototype of
the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) was ready"" (Do 2). ""John Vincent Ananasoff gave birth to the field of electronic computing, in doing so, he
also gave birth to a new era, an era of computers"" (Do 3). It is important to know how to use a computer, as a benefit to make your life easier and
simpler. A computer collect, processes, stores, and outputs information. An input allows you to communicate with a computer. A key to communicate
with a computer. A keyboard, mouse, and scanner are all types of input devices. You provide the input, when you type a command or

Essay about The History of Computers
The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940
and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large
amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments
from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools
or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the
UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith's tabulator over 50 years before, however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other
users and become the world's first large scale commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the
late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put
together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the
EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started
when they were using the vacuum tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as
the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a computer program is a "bug". Popular legend has it that this word
entered the vocabulary of computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside
machines and caused a short circuit. In order to create more advance computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes,
which would have been

Essay on Computers and Teaching
Computers and Teaching
Introduction:
"The speed with which technology has developed since the invention of the computer has been extraordinary and surprisingly sustained. For educators,
the rapid and continuing introduction of new technology into education, has outpaced the ability of teachers and developers to evaluate it properly, "
says Levy, (1997:1). And he continues, that as soon as teachers have become acquainted with one kind of software and hardware and have developed
some ability to use it for educational purposes, "better" machines appear to displace it.
According to Ahmad et al (1985), computers bring to education what all new technical devices have brought about: skepticism and fear, or "euphoria
followed by...show more content...
They'd better train students in computes skills in a specific area like IT , or they must consider computers as part of the class as the pencil, pen, chalk
and blackboard. (Classe, 1998)
TEACHER TRAINING:
"In our schools, every classroom in America must be connected to the information superhighway with computers and good software and well–trained
teachers" (Clinton, B: 1996, in Bush et al: 1997)
Teacher training has been supported by different sources, as mentioned by Cwiklik (1997). Federal funds have been used in programs such as the
Technology Innovation Challenge Grant Program, which provides funds for schools developing projects that encourage the good use of technology in
education. And the Technology Literacy Challenge Fund set up last year for state education agencies to distribute to school–technology initiatives.
Schools, districts or teachers' certified agencies also sustain programs to develop teacher training, such as the Community School District One in New
York, the New York Public Schools with the "Project Smart", or the Olympia, WA, School district which devised the original "Generation Why." All
mentioned by Cwiklik in Wall Street Journal (1997).

Teacher training is also left up to teachers who want to initiate participation by themselves, and enroll in some of the multiple courses offered by
colleges all over the USA.
In any case, as Katie Hickox (1997) says, teacher training

Descriptive Essay On A Computer
I've always loved using computers. Ever since I was 6 years old I could never stop using them when I got the chance, and this remains true till
today. I admit the things that I would do on a computer weren't exactly productive. I would watch a lot of cartoons and play games. My parents
weren't as enthusiastic about it as I was. They would always tell me to go do something like read a book or go outside. I almost never follow
through with their requests and so I got grounded often. But to me it was worth it. My parents gave up trying to get me off the computer, which
is why I'm the computer addicted person I am today. When I turned 14 I became a lot more productive when it came to using a computer. I didn't
play educational games or grind on "Khan Academy" for endless hours. Instead I learned programming languages and created some things that I
was proud of. I've created a website that makes calls to a server in which I post and request data, a game called "Anvil Dropper", and most recently,
an artificially intelligent duck that helps keep track of who is coming in and out of a facility. All of this sounds like a lot of work but to me
personally, I never saw it as work. It was just simply fun. If you don't know already, sitting down and being on a computer for about ten hours a day
can make you feel really unhealthy. I noticed that I couldn't do any more than 5 push–ups without taking a break, and just from that I assumed I was
going to die if I didn't get my butt off of

Assignment Questions On Computer Systems Essay
Assignment 1– Computer Systems
Processor (CPU)– The Central processing unit (CPU) is where all the calculations take place within the computer system. The CPU connects directly
to a socket on the motherboard. The processor is responsible for carrying out instructions (programs), it can take inputs from input devices such as a
keyboard or mouse, and then use this to create an output to be displayed on a monitor or for printing.
Motherboard– The motherboard contains the basic circuitry, and many of the components connect to it. The motherboard is responsible of allocating
the power, supplied by the PSU, to the other components connected to the board. It also allows the different components within the computer system to
communicate to each other and send information around. The motherboard also houses all of the ports that go on the back panel of the pc.
Power Supply– The power supply, or Power Supply Unit (PSU), is the component that supplies power to the components of the computer system. It
does this by converting the AC current from the mains socket do DC current. The power supply is also capable of regulating the voltage that the
computer system receives this helps to avoid any abnormal spikes of high voltage that could damage, or destroy components of the computer. PSU's are
rated by the number of watts that they generate.
Cooling (E.g. Fan, Heatsink)– The purpose of any cooling device is to draw the heat away from the components within a computer system

Computer Science Essay
Computer Science Computer science is one of the fastest growing career fields in modern history. Dating back only a few decades to the late 1950's
and early 1960's, it has become on of the leading industries in the world today. Developed through the technological architecture of electrical
engineering and the computational language of mathematics, the science of computer technology has provided considerable recognition and financial
gain for many of its well deserving pioneers. Originally conceived as an organizational solution to the massive amounts of information kept on nothing
more than paper, computers have evolved and advanced to become a common part of modern day life. In the early days of the computer age, the
newest and most...show more content...
It is essentially the brain of the computer and though it is the main determining factor in the processing power of the computer as a whole, many other
parts of the machine are just as important in overall performance. Many people don't know this and that is how computer corporations have cheated
people out of their money for so many years by selling them cheep systems with high megahertz numbers for the processors in them. This is one
reason for the success of the computer industry. When people find out that they have been cheated, they will try to learn more about the product and
probably end up spending more money next time. Either way the computer companies always win. A career in the field ofcomputer science has been
proven to be a worthwhile direction for any young enthusiast and this tren is looking just as bright in the new millenium. Computer science and
technology has much to offer in anyone of its many career paths. Whether working with a large multinational corporation or a smaller private company
on computer hardware or software in engineering or programming, the possibilities and opportunities are endless and are increasing everyday. One
reason the computer industry is so promising is that virtually every industry in the world depends on computers to operate. This creates an increasingly
large and permanent demand for computer hardware, software, and the technical knowledge to create and use them. Computer games have

Essay On How To Build A Computer
How to Build your Own Computer A computer is a piece of equipment people use to do many things. People use computer for personal usage and
for normal operations when running a business. Computers can range from a reasonable price to being an expensive piece of equipment. Building
your very own computer should be based on a budget in which you will be able to afford and do the job you want it to do.
Safety and Tools
When trying to build your own computer you must always consider safety. Safety can be for you as the person using and manipulating the computer
parts and the workspace you are placing the computer. You as the person building the computer must always consider electrical safety of yourself.
Ensuring you not wearing jewelry...show more content...
The IO shield supports the motherboard and the motherboard standoffs screws creates a gap for the shield and motherboard to not touch each other.
You place the IO shield into the system case by pressing down on the case until it snap in place. To install the motherboard standoffs screws, you will
hold the motherboard above the case and look down at the holes to match up the holes. (3.3.3) Once you have match the holes with the motherboard,
install the motherboard standoffs screws hand tightened. (add picture) We can now install the motherboard. Place the LGA 1366 Motherboard with the
IO connectors first to snap the motherboard on to the IO shield and secure the motherboard using the motherboard screw into the motherboard standoffs
screws with fine thread screws.
Installing the CPU The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is considering to be the brain of the computer. (3.5.1) When installing the CPU into the
motherboard you will have to consider the risk of electrostatic discharge. To avoid electrostatic discharge, you must use a static mat and need to be
clip to the static mat. We have review the documentation for the LGA 1366 Motherboard and found the compatible CPU to use will be the i7 960
CPU. (add picture) When installing the i7 960 CPU, you need to verify you have the Heat sink fan installed before placing inside the motherboard. You

My Interest On Computer Technology
My interest in computer technology began during my junior year of high school in 1982. During study hall, I would go to the computer lab to see
what students were doing. I did not enroll in a computer class, but I was fascinated with how computers worked. The computer lab had a Digital
Equipment Corporation model PDP–11 computer with several terminals. When one was open, I would often grab the system manuals and experiment
with entering commands. Eventually, I taught myself BASIC by watching other students and reading the BASIC programming manual. Several years
went by after graduating from high school, and I eventually attended RETS Electronic School to study electronics engineering technology. After
graduating from RETS, I worked several jobs as an electronics technician. At one of those jobs, I began repairing the company's computers and
printers. The company had a Novell Netware 2.15 network, and the system administrator began to teach me how to perform basic administration
tasks. He later became a Certified Netware Engineer and as a result secured a job making a significant amount more than in his previous position.
When he left, I became the system administrator. I began diligently reading the shelf full of manuals on how to install, configure, and administer
Netware. After six months as the company's administrator, I decided to take a CNE boot camp class that covered all of the required material in a
compressed timeframe. After completing the class, I took the series

The Components Of Computers Systems Essay
P1
Understand the components of computers systems
Internal system unit components
Motherboard– this connects all the parts in the computer together, also the CPUs optical drives, hard drives, memory and other ports they all connect to
the motherboard via cabling. The motherboard is an important part in a computer therefore its mounted inside a case which is on the opposite side
that can be easily accessible and its connected with screws that are going through drilled holes, also front of the motherboard has ports which connects
to the internal components and theirs a single socket that houses CPU. There are many slots which allow the memory module so it can be attached
and there are other ports in the motherboard which allows the hard drive and optical so it connects by the data cables.
CPU– this is in the computers system and it carries all information of the program so the computer can perform the basics and other input and output
systems. The CPU is the brain of the computer and there are terms that have been used in PC's industry from 1960's, also as years went the designs
kept getting better and more stylish but the inside functions are mostly still the same.
Heat sink and fan– A component designed to lower the temperature of an electronic device by dissipating heat into the surrounding air which helps
the computer to stay cool but it can be referred that the fan could give cool air in the case that is outside and expel the warm air that is coming from
inside or it

Key Components Of A Computer Essay
A computer is a system of parts that work and interconnect with each other. When it comes to the number of items that make up a computer it comes
down to one number, Seven. There are seven key components that a computer is made of.
Starting with what holds all the parts, part number one is the case. Your computer would be just a pile of parts and wires without it. The second
important component is the power supply. The power supply is what brings your computer and its components to life. The next component is the hard
drive. The hard drive is used to store data. Now to the heart and the brain of a computer. The motherboard is the center of the computer. The
motherboard allows all the other computer parts to communicate with each other. Following the motherboard is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the
CPU is what tells all the other components where the data should go. Following the CPU and Motherboard is the RAM. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is used by applications to start. This is faster than the getting the info from the hard drive. The last component needed is a disc drive. This is
needed to download software and or an operating system onto your computer, as well as reading CD's, DVD's and even blue ray disks. All seven
items are needed in order for a computer to work and function.
Computer Hardware Every computer is made up of a group of parts that all work and communicate together. This series of parts is what you can
physically see and hold. Simply put, a

Generation of Computers
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. A generation refers to the state
of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer technology. With each new
generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the miniaturization, speed, power,
and computer memory has proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play.
Each generation of computers is characterized by major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in
Invented in 1947 at Bell Labs, transistors have become the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers. Today's latest microprocessor
contains tens of millions of microscopic transistors.
Prior to the invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which had many disadvantages. They were much larger, required
more energy, dissipated more heat, and were more prone to failures. It's safe to say that without the invention of transistors, computing as we know it
today would not be possible.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum
tube,allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,more energy–efficient and more reliable than their first–generation predecessors. Though
the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second–generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second–generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages,which allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words. High–level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their

Computers And Its Impact On The Workplace

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