Kind of pesticide

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CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….. 2
2. M50 MCPA………………………………………. 3
3. Roundup glyphosate……………………….. 6
4. Nominee 100SC……………………………….10
5. BAURS 3,4-DPA………………………………..12
6. DIMEHOATE 40 EC……………………………17
7. X-PRESS……………………………………………21
8. GLYCHI…………………………………………….24
9. WEEDOL………………………………………….26
10. BASUDIN……………………………………..27

Introduction
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has defined pesticide as;
Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling
any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or
animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing,
storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood
products or animal feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to animals for the
control of insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies.
Types of Pesticides
These are grouped according to the types of pests which they kill:
Grouped by Types of Pests They Kill
1. Insecticides – insects
2. Herbicides – plants
3. Rodenticides – rodents (rats & mice)
4. Bactericides – bacteria
5. Fungicides – fungi
6. Larvicides – larvae

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1. M50 MCPA
• Kind of pesticide: weedicide
• Self-life: 2 years
• Batch no: 525076
• Importance notes: MCPA is a selective hormone type herbicide. MCPA herbicide is
usually sprayed to soil surface and plant leaves surface in its water solution,
sometimes with additional surfactant. MCPA in soil can be absorbed by plant roots,
and translocate in phloem to leaves and stems. The MCPA residue left in soil typically
has a half-life of 24 days. However, the degradation rate is depending on
environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil moisture
o Active ingredient: 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
o Chemical formula: C9H9ClO3
o Molar mass: 200.62 g·mol−1
• Structure:
• Mechanism of action:
Environmental impact: Widely usage of MCPA as an herbicide raises concern of
environmental risks so a lot of researches have been done in recent decades to evaluate the
environmental risk of MCPA. MCPA can be moderately toxic to mammal and aquatic
organisms, and relatively less toxic to birds. MCP (4-chloro-2-methylphenol) is the
intermediate in the synthesis of phenoxy herbicide, and is also the metabolite of MCPA's
degradation. The MCP chemical is considered very toxic to aquatic organisms. However, the
concentration of MCPA and MCP detected in water and soil are lower than the predicted no
effect levels of all environmental compartments, and considered under low potential of risk.
The carboxyl group of MCPA can form conjugated complex with metals as a ligand. In
general pH range of aqueous environment, the MCPA-metal complex has higher solubility
than metal ion. MCPA may be environmentally hazardous by affecting the mobility and bio-
availability of heavy metal, such as cadmium and lead. The acid functionality makes MCPA a
versatile synthetic intermediate for more complex derivatives
-COOH + M+
→ -COOM + H+
• Analytical method for quantification of active ingredient: Pasture grass is hydrolysed
in basic methanol, filtered and adjusted to a known volume. An aliquot of the extract
is concentrated, acidified, and partitioned twice with diethylether. The ether extract
is partitioned twice with NaHCO3, evaporated to remove residual ether, acidified and
passed through a pre-conditioned C-18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The SPE

cartridge is dried under vacuum and eluted with a hexane/acetone solution. The
eluant is made basic, evaporated to dryness, reconstituted in acidic methanol solution
and the MCPA derivatised to its methyl ester with BF3/methanol. The reactants are
quenched with water and partitioned with hexane. The hexane is passed through an
acidic alumina column and the MCPA methyl ester is eluted with additional hexane.
The eluant is concentrated for determination by GC/MSD
• Safety advices:
o Do ensure you use a trained professional user to apply the chemical. If you are not a
trained professional user registered with DAFM then consider using a professional
contractor.
o Do observe the buffer zone. Keep spray at least 5 metres away from water courses
o Do take every precaution during mixing and preparation to avoid spills and drips.
o Do read the label carefully, paying particular attention to the maximum rate (NU 46
is 2.7 L/Ha) and also the buffer zone ( 5 Metres for NU 46)
o Do clean and wash down your sprayer at the end of the day preferably in the field
well away from any water courses.
o Do consider using glyphosate in a weed wiper in water sensitive areas or within the 5
metre buffer zone. Bearing in mind all pesticides have a minimum 1 metre buffer
zone. (also bear in mind MCPA is not approved for use through a weed wiper).
o Make sure that you and the professional user who is applying the product are aware
of any adjacent water bodies.
o Do apply on a calm day to avoid drift (the use of low drift nozzles may also help
reduce drift).
o Triple rinse and drain the pesticide containers. Dispose of them appropriately.
o Things not to do
o Do not exceed the maximum dose (2.7 L/ha for Nu 46 and 4.0 L/ha for Lupo)
o Do not use if rain is forecast within 48 hours.
o Do not use if ground is water logged
o Do not fill your sprayer from a water body (this is illegal)
o Do not perform handling operations (filling, mixing or washing the sprayer) near
water bodies.
o Do not spray during windy conditions.
• First aids: follow the instructions given below and obtain medical attention
immediately.
o Eye-irrigate with eyewash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart,
slowly and gently for at least 15-20 minutes

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o Skin-remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin immediately with soap and
water for15-20 minutes. If skin irritation or sensitization persists, obtain
medical attention immediate.
o Inhalation- remove patient from exposure. Keep worm and rest. If person is
not breathing, give artificial respiration (if possible mouth to mouth)
o Ingestion-do not induces vomiting without medical advice.
o Medical advice-no specific antidotes is known. Treat symptomatically.
• Current status: it is currently classified as restricted use pesticide in the US
• Reference:
1. http://www.dhm.ie/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/M50-10L-
LEAF0309.pdf accessed on 19 march 2019 at 6.00pm
2. https://www.mcdonoghdirect.ie/m50-mcpa-herbicide-spray-10l-
c2x25763088 accessed on 19 march 2019 at 6.00pm
3. https://agrobaseapp.com/ireland/pesticide/m50 accessed on 19 march
2019 at 6.00pm
4. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticide
s/JMPR/Evaluation12/MCPA.pdf accessed on 19 march 2019 at 6.00pm

2. Roundup glyphosate
• Self-life: 2years
• Batch no : 345028
• Reg no:00A2330
• Importance notes: Glyphosate is a phosphonic acid resulting from the formal
oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino
group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicdes worldwide, and the
only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase
(EPSPS). It has a role as an agrochemical, an EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-
carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor and a herbicide. It is a phosphonic acid and
a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a glyphosate(2-) and a glyphosate(1-)
• Recommended pest: kill a wide variety plants,
including grasses and broadleaf and woody plants.
• Active ingredient:
o Other chemical names: [(phosphonomethyl)amino]acetic acid
o Chemical formula: C3H8NO5P
o Molar mass: 169.073 g/mol
o Physical properties: Odorless
o Solubility: In water, 10.5 g/L in water at pH 1.9 and 20 deg C the alkali
metal and amine salts are readily soluble in water.
• Structure:
• Mechanism of action: Glyphosate interferes with the shikimate pathway, which
produces the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan in plants
and microorganisms – but does not exist in the genome of mammals, including
humans. It blocks this pathway by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-
phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which catalyzes the reaction of shikimate-3-phosphate
(S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate
(EPSP). Glyphosate is absorbed through foliage and minimally through roots, meaning
that it is only effective on actively growing plants and cannot prevent seeds from
germinating. After application, glyphosate is readily transported around the plant to
growing roots and leaves and this systemic activity is important for its effectiveness.
Inhibiting the enzyme causes shikimate to accumulate in plant tissues and diverts
energy and resources away from other processes, eventually killing the plant. While

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growth stops within hours of application, it takes several days for the leaves to
begin turning yellow.
Under normal circumstances, EPSP is dephosphorylated to chorismate, an essential
precursor for the amino acids mentioned above. These amino acids are used in
protein synthesis and to produce secondary metabolites such
as folates, ubiquinones, and naphthoquinone.
X-ray crystallographic studies of glyphosate and EPSPS show that glyphosate
functions by occupying the binding site of the phosphoenolpyruvate, mimicking an
intermediate state of the ternary enzyme–substrate complex. Glyphosate inhibits
the EPSPS enzymes of different species of plants and microbes at different rates
• Environmental impact:
o Pesticides may be washed by rain into the water in ditches, river and streams (called
surface waters). They may also be washed down through soil and rock layers into
underground water sources, such as aquifers (called groundwater). Groundwater is
often used as the main source of drinking water supplies, although surface waters
may feed into artificial reservoirs.
o Glyphosate is considered to be a high risk herbicide for non-target plants
o In recent years there has been growing concern about the world-wide decline in
numbers and diversity of amphibian species. Amphibians are particularly vulnerable
to pesticide exposure because they can absorb water-borne chemicals through their
skin, as well as by eating contaminated food resources. Glyphosate has been
investigated as a possible cause of amphibian declines, and a number of studies
have found worrying results about the effect of exposure to glyphosate-containing
herbicides on the growth and development of amphibians.
o Toxic impacts have also been observed higher up marine and aquatic food chains.
Freshwater mussels have been found to be acutely sensitive to pure glyphosate,
surfactant ingredients and to the glyphosate-containing herbicide Roundup.
o Glyphosate affects the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is vital for
the operation of the nervous system. If acetyl-cholinesterase is not working
properly, nerve impulses are not switched off, causing serious health problems and
even death. Glyphosate has been found to suppress the activity of the enzyme in
brown mussels and fish

• Analytical method for quantification of active ingredient:
The determination of glyphosate concentration can be done by a graphical method.
For that a calibration curve can prepare from a stock solution of 500 ul L-1
glyphosate. Transfer aliquots ranging from 40 to 140 ul to test tubes and add 500 uL
of 5% ninhydrin and 500 uL of 5% sodium molybdate to each of the tubes. Seal the
tubes and keep in a water both at a of 5% sodium molybdate to each of the tubes.
Seal the tubes and keep in a water bath at a temperature of 85-95 0c for 12 minutes.
Then cool the samples into room temperature and quantitatively transfer to 5 mL
volumetric flasks. Complete the volume with distilled and quantitatively transfer to 5
ml volumetric flasks. Complete the volume with distilled and deionized water. Then
perform the reading by multispec-1501, SHIMADZU spectrophotometer at 570 nm.
From this data construct a calibration curve with the absorbance as a 570nm.from
this data construct a calibration curve with the absorbance as a function of
glyphosate concentration in the range from 4 to 14 mg L-1. For the aseline of the
instrument use 500uL of ninhydrin and sodium molybdate solution,to a total volume
of 5ml.
The reaction of glyphosate with ninhydrin and sodium molybdate forms a product of
purple colur with maximum absorption at 570nm. From the calibration curve, the
amount o glyphosate presnt in each sample can be determined. Then is an increase
in absorbance proportional to the concentration of glyphosate.the baseline of the
instrument can be recorded using a solution containing ninhydrin and molybdate
dehydrate. The concentration range 4 to 13 uL-1 of glyphosate, the experiment
follows the Beer-Lambert law.
• Safety advices:
o Keep out of children, domestic animals and away from food, animal feed, and
water source in a secure place under lock and key.

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o May be harmful if swallowed, absorbed through skin or inhaled .avoid
contact with skin, eyes and clothing.
o Do not inhale spray mist. Wear rubber gloves, rubber gloves, rubber boots,
respiratory or complete face masks and long sleeved overalls when handling
the concentrate and spraying.
o Do not eat, drink or smoke while spraying. Wash body thoroughly with soap
and water after handling.
o Wash contaminates clothing before re use.
o Don’t apply directly to water.
o Do not contaminate water sources by unnecessary applications, spilled
material and disposing of equipment wash water or instate.
o Destroy empty containers
o In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately
(show the label and container)
• First aids: follow the instructions given bellow and obtain medical attention
immediately.
o Eye- irrigate with eye wash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart,
slowly and gently for 15-20 minutes.
o Skin-remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin immediately with soap and
water for 15-20 minutes. If skin imitation or sensitization persists, obtain
medical attention immediately.
o Inhalation- remove patient from exposure, keep warm and rest. If person is
not breathing, give artificial respiration.(if possible mouth to mouth)
o Ingestion- if person is conscious induces vomiting by applying finger down
throat.
o Medical advice- no specific antidote symptomatic treatment.
• Current status: banned in SRI LANKA
• Reference:
5. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/glyphosate accessed on 19
march 2019 at 7.00pm
6. Portier, C.J., Armstrong, B.K., Baguley, B.C., Baur, X., Belyaev, I., Bellé, R.,
Belpoggi, F., Biggeri, A., Bosland, M.C., Bruzzi, P. and Budnik, L.T., 2016.
Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food
Safety Authority (EFSA). J Epidemiol Community Health, 70(8), pp.741-745.
7. https://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/press_releases/foee_5_en
vironmental_impacts_glyphosate.pdf accessed on 19 march 2019 at
7.00pm

3. Nominee 100SC
• Reg no:B20
• Batch no:A848154
• Importance notes:
• Recommended past :a herbicide recommended for the control of grasses, broad
weeds & sedges in rice;coomon annual grasses, sedges & broad leaved weeds
including Fumbristylis spp, Echinochloa spp, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis,
Ischaemum rugosum
• Active ingredient: bispyribac-sodium
o Other chemical names:
o Chemical formula: C19H17N4NaO8
• Structure:
• Mechanism of action: Selective, systemic action absorbed by foliage and roots.Inhibits
plant amino acid synthesis - acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS
The aquatic formulation of bispyribac sodium is practically non-toxic to fish and
invertebrates. Species tested include trout, bluegill, minnows, oyster, shrimp and
water fleas (Daphnia sp.). Bispyribac sodium is also practically non-toxic to both birds
and mammals. Bispyribac sodium does not bioaccumulate. None of the degradation
products have been identified at this time to be of any toxicological concern.
The risk of acute exposure to bispyribac sodium would be primarily to chemical
applicators. Minor eye and skin irritation are possible with contact. Bispyribac
sodium can cause respiratory irritation upon exposure to high concentrations in the
air. Persons who mix or apply bispyribac sodium should wear the protective
equipment recommended on the label (chemical resistant gloves).
• Precautions:
o Wash with water and soap if the product comes into contact with the skin.
o Rinse the eye with running water if the product comes into contact with the
eyes.
o Do not smoke, drink or eat while using the product.
o Prevent drift of spray mixture onto adjacent crops, rivers or dams.

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o Thoroughly wash application equipment after use and do not use the same
applicator for foliar applications.
o Perforate the empty containers and never re-use for any other purpose.
The HPLC-DAD system proved to be a good option for the determination of
bispyribac-sodium in real water samples, allowing analysis with good sensitivity and
in a total time of 10 min
• Safety advices:
o Do not apply through any type of irrigation system
o Do not apply by air.
o Do not apply to golf greens o Do not apply if rain is expected within 12
hours of application o Only apply if the turf as well as the winter grass is
growing actively. Failing to so such as applications in the winter, may result
in injury to the turf.
o Do not apply to turf grass that is under any stress due to drought, water
logging, temperature below 20°C and higher than 25ºC, disease, mechanical
injury or any other stress condition.
o Do not apply NOMINEE 100 SC to poorly drained soils or soils with a
compaction layer. Water logging in the presence of herbicides will cause
stand reduction and / or stunted growth.
o Do not mow or irrigate turf grass within 12 hours of application. o Do not
mix with any other herbicides, fungicides, pesticides, adjuvants or
fertilizers. o Do not exceed the dosage, as damage to the turf may occur.
o Following a single application of NOMINEE 100 SC, wait 10 days before re-
seeding or sprigging.
o After reseeding or sprigging, wait at least 30 days after the germination of
the seed before an application of NOMINEE 100 SC is done.
o The application of lime to soils onto which NOMINEE 100 SC was applied,
may lead to desorption of the herbicide molecules from the soil particles.
o This may increase the possibility of crop damage.
o Prevent the overlapping of spraying swaths, as this will result in doubling of
the dosage rate. This may cause phytotoxicity.
• First aids:
o Eye- Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue rinsing
eye.
Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.
o Skin- Take off contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin immediately with plenty of water for 15-20 minutes.
Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice
o Inhaled- Move person to fresh air.

If person is not breathing, call an ambulance, then give artificial respiration,
preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if possible.
Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice
• Current status:
• Reference:
1. https://www.philagro.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/NOMINEE-
label.pdf accessed on 19 march 2019 at 8.00pm
2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Bispyribac-sodium
accessed on 19 march 2019 at 8.00pm

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4. BAURS 3,4-DPA
• Batch no: 62345
• Amount of Active ingredient: 360 mol dm-3
• Recommended pest:
• Active ingredient: 3,4-dichloropropanilide(3,4-DPA)
o Other chemical names: propanil
o Chemical formula: C9H9Cl2NO
• Structure:
Mechanism of action: The principal mode of propanil's herbicidal action against weeds is
inhibition of their photosynthesis and CO2 fixation. Plants photosynthesize in two stages. In
stage I photosynthetic reactions capture sunlight energy and yield molecules with high
energy content. In stage II these molecules react to capture CO2, yielding carbohydrate
precursors. In the stage I reaction a chlorophyll molecule absorbs one photon (light) and
loses one electron, starting an electron transport chain reaction leading to the stage II
reactions. Propanil inhibits the electron transport chain reaction and its conversion of CO2 to
carbohydrate precursors. That inhibits further development of the weed.
Rice is relatively immune to propanil but most weeds are susceptible to it. The reason for
the selectivity is that rice contains a high level of the enzyme aryl acylamidase (AAA), which
rapidly metabolizes propanil to relativity nontoxic 3,4-dichloroaniline. Susceptible weeds
lack the gene(s) coding for the AAA enzyme and thus succumb to propanil. However,
intensive use of propanil and natural selectionhave caused some weeds to become resistant
to propanil
o Effects on birds: Propanil is moderately toxic to birds.
o Effects on aquatic organisms: Propanil may be moderately to highly toxic to a
wide range of aquatic species. The compound is not likely to concentrate
appreciably in aquatic organisms.
o Effects on other organisms: Propanil is nontoxic to honeybees, with a reported
contact LC50 of 240 ug/be
o Breakdown in soil and groundwater: Propanil is of low soil persistence. Propanil
is soluble in water and it adsorbs only weakly to soil particles. Propanil is rapidly

broken down in the soil by microorganisms, which have highest activity under
warm, moist conditions. Bacteria produce by-products such as
tetrachloroazobenzene and dichloroaniline. Its rapid breakdown in soil practically
eliminates the potential for groundwater contamination.
o Breakdown in water: Propanil will rapidly break down in water due to microbial
activity, the major breakdown pathway. Reported half-lives are 2 days under
aerobic conditions and 2 to 3 days under anaerobic conditions.
o Breakdown in vegetation: Within a plant, propanil is moved from the leaves to
the growing shoots, then back to other leaves. It is a contact herbicide. Resistant
crop plants such as rice completely metabolize propanil. Carry-over of herbicidal
activity to subsequent crops is not likely. Propanil may be highly phytotoxic to
non-target plants if mixed with carbamates or organophosphates.
• First aids:
o Eye- Hold eye open and rinse slowly and gently with water for 15-20 minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present, after the first 5 minutes, then continue
rinsing eye. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.
o Skin- Take off contaminated clothing. Rinse skin immediately with plenty of
water for 15-20 minutes.Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment
advice
o Inhaled- Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an
ambulance, then give artificial respiration, preferably by mouth-to-mouth, if
possible. Call a poison control center or doctor for further treatment advice
• Current status: banned in srilanka
• Reference:
1. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/propanil#section=Computed-
Properties accessed on 19 march 2019 at 8.30pm

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5. HEDONAL M 40% MCPA
• Self-life: 24 months
• Amount of Active ingredient: 400 g.a.i/Liter
• Reg no: 06
• Batch no: 0505014
• Active ingredient:
1. hedonal
o Other chemical names:pentan-2-yl carbarmate; 2-pentanol, carbamate;1-
methylbutyl carbamte; hedonal(pharmaceutical); methylpropylcarbinol
carbarmate
o Chemical formula: C6H13NO2
o Structure:
2. MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid)
o Chemical formula: C9H9ClO3
o Content of ingredient: 40% M
o Structure:
The common phenoxy herbicides,such as 2,4-D and MCPA,are selective for broadleaf
weeds and work by disrupting the fine balance of biochemical processes that occur
in these weeds.it accumulates in the meristematic tissue of plants,where greth
occurs. There it stimulates plant hormones,causing uncoordinated plant growth that
disrupts both new seedlings and existing plants. The phenoxy herbicides minic a
nathurally occurring plant chemical called Indol Acetic Acid(IAA).They cause
unregulated IAA production in the plant, which leads to uncontrolled
growth,twisting, thickening,ilongation and eventually death as the weed literally
grows itself to death

Althouth insoluble in water , MCPA can have a high mobility in soil.MCPA can
negatively affect the growth f some crops, including onion ,cabbage,lettuce and
turnip.In animals MCPA generally has a low toxicity and is rapidly excreted.
• Precautions: keep away from children, foodstuff and animal feed under lock and key.
Use gloves when handling the concentrate. Use protective clothing when spraying.
Handle with care. Hazardous if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
Wash exposed skin with soap and water after work. Wash all the contaminated
clothing before re use. Seek medicinal attention. If swallowed discomfort appear.
mnO2 modified carbon paste electrodes can be used for catalytic electro reduction of
metachlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA).direct electro analysis of MCPA is impossible
due to its high over potentials for oxidation/reduction. Consequently, detection of
MCPA via electro catalytic reduction with MnO2 can be accomplished with sensitive
amperometric detection at a predetermined potential.
Catalytic volumetric experiments of bare and MnO2 modified Cp electrodes are carry
out in simple electrolytes such as NaCl KCL and Na2SO4 and in buffered systems of PH
1,3 and 5. Cyclic voltammetry studies of these electrodes can conduct in each
medium in the absence of MCPA to observe the electrochemistry of MnO2 alone.
Then repeat the study with 2*10 4-moldm 3MCPA .investigate volatametric
responss of Cd electrodes containing varying amounts of MnO2 (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%,
8%)in order to optimize catalytic loading. Carryout catalytic votametric experiments
of bare and Mn modified GC electrodes in 0.1 moldm-3 KCL in the absence and
presence of MCPA in a similar manner. Conduct amperetic experiments in 0.1moldm-
3 3 KCl at MnO2 modified Cp electrodes using standard dsolution of MCPA and
conduct a calibration curves using the resulting amperograms. Then the
amperometric method developed can be used to quantify MCPA in the absence of
applied potentials by passing a standard solution of MCPA through a column packed
with MnO2 powder.determine soluble Mn species eluted using atomic ansorption
spectroscopy
• First aids: wash the contaminated parts with soap and water. If swallowed induced
committing if the victim is conscious.
• Current status:it currently classified as a restricted use pesticide in the US
• Reference:
1.https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10948#section=Top accessed on 19
march 2019 at 8.00pm

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6. DIMEHOATE 40 EC
• Kind of pesticide: insecticide
• Reg no: 0005905
• Batch no: A176947
o rice-thrips
o Pulses-leaf hoppers, aphids, scales, mealy bugs, whiteflies
o Potato-aphids
o Brinjal-scales, mealy bugs
o Mango-leafhoppers, seed weevils, leaf cutting weevils
o Cassava-scales
• Active ingredient: dimethoate
o Other chemical names: o,o-dimethel s-[2-9methylamino)-2-
oxoethyl]dithiophosphate
o Chemical formula:C5H12NO3PS2
o Physical properties: DIMETHOATE is a white crystalline solid, with
a camphor-like odor, white to grayish crystals for technical product.
Colorless crystals with characteristic odor.
o Solubility : Readily soluble in most organic solvents, e.g. alcohols,
ketones, benzene, toluene, chloroform, dichloromethane.
o Molar mass:229.26 g/mol
o Structure:
• Mechanism of action: Organophosphorus derivatives act by combining with and
inactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The inactivation of
cholinesterase by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides allows the accumulation of large
amounts of acetylcholine, with resultant widespread effects that may be separated
into 4 categories:
(1) Potentiation of postganglionic parasympathetic activity
(2) Persistent depolarization of skeletal muscle
(3) Initial stimulation following depression of cells of central nervous system
(4) Variable ganglionic stimulation or blockade ... /Cholinesterase inhibitor
pesticides. They act principally by inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) at the
cholinergic synapses. /organophosphorus insecticides

• Environmental impact: For insect resistance management DIMETHOATE INSECTICIDE
is a Group 1B insecticide. Some naturally occurring insect biotypes resistant to
DIMETHOATE 40 may exist through normal genetic variability in any insect
population. The resistant individuals can eventually dominate the insect population if
a DIMETHOATE insecticide is used repeatedly. The effectiveness of DIMETHOATE on
resistant individuals could be significantly reduced.
• Analytical method for quantification of active ingredient: A thin-layer
chromatographic method is reported for the separation of dimethoate, dimethoate
(oxygenanalog), dioaxthion, disulfoton, fonofos (oxygen analog),
and oxydemetonmethyl. The method involves the concurrent use of two Eastman
silica gel plates with fluorescent indicator and two solvent systems. One plate is
developed in solvent system containing 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane:methylcyclohexane:isoamyl alcohol:paraffin
oil: toluene:cyclohexane:methylcyclohexane (1:1:1:1:1:1). The pesticides are located
by spraying with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution in acetone followed by exposure
to long-wave uv light after drying at 100 deg C for 2-3 minutes. A method is also
reported for the thin-layer chromatographic separation of diazinon, dimethoate,
dimethoate
(oxygen analog), dioxathion, fonofos (oxygen analog), oxydemetonmethyl from each
other using solvent system containing 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane:methylcyclohexane:isoamyl alcohol:parafin oil: acetone (4:2:2:3:1).
• DIRECTIONS FOR USE (Restraints):
o DO NOT use to control pests that are resistant to organ phosphorus
insecticides as treatment may be ineffective.
o DO NOT apply to any non-food tree crop or plantation (including Eucalyptus
spp.) by air.
o DO NOT store treated seed.
o DO NOT USE as a foliar, post-harvest or quarantine treatment on:
• Tropical or subtropical edible peel fruit [babacos, carambolas (Five
Corner), figs and edible peel varieties of guavas, kiwifruit and
persimmons].
• Pome fruit [apples, loquats, pears, quinces],
• Stone fruit after petal fall [apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches,
plums],
• Grapes after commencement of flowering,
• Berry fruit, (other than blackberries, raspberries, bilberries,
blueberries and other vaccinium berries),
• Strawberries,

19 | P a g e
• Vegetables, other than those following - DIMETHOATE may be used
on artichoke (globe), asparagus, beans, beetroot, broccoli, cabbage
(drumhead varieties only),capsicums, carrot, cauliflower, celery, chili,
peas, potatoes and sweet potatoes, onion, parsnips, radish, rhubarb,
sweet corn, tomatoes for processing, tomatoes (large field grown for
fresh consumption, prior to commencement of flowering), turnip and
zucchini,
• Cucurbits (other than melons, watermelons and zucchini
• Safety advices:
o Product is poisonous if absorbed by skin contact or inhaled or swallowed.
o Repeated minor exposure may have a cumulative poisoning effect.
o Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
o Do not inhale spray mist.
o When opening the container and preparing spray wear cotton overalls
buttoned to the neck and wrist, a washable hat, elbow-length PVC gloves,
face shield and impervious footwear.
o When using the prepared spray wear cotton overalls buttoned to the neck
and wrist, a washable hat, elbow-length PVC gloves, impervious and half face
piece, respirator with combined dust and gas cartridge If product on skin,
immediately wash area with soap and water.
o After use and before eating, drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face
thoroughly with soap and water.
o After each day’s use, wash gloves, face shield, respirator and if rubber wash
with detergent and warm water, and contaminated clothing.
• First aids:
o Eye -irrigate with eye wash solution or clean water, handling the yields apart,
slowly and gently for 15-20 min.
o Skin –remove contaminated clothing, wash skin immediately with soap and
water for 15-20 min.
o If skin irritation or sensitization on persists, obtain medical attention
immediate.
o If swallowed, splashed on skin or in eyes, or inhaled, contact a doctor at once.
o Remove any contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly.
o If swallowed, activated charcoal may be advised. Give atropine if instructed.
• Current status: banned in Sri Lanka
• Reference:
1) Dauterman, W.C., Viado, G.B., Casida, J.E. and O'brien, R.D., 1960. Insecticide
residues, persistence of dimethoate and metabolites following foliar
application to plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8(2),
pp.115-119.

2) www.adama.com/documents/1380147/1382291/ADAMA_Dimethoate_400_
PMANUAL_140926v2_tcm46-21158.pdf accessed on 17 march 2019

21 | P a g e
7. x-press
• Kind of pesticide: herbicide
• Self-life:2 years
• Reg no:E 76
• Amount of Active ingredient: 20 g/l
• Importance note: non selective contact herbicide which controls wide range of weeds
within 3-4 days after application and will not harm them there look of the crop
• Recommended pest: It kills a wide range of annual grasses and broad-leaved weeds
and the tips of established perennial weeds
• Active ingredient: paraquat
o Other chemical names: N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride
Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; Crisquat; Dexuron;
Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col;
Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501.
o Chemical formula: C12H14Cl2N2
• Structure:
Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with electron transfer, a process that is
common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation:
[MV]2+
+ e−
[MV]+
The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral [MV]0
:
[MV]+
+ e−
[MV]0
As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants,
it accepts electrons from photosystem I (more specifically ferredoxin, which is
presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this
manner, destructive reactive oxygen species are produced. In forming these reactive
oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available
to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle.
Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), more specifically, the superoxide free radical. Paraquat will undergo
redox cycling in vivo, being reduced by an electron donor such as NADPH, before
being oxidized by an electron receptor such as dioxygen to produce superoxide, a
major ROS

Environmental impact:
Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, potentially
leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although there are no specific
antidotes, fuller's earth or activated charcoal is an effective treatment if taken in time.
There have been some successful cases of using cyclophosphamide to treat paraquat
poisoning. Oxygen should not be administered unless SpO2 levels are below 92%, as high
concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects. Death may occur up to 30 days after
ingestion. Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of
accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use.
In acute toxicity studies using laboratory animals, paraquat has been shown to be highly
toxic by the inhalation route and has been placed in Toxicity Category I (the highest of four
levels) for acute inhalation effects. However, the EPA has determined that particles used in
agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are well beyond the respirable range and therefore
inhalation toxicity is not a toxicological endpoint of concern. Paraquat is toxic (Category II)
by the oral route and moderately toxic (Category III) by the dermal route. Paraquat will
cause moderate to severe eye irritation and minimal dermal irritation, and has been placed
in Toxicity Categories II and IV (slightly toxic) respectively for these effects.
The alveolar epithelial cells of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat. Even a single swig,
immediately spat out, can cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading
to asphyxiation.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, ingesting paraquat causes symptoms such
as liver, lung, heart, and kidney failure within several days to several weeks that can lead to
death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to
survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart failure,
and oesophageal strictures.]
Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are
relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat
poisoning every year.
Precautions:
• Safety advices:
o Because ingestion is likely to be the primary route of exposure, if poisoning is
suspected, avoid any further ingestion and seek medical attention immediately.
o Pre-hospital therapy may include oral administration of activated charcoal or Fuller’s
earth in order to bind ingested paraquat.
o If you think you may have been exposed to liquid paraquat on your clothes or body,
remove your clothing, rapidly wash your entire body with soap and water, and get
medical care as quickly as possible.
o Removing your clothing:

23 | P a g e
▪ Quickly take off clothing that has liquid paraquat on it. Any clothing
that has to be pulled over the head should be cut off the body instead
of pulled over the head.
▪ If you are helping other people remove their clothing, try to avoid
touching any contaminated areas, and remove the clothing as quickly
as possible.
o Washing yourself:
▪ As quickly as possible, wash any liquid paraquat from your skin with
large amounts of soap and water. Washing with soap and water will
help protect people from any chemicals on their bodies.
▪ If your eyes are burning or your vision is blurred, rinse your eyes with
plain water for 10 to 15 minutes. If you wear contacts, remove them
and put them with the contaminated clothing. Do not put the
contacts back in your eyes (even if they are not disposable contacts).
If you wear eyeglasses, wash them with soap and water. You can put
your eyeglasses back on after you wash them.
o Disposing of your clothes:
▪ After you have washed yourself, place your clothing inside a plastic
bag. Avoid touching contaminated areas of the clothing. If you can’t
avoid touching contaminated areas, or you aren’t sure where the
contaminated areas are, wear rubber gloves or put the clothing in the
bag using tongs, tool handles, sticks, or similar objects. Anything that
touches the contaminated clothing should also be placed in the bag. If
you wear contacts, put them in the plastic bag, too.
▪ Seal the bag, and then seal that bag inside another plastic bag.
Disposing of your clothing in this way will help protect you and other
people from any chemicals that might be on your clothes.
▪ When the local or state health department or emergency personnel
arrive, tell them what you did with your clothes. The health
department or emergency personnel will arrange for further disposal.
Do not handle the plastic bags yourself.
• First aids: If poisoning occurs, get to a doctor or hospital quickly. If in eyes, hold eyes open,
flood with water for at least 15 minutes and see a doctor
• Current status: banned in sri lanka
• Reference:
https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp access in 2019.3.23 at 200
pm

8. GLYCHI
• Reg no: 00F6932
• Batch no: 1105306
• Importance notes: ensure that weeds have sufficient foliage before spraying. Use
clear water for spray preparation. When mixing, storing or applying product, use only
brass, aluminum stainless steel, fiber glass, plastic or plasticcontainers.do not use
galvanized (zinc coated)or unlined steel ,fiber glass, plastic or plastic lined
containers.do not use galvanized (zinc coated)or unlined steel containers. Spraying
should be done in manner weather, when rain is not anticipated for at least 6 hours
after spraying. Avoid spray drift to desirable crops.do not disturb spray weed for 7-12
days.
Recommendation for use Direction for use
Crop situation Weed controlled dilution dosage
Paddy (pre-tillage
and pre plant
treatments only)
Common weeds (grasses,
broad- leaves and sedges)
72 ml of product in 10 l
of water
4 l/ha
(1.6 l/ac)
Tea Common weeds in plucking 30ml of products in 10l
of water
1.7 l/ha
(680 ml
/ac)
Rhizomatous weed species
(catch and llluk) in uprooting
tea lands and non-crops lands
200ml of product in 10 l
of water
11.01/ ha
(4.4 l/ha)
Rhizomatous weed species
(catch and llluk) in ravines,
road- sides in tea lands.
100 ml of product in 10
l of water
5.5 l/ha
Spray volume requirement is 550
l/ha. Tea should not be plucked until
2 weeks after spraying. Not
recommended in young and pruned
tea in the first year of the cycle.
o Active ingredient: glyphosate (page no 5)
o Other chemical names: (page no 5)
o Chemical formula: (page no 5)
o Molar mass: (page no 5)
• Structure: (page no 5)
• Mechanism of action: (page no 5)
• Environmental impact: (page no 5)

25 | P a g e
• Precautions: (page no 5)
• Analytical method for quantification of active ingredient: (page no 5)
• Safety advices:
First aids: follow the instructions given below and obtain medical attention
immediately.
Eye contact- irrigate with eyewash solution or clean water, holding the eyelids apart,
slowly and gently for at least 15-20 minutes.
Skin contact- removes contaminated clothing. Wash skin immediately with soap and
water for 15-20 minutes. If skin irritation or sensitization persists, obtain medical
attention immediately.
Inhalation-remove patient from exposure, keep worm and rest. If person is not
breathing, give artificial respiration, preferably mouth to mouth if possible.
Ingestion –if person is conscious, give 1-2 glasses of water to drink. Induce vomiting
by sticking finger down throat.
• Reference:
1. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/glyphosate access on 19
march 2019 at 7.00 am

9. WEEDOL
• Self-life:2 years
• Reg no:02855
• Amount of Active ingredient: 360 g/l
• Batch no: 818
• Importance notes: weedol is post emergence, systemic weedicide which act as a total
weed killer.
• Recommended pest: it is recommended for the control of weeds such as couch and
illuk which has underground stems(Rhizomes)and also control the common weeds
Recommended for weed control in coconut, rubber plantations
• Active ingredient: glyphosate
o Active ingredient: glyphosate (page no 5)
o Other chemical names: (page no 5)
o Chemical formula: (page no 5)
o Molar mass: (page no 5)
• Structure: (page no 5)
• Mechanism of action: (page no 5)
• Environmental impact: (page no 5)
• Precautions: (page no 5)
• Analytical method for quantification of active ingredient: (page 5)
• First aids: (page 50)
• Reference: ( page 5)

27 | P a g e
10. BASUDIN
• Kind of pesticide: insecticide
• Recommended pest: cockroaches, silverfish, ants and fleas in residential , non-food
buildings
o Active ingredient: Diazinon
o Other chemical names: Diethoxy-[(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-
pyrimidinyl)oxy]thioxophosphorane
Basudin
Diazide
Spectracide
o Chemical formula : C12H21N2O3PS
o Physical properties: a colorless to dark brown liquid
• Structure:
Diazinon functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This enzyme breaks
down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into [choline] and an acetate group.
The inhibition of the AChE causes an abnormal accumulation of ACh in the synaptic
cleft.
When Diazinon enters the body, it is oxidatively degenerated to diaxozon, an
organophosphate compound that is much more poisoning than diazinon and causes
mainly the inhibition of AChE. The activation of diazinon (Reaction 1) is located in the
liver microsomal enzyme system and requires O2 and NADPH. Additionally, it can also
be degenerated via oxidation in the microsomal enzyme system (Reaction 2). Both
reactions are possible, and likely are catalyzed nonspecifically by the same mixed
function oxidase. Once formed diazoxon is biotransformed again as it is degenerated.
Diazoxon is degenerated due to the very effective hydrolyases in the microsomal and
other sub cellular factions within the liver (Reaction 3). Mammals degenerate
diazoxon at a much slower rate though (with a half-life of 2 to 6 weeks). Insects lack
this hydrolysis step, which allows the toxic species to accumulate rapidly. The
detoxification of diazoxon is processed through the mircosomal mixed function
oxidase system. Although not fully known, it is believed that this is the cause for the

selectivity of diazinon against insects. After the hydrolysis or oxidation diazinon is
further degenerated (Reaction 4).
Diazinon is considered to be of relatively high toxicity for vertebrates. The common method
of administering diazinon is absorption although inhalation is possible as well. The observed
toxification symptoms conform to other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Symptoms are as
follows:Colic, Diarrhea and/or vomiting,Vertigo, Headaches, Miosis, Bradycardia,
Sudden drop in blood pressure ,Convulsion, Apnea
Diazinon applied to soils can last for weeks or even months depending on the soil
environment. Diazinon has the potential to dissolve in water, move through soils and
contaminate groundwater. It was commonly found in drinking water sources. Bacteria,
sunlight and other chemical reactions break down diazinon in the environment over time
into other chemicals. After diazinon has been applied, some of the diazinon can escape into
the surrounding air, a process called volatilization. Diazinon can be taken up by plants and
moved throughout. The amount of diazinon in or on plants will decrease over time as the
diazinon is broken down by the plant and by the environment.
Diazinon is very highly toxic to birds, bees and most other insects. Studies show that
diazinon is moderately toxic to fish and amphibians, and is only slightly toxic to earthworms.
Diazinon was determined in wastewater using continuous flow methodologies coupled on
line with high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection. Two
continuous flow techniques (completely continuous flow and flow injection) both combined
with two separation methods (liquid-liquid extraction and adsorption resins) were used.
Adsorption resins proved more suitable for the low concentrations of pesticide, while liquid-
liquid extraction was more selective. Sample throughput for both methods was about 15 per
hour. No differences were seen in the chromatograms using either n-heptane (liquid-liquid)

29 | P a g e
or methanol (resin). Preconcentration depends on flow rates in the liquid-liquid extraction
and on time in the resin method.
• Safety advices:
o Product is poisonous if absorbed by skin contact or inhaled or swallowed.
o Repeated minor exposure may have a cumulative poisoning effect.
o Avoid contact with eyes and skin.
o Do not inhale spray mist.
o When opening the container and preparing spray wear cotton overalls buttoned
to the neck and wrist, a washable hat, elbow-length PVC gloves, face shield and
impervious footwear.
o When using the prepared spray wear cotton overalls buttoned to the neck and
wrist, a washable hat, elbow-length PVC gloves, impervious and half face piece,
respirator with combined dust and gas cartridge If product on skin, immediately
wash area with soap and water.
o After use and before eating, drinking or smoking, wash hands, arms and face
thoroughly with soap and water.
o After each day’s use, wash gloves, face shield, respirator and if rubber wash with
detergent and warm water, and contaminated clothing.
• First aids:
o EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush
victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while
simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any
ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions
from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a
hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all
contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with
soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if
no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport
the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.
o INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths
of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the
victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing,
shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.
Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown
atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal
to that advised under Protective Clothing.

o INGESTION: CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS ARE EXTREMELY TOXIC AND FAST-
ACTING POISONS. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital of poison control center and
transport the victim to a hospital. Atropine is an antidote for cholinesterase
inhibitors but should only be administered by properly trained personnel. In
the absence of this option and if the victim is conscious and not convulsing, it
may be worth considering the risk of inducing vomiting, even though the
induction of vomiting is not usually recommended outside of a physician's
care. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used to induce vomiting in such an
emergency. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by
mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her
side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.
• Current status:
• Reference:
1. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/Diazgen.html access on 20 march 2019 at 7.00 am
2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/diazinon access on 20 march 2019 at 7.00
am
3. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=511&tid=90 access on 20 march 2019 at 7.00
am

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