This document discusses various alternative fuels including methanol, ethanol, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and biodiesel. For each fuel, it describes how it is produced, its uses, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fossil fuels. The document concludes that developing alternative fuels is important both economically and environmentally given the limited supply of current fuels and the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels.

1. Alternative fuel
BY KARAN AGRAWAL SUBJECT:
CLASS: 12TH ECONOMICS

2. INDEX
S.NO PARTICULARS
01. WHAT DU YOU MEANT BY ALTERNATIVE FULE
02. TYPES OF ALTERNATIVES FULES
03. METHANOL
04. ETHANOL
05. NATURAL GAS
06. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
07. HYDROGEN
08. BIODIESEL
09. CONCLUSIONS

3. ALTERNATIVES FULES
Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and advanced fuels,
are any material or substance that can be used as a fuel in addition to
conventional fuels such as; Fossil fuels, as well as nuclear materials
such as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels
that are made in nuclear reactors.

4. TYPES OF ALTERNATIVES FULES
 METHANOL
 ETHANOL
 NATURAL GAS
 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
 HYDROGEN
 BIODIESEL

5. METHANOL
Methanol is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH₃OH. It is also
called 'methyl alcohol', 'wood alcohol', 'wood naphtha', methyl hydrate' and
'wood spirit'. It was called 'wood alcohol' because at one time it was often
obtained by breaking distillation of wood.
Formula : CH 3 OH
Molar mass : 32.04 g/mol
Boiling Point : 64.7 °C
Density : 792 kg/m³
Melting Point : -97.6 °C
Vapor pressure : 13.02 kPa

6. HOW IT IS PRODUCED
Methanol can be produced from natural gas, coal and
renewable sources such as municipal waste, biomass
and recycled carbon dioxide.
Methanol – CH3OH – is four parts hydrogen, one part
oxygen and one part carbon.
On an industrial scale, methanol is predominantly
produced from natural gas by reforming the gas with
steam and then converting and distilling the resulting
synthesized gas mixture to create pure methanol. The
result is a clear, liquid, organic chemical that is water
soluble and readily biodegradable.

7. USES OF METHANOL
 MANUFACTURING OF CHEMICALS
 DENATURING AGENT
 SOLVENTS
 FULES
 IT CAN BE APPLED ON THE SKIN FOR THE FOLLOWING
1. AS ANTISEPTIC
2. FOR CLEANING
3. ASTRINGENT PURPOSE

8. ADVANTAGES OF METHANOL
 RELATIVELY LOW IN COST
 LOWER RISK OF FLAMMABILITY UNLIKE GASOLINE
(IMPROVED SAFETY)
 IT CAN HELP LOWER UNITED STATES DEPENDENCE ON
IMPROTED PETROLEUM
 SAFER TO HANDEL THAN GASOLINE
 GREATER EFFICIENCY
 BURNS COOLER THAN GASOLINE

9. ETHANOL
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, or alcohol, a member of a class of
organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is
C2H5OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the
synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming
a mixture known as a gasohol). Ethanol is also the intoxicating ingredient of
many alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits.
Formula : C 2 H 5 OH
Molar mass : 46.07 g/mol
Density : 789 kg/m³
Melting Point : -114.1 °C
Boiling Point : 78.37 °C

10. HOW IT IS PRODUCED
The production method of ethanol depends on the type of
feedstock used. The process is shorter for starch- or sugar-based
feedstocks than with cellulosic feedstocks.
Most ethanol in the United States is produced from starch-based
crops by dry- or wet-mill processing. Nearly 90% of ethanol plants
are dry mills due to lower capital costs. Dry-milling is a process that
grinds corn into flour and ferments it into ethanol with co-products
of distillers grains and carbon dioxide. Wet-mill plants primarily
produce corn sweeteners, along with ethanol and several other co-
products (such as corn oil and starch). Wet mills separate starch,
protein, and fiber in corn prior to processing these components into
products, such as ethanol.

11. USES OF ETHANOL
 SOLVENT IN THE MANIFACTURE OF PERFUMES AND
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
 PRESERVATIVE FOR BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS.
 IN THE PREPARATION OF ESSENCES AND FLAVORINGS.
 IN MANY MEDICINES AND DURGS.
 AS A DISINFECTANT IN LAB AND HOSPITAL.
 AS A BIOFULE AND GASOLINE.
 IN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

12. ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL
 HIGHER FLAME SPEED.
 HIGHER HEATS OF VAPORIZATION.
 ETHANOL IS AN OXYGENATED FUEL THAT CONTAINS 35% OXYGEN WHICH
REDUCES NITOGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION.
 A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY EXTRACTED FROM PLANTS.
 THE FULE IS ECO-FRIENDLY AND SAVES THE ENVIRONMENT FROM THE
HAZARDS OF OTHER FOSSIL FUELS.
 THE DISCHARGES OF BENZENE AND BUTADIENCE THAT CAUSES CANCER IS
ALSO DECREASED BY 50 PERCENT.

13. NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is a mixture of several gases consisting mainly of methane and
0–20% other higher hydrocarbon (such as ethane ) gases. Natural gas is the
major source of fuel. It is found along with other fossil fuels. It is formed from
the rotten throat material of dead living beings frozen in the earth millions of
years ago. It is found in gaseous state. Generally it is a mixture of methane,
ethane, propane, butane, pentane , in which methane is found from 80 to
90% of the species. Apart from this, some impurities are also found, such as
sulfur, water vapor, etc. Delhi's bus transport system has become the world's
largest CNG-run transport system.
Boiling Point : −161.6°C (111.55 K)
Density : 0.717 kg/m3, gas
Melting Point : −182.5°C (90.6 K) at 1 atm 25 °C (298 K) at 1.5 G Pa

14. HOW IT IS PRODUCED
Although natural gas exploration and production is very similar to
crude oil, there a number of unique upstream natural gas industry
features. Because gas is much more mobile in reservoir rocks, the
recovery rates for natural gas tend to be significantly higher
compared to oil and the producing wells normally produce at plateau
rates over longer periods. The owners of gas resource have, as a
result, tended to enter into longer term depletion style gas contracts
pursuant to which all production from the reservoir is sold forward for
the life of the field. These longer-term sales contracts mean closer
relationships between gas buyers and sellers and should result in a
more predictable revenue stream over the life of the project. As a
result, in many ways natural gas projects are better suited to project
finance compared to crude oil projects.

15. USES OF NATURAL GAS
1. in fertilizer manufacturing
2. in making electricity
3. in city gas distribution
4. domestic gas use
5. as vehicle fuel
6. as fuel in factories

16. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS
 MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
 CHEAPER THAN GASOLINE
 SAFETY STORED AND BURNED
 EASILY TRANSPORTED
 MANY NATURAL RESOURCES STILL UNDER UTILIZED

17. DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL GAS
 DAMAGING TO ECOSYSTEM
 NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
 HIGHY FLAMMABLE
 COSTLY TRANSPORTATION
 MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CARBON MONOXIDE DEATHS

18. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called LP gas, any of several
liquid mixtures of the
volatile hydrocarbons propene, propane, butene, and butane. It
was used as early as 1860 for a portable fuel source, and its
production and consumption for both domestic and industrial use
have expanded ever since. A typical commercial mixture may also
contain ethane and ethylene, as well as a volatile mercaptan, an
odorant added as a safety precaution.
Melting Point : -188 °C or -306.4 °F
Boiling Point : -42 °C or -44 °F

19. HOW IT IS PRODUCED
 LPG is produced during oil refining or is extracted during the natural
gas production process. If you release LPG, gas is emitted. In order to
transport it, LPG needs to be placed under modest pressure to form a
liquid. It can then be stored and transported in LPG cylinders.
 Natural gas is extracted from deep within the earth and can contain
ethane, propane, butane and pentane. Australian homes typically
have hot water, appliances and heating fuelled by natural gas, which
is delivered in pipelines.

20. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS SAFETY TIPS
 ALWAYS ENSURE LPG GAS CYLINDER IS KEPT IN A WELL
VENTILATED PLACE.
 DO NOT CONNECT PR DISCONNECT CYLINDERS NEAR A
NAKED FLAME.
 KEEP CYLINDERS COOL AWAY FROM FLAMES , SPARKS AND
HEAT.
 ALWAYS KEEP THE CYLINDER IN AN UPRIGHT POSITION AT
GROUND LEVEL.
 STORES GAS COOKER ON A STABLE PLATFORM AT LEAST 6
INCHES ABOVE THE CYLINDERS LEVEL.

21. ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL L.P.G
 DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED, REDUNING USE OF IMPORTED
PETROLEUM
 LOWER EMISSIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
 MORE RESISTANT TO ENGINE KNOCK
 ADDED VEHICLE COST IS VERY SMALL

22. DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL L.P.G
 CAN ONLY BE USED IN FLEX-FULE VEHICLES
 LOWER ENERGY CONTENT, RESULTING IN FEWER MILES PER
GALLON
 LIMITED AVAILABILITY
 CURRENTLY EXPENSIVE TO PRODUSE

23. HYDROGEN
Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendis in 1766. He obtained it by the reaction of
dilute sulfuric acid on iron and named it flammable air. In 1883 Lavaschie named it
hydrogen because it burns with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen is a chemical
element.
Icon : H
Atomic Number : 1
Atomic Mass : 1.00784 u
Atomic Radius : 53 mm
Electron Configuration : 1s 1
Year of Discovery : 1766
Inventor : Henry Cavendish

24. HOW IT IS PRODUCED
 IN PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, HYDROGEN IS
USED FOR IMPROVING CRUDE OIL FOR BETTER USE.
 HYDROGEN IS ALSO USED WITH FOODS FOR OIL AND FATS.
 HYDROGEN WAS ALSO USED AS GAS IN EARLY 20TH
CENTURIES.
 FOR FILLINGS BALLOONS (HYDROGEN GAS MUSH LIGHTER
THAN AIR HOWEVER IT IGNITES EASILY).
 LIQUID H2 IS IMPORTANT IN THE STUDY OF
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SINCE ITS MELTING POINT IS ONLY JUST
ABOVE ABSOLUTE ZERO.

25. ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN
 IT’S A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE AND BOUNTIFUL IN SUPPLY
 NUMEROUS SOURCES TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN LOCALLY
 IT IS PRACTICALLY A CLEAN ENERGY SOURCE
 HYDROGEN ENERGY IS NON-TOXIC
 THE USE OF HYDROGEN GREATLY REDUCES POLLUTION
 IT’S FAR MORE EFFICIENT THAN OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY
 USED FOR POWERING SPACE SHIPS
 A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM

26. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN
 HYDROGEN ENERGY IS EXPENSIVE
 STORAGE COMPLICATIONS
 IT’S NOT THE SAFEST SOURCE OF ENERGY
 TRICKY TO MOVE AROUND
 IT IS DEPENDENT ON FOSSIL FULES
 HYDROGEN ENERGY CANNOT SUSTAIN THE POPULATION

27. BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel. Biodiesel
can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste
cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called
transesterification. This process is described in more detail below. The largest
possible source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or
soybean. In the UK rapeseed represents the greatest potential for biodiesel
production. Most biodiesel produced at present is produced from waste vegetable
oil sourced from restaurants, chip shops, industrial food producers such as
Birdseye etc. Though oil straight from the agricultural industry represents the
greatest potential source it is not being produced commercially simply because the
raw oil is too expensive. After the cost of converting it to biodiesel has been added
on it is simply too expensive to compete with fossil diesel. Waste vegetable oil can
often be sourced for free or sourced already treated for a small price.

28. THE BIODIESEL CYCLE

29. ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
 HIGH AVAILABILITY
 HIGH TRANSMISSIBILITY
 HIGH BIODEGRADABILITY
 HIGH RENEWABILITY
 HIGH COMBUSTION
 HIGH ENERGY SAFETY
 HIGH FLASH POINT

30. DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
 HIGH VISCOSITY
 HIGH POUR POINT
 HIGH NOX EMISSION
 LOW VOLATILITY
 LOW ENERGY CONTENT
 COLD IGNITION PROBLEM

31. CONCLUSIONS
OUR DEPENDENCE ON ENERGY IS CENTRAL TO OUR ECONOMY
AND WAY OF LIFE. ECONOMICALLY, WE NEED TO UTILIZE NEW
AND RENEWABLE TYPES OF FULES, AS OUR SUPPLIES OF MANY
CURRENT FULES ARE VERY LIMITED. ENVIRONMENTALLY,
BURNING FOSSIL FULES HAS BEEN GREATLY AFFECTING AND
DAMAGING OUR PLANET.
THUS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO COMPARE ALL TYPES OF FUELS, IN
ORDER TO DETERMINES THE BEST ONES, ECONOMICALLY AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY, SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM. FOR THIS
WE NEED TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE FULES.