The following pages document my responses to the online discussion questions in the Spring 2017 version of ARC 211 American Diversity and Design at the University at Buffalo – State University of New York.

1. University at Buffalo – State University of
New York
ARC 211 – American Diversity and Design –
Spring 2017
Online Discussion Questions
By Nick Di Giguno

2. Introduction
My name in Nick Di Giugno. I am a Diversity and Design student perusing a
degree in aerospace engineering. After having taken ARC 211 I must say, I have
learned a lot. I leaned about social issues that day in and day out stare me right in
my face, however, I was too ignorant to acknowledge them or even realize they
were there. I also found it really interesting just how much cultural, social,
economic, and religious diversity affects the ways in which we design our lives
and everything in them. I believe my viewpoints have changed on many subjects
after taking this course. I am more prone to think deeply about things I once took
for granted such as designs of homes, buildings, public spaces and individuals. I
have also made a conscious effort to think about people and their situation before I
form a judgment about them. Below is a picture of me visiting New York’s
Niagara Falls for the first time!
The following pages document my responses to the online discussion questions in
the Spring 2017 version of ARC 211 American Diversity and Design at the
University at Buffalo – State University of New York.

3. Module 1

4. Thread 1: Introduction
This thread provides you with an opportunity to "meet" each other and initiate a
connection with participants in your group. In responding to this discussion thread, please
introduce yourself and provide us with one interesting fact about yourself. After posting
your introduction, take a look through and reply to some of the others. The purpose of this
exercise is to develop a sense of community. You might find that you share similar
experiences and can help each other in many ways throughout the semester.
“Hey everyone, it's good to "meet" all of you. My name is Nick Di Giugno and I study
aerospace engineering here at UB. I just recently joined this class but I am really excited to begin
learning more about design and architecture. I've always had an interest in this area so it's cool
that this class is offered and also satisfies a gen Ed! I look forward to interacting with you and
the other classmates this semester.”
This class has been different than I expected, however I still enjoy it. I expected to learn
more about the architecture of structures but I do understand the place that all of these subjects
hold. I appreciate design more now than I ever have and I find it amazing how much thought and
work goes into designing pretty much everything I take for granted.
Nicholas Di Giugno

5. Thread 2: Response to “What Is Design?” By Hello World
On “What is design?” from Hello World: Where Design Meets Life by Alice Rawsthron
The author opened her chapter with the example of Ying Zheng, the ruler of the Qin
empire, one of the most powerful and enduring empires I the history of China. She
explained how design innovation contributed to Ying Zheng’s success. For example, in the
development of weaponry, he resolved many problems by standardizing parts, and this
single innovation gave his armies great advantage over other armies.
For this discussion, let’s move away from 246 B.C. China, and into the U.S. Describe an
innovation or invention (can be current or historical) that gave advantage to a group of
people in the U.S. or to the population as a whole. What were the social impacts of this
innovation? Were any groups negatively impacted by this innovation? For example, the
telegraph, developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel
Morse, permitted people and commerce to transmit messages across both continents and
oceans almost instantly, with widespread social and economic impacts. This heightened
communication speed allowed business persons to make decisions with up-to-date
information, often resulting in big profits. Those without access had to rely on out-dated
information, which put them at a disadvantage.
“Likely the biggest social
impact in the last hundred
years came from the
introduction of the
Internet. specifically, social
media like Facebook,
Instagram, Snapchat, Etc. In
my lifetime alone (and I am
not very old), I have
witnessed the power social
media has over individuals
as well as populations,

6. communities and whole countries. From the recent political drama that has been covered by
countless news sources and shared all over Facebook and Twitter to the picture your "best
friend" posted on Snapchat from the party you weren't invited to, social media affects us whether
or not we want it to. It is just as much a part of our social lives as actual one on one conversation,
and in many cases, even more. While it has many positive effects such as reconnecting long lost
friends and even connecting distant family members for the first time, it also has negative
impacts on individuals and populations. Online bullying, social awkwardness, and distraction are
just a few. But regardless of how social media has impacted our generation, it is likely here to
stay, grow, and change just as we do. Whether or not one is the effect of the other is up to us to
decide.”
Online bullying may or may not begin online, but even if it does, it sure doesn’t end there. In
school and on the playgrounds bullying continues and the online aspect is just another tool
bullies use to attack a victim. I think there needs to be better ways to stop this kind of thing. I
like the new features of Instagram, where you can report certain users and/or flag their
comments. The user then gets reviewed and depending on what the reviewers find, that user may
lose his/her account. There needs to be a system like this integrated into every social media site.

7. Thread 3: Response to “Introduction” from Diversity and
Design
Now it’s your turn. Describe a design that was impacted by a diversity group. How and
why did it change form and/or circumstances? (Note that a design can be anything
requiring planning and development prior to the production of an action, system, visual,
material object, or environment. Also, keep in mind that, for our purposes, a diversity
group is a group of individuals who are underrepresented in society in some way—
children, older adults, the economically disadvantaged, those with cognitive disabilities,
etc.)
“When the first iPhone was introduced to the world in 2007, revolutionary would have been
an understatement. It brought texting, web browsing, movie watching, song playing and so much
more into the hands of millions of people. One device for all of your media consumption,
leisurely web surfing, and
communication all wrapped into a
slim, industrial design. Maybe the
biggest stand out feature was the
capacitive touchscreen found on the
single slab of glass at the front of the
device. With
a programmable display, software
updates could introduce new
"buttons" and gestures, something
that was unheard of on a tactile interface such as a blackberry. This cool, at the time futuristic,
tech was warmly welcomed by the majority of consumers. But where the iPhone failed was with
the blind and visually impaired. They couldn't feel their way around the display like they could
with a blackberry or flip phone. Without any raised surfaces or buttons, an iPhone to a blind
person was just a vibrating chunk of glass and aluminum. To help correct this issue, Apple
introduced a feature known as "accessibility" which allowed for the display contents to be read

8. aloud to the user. Now a visually impaired person could hear his/her email, be read the paper or
listen to a book. The voice could even guide the user's finger to the correct, now enlarged, button
on the iPhone's display.”
While assistive touch is useful to blind people, it is also a great adjustment for the deaf, the
illiterate and even people who aren’t visually impaired. For example, an option to make your
iPhone’s flash go off when you receive a text is helpful for deaf people and for people who have
nerve problems and can’t feel their phones vibrate. However, this feature is also great for those
of us who just want to make sure we don’t miss that important call.

9. Module 3

10. Thread 1: Response to “Industrial Design” by John Heskett
and “The Incredible Inventions of Intuitive AI” by Maurice
Conti
In his chapter on industrial design (written in 1987), historian John Heskett claims that the
methods of mass production introduced by Henry Ford in the U.S. involved new concepts
of the standardization and integration of the production line that were adopted across the
world. With Ford’s method, work could be completed by relatively unskilled workers; it
was more efficient and with this method, products were made more quickly and cheaply
than previously possible. What were some of the social consequences of Ford’s production
line? In other words, how did this system change our U.S. society? Do any of those changes
remain with us today? Now consider Maurice Conti’s TED Talk, and the predictions he
makes about production. How do you think manufacturing processes will change in the
next twenty years? How do you think these changes will affect our U.S. society?
“Ford's assembly line changed the way the United States, and eventually the world, produced
and manufactured goods. Along with this great change
came some social consequences, some of which we
still feel today. When the assembly line was
introduced, production speed and quantity exploded
and thus, thousands, if not millions, of jobs were
created. This is obviously a positive effect, however, as
time went on, Ford’s assembly design received
modifications. Over the decades, many processes have
become more and more automated. More precision-intensive tasks are performed by
programmable robots and machines, making a human worker obsolete at his/her job. Another
social effect was the demand and expectation the assembly line created among American
consumers. People began wanting more and more at a cheaper and cheaper price. This forced
producers to lessen the quality of their products in order to decrease spending and increase

11. turnaround time to meet consumer needs. This is something that is still evident today and a
reason America chooses to outsource so many of its consumer-fueled companies.
After having watched Maurice Conti’s TED Talk, I have no doubt that computer manufactured
goods will continue in the next 20 years and so on. Automated design and construction is already
pretty popular in industry but the idea of having the robots think and make design decisions on
their own is a whole different story. As for the effects this will have on society, it can go a few
different ways. It can definitely help the human race make better decisions for themselves (like
how to fix global warming) but it can also be somewhat of an economic crisis in terms of job
loss in factories. I guess it’s a little bit too early to tell for sure though and so I guess we will just
have to wait to find
out!”
Like I mentioned above, there are many negative effects of automation. The main ones being
loss of jobs as well as increase in pollution. As companies get larger, they require more machines
which require more power. Much of the power does not come from renewable sources and so,
greater and greater amounts of toxic waste and CO2 are being pumped into our Earth’s soil,
water and air.

12. Thread 2: Response IDEA Awards and Cradle-To-Cradle
Video
NOTE: Use the first three part of the SEE-IT method of critical thinking (State, Elaborate,
Exemplify) to address the following questions:
Which of the 2016 IDEA Gold Award products seems to defy the Cradle-to-Cradle concept
developed by architect William McDonough and chemist Dr. Michael Braungart? How
does this product resist or disregard the concept? Provide an example of any product that
embraces Cradle-to-Cradle design. Please describe and cite your source.
“Cradle to cradle design is a concept that promotes environmental as well as consumer economic
stability and sustainability. The idea pushes designers to create products made of natural and
sustainable resources which, after use, can then be broken back down into their original
components and
returned to the
environment or
reused in another
product. A good
example of cradle to
cradle design is the
G diaper. This
diaper, unlike nearly
all other baby
diapers, is able to be
composted into plant
food and is fully decomposable. Each year, millions of diapers end up in landfills, many of them
carrying materials that can not be broken down by natural processes. G diaper aims to fix that
and I think they are doing a really good job. An IDEA Gold Award product that goes against
cradle to cradle design is the RE camera by HTC. This is a fascinating device meant to capture
moments in both photo and video, however it fails when it comes to being an environmentally

13. sustainable product. The hard plastics, glass lenses, polymer batteries and circuit boards that
make up the RE camera are either not recyclable or extremely difficult to recover and reuse in
other products.”
We need more products like the G diaper so that our entire planet doesn’t end up looking like the
picture above. Cradle to cradle design is more than just an idea. It’s a concept that can help us
correct the bad, preserve the good and make our future one worth living for

14. Module 4

15. Thread 2: Response to All Module 4 Materials
Your readings and viewings this week present different ways of thinking about
architecture. Mies Van der Rohe describes architecture as “The will of the epoch translated
into space.” Andrew Ballantyne describes architecture as the background for life. Jeanne
Gang describes it as the act of building relationships. All agree that architecture can
change based on context and culture. Choose two works of architecture from any of your
materials this week—one with sensibilities about the past and one with sensibilities about
the present and/or future. How do each of these buildings either reflect or challenge their
cultural contexts? (Use the SEE-IT method to respond to this question.)
“In Jeanne Gang's TED talk, she talks a lot about the community space that she designed called
the Arcus Center. I was pretty blown away by how many features were planned out and then
implemented into this building. It brought so much utility in such a beautiful package. I think the
design really plans ahead for what the future might bring, with its modern architecture and
versatile layout. I especially liked the wall of trees
that was implemented into this building. It is both
aesthetically pleasing as well as environmentally
proactive. The building brings people together and
also brings people closer to nature and the
community. Something else I found intriguing was
the use of chitin and the silk worms. I thoroughly
enjoyed Neri Oxman's TED talk and I wish more
people were aware of the kinds of technology Neri
and her team have been working on. I believe she is
pushing our future in the right direction.
She challenges social norms and pushes the limits
of biology and engineering to bring us closer
together and closer to our planet.”

16. The residential high-rise in Chicago with the wind-channeling balconies is one of my favorite
designs. It’s structurally practical while also adding to the social experience of the residents. Not
to mention, it looks awesome. I would love to see more buildings designed like this.

17. Thread 2: Response to Ballantyne and Zumthor Articles
Andrew Ballantyne and Peter Zumthor present ideas about architecture that seem to value
the sensorial and material elements of life. How are Ballantyne’s and Zumthor’s viewpoints
on architecture alike? More importantly, how do they differ? (Use the SEE-IT method to
respond to this question.)
First off, I am not an architecture student. I have always looked at architecture from a very
structural and aesthetic standpoint. However, after having read those articles, I see architecture
has so much of a deeper meaning and I see how personal it really is. The two
authors, Ballantyne and Zumthor did a good job of expressing the depth that
architecture carries. They both agree that architecture holds so much more than the pure aesthetic
appeal it might bring to one’s life. People like tourists enjoy taking pictures of buildings and
looking at them later to once again gaze at their structural beauty. However, like Ballantyne says,
it's tough to actually appreciate the humanistic design, past the visual design, when looking back
at that photo. Where Zumthors opinion differs from Ballantyne's is when he [Zumthor] begins
talking about how the materials and photos can bring him back to the memories created by
design. It seems as though, from Zumthors view, design and architecture create a feeling that can
be relived and does not have to be
experienced again in order to be
appreciated. Ballantyne goes
slightly beyond this idea as he
believes design and architecture is
only fully appreciated when it's in
the very midst of the beholder. He
believes in order to truly experience
architecture, you must view it as a
part of what shapes your ways of
thinking and doing and the many
roles it plays in your life. Nicholas Di Giugno

18. I tend to side more with Zumthor’s ideas about architecture. I think photos can be extremely
powerful and, while looking at a skyscraper in person is preferred, photos have a power to take
you back and allow you to relive that period in time.

19. Module 5

20. Thread 1: Response to Levy Article
John Levy’s article, “An Overview: The Need for Planning,” discussed ways in which
planning can determine the characteristics of a place. For example, some smaller towns
restrict the heights of buildings to maintain a certain scale. How did planning define the
character of the place in which you grew up?
“I grew up in a small town called Goshen, about an hour or so North of Manhattan. It is built
from a farming town and actually still is mostly a farming community. The town I call my home
has miles and miles of open fields used for agriculture and long, long roads for commercial semi
trucks to easily navigate after stocking up on produce from the farms. My house as well as the
ones around me are larger, newer homes with plenty of privacy and anchorage. Just a few
minutes drive towards the village and things begin to change. Schools, mom and pop shops, and
restaurants all start to pop up, but still maintained is the beautiful history of my town through
statues and old brick buildings and paved roadways. Once you are in the village, everything is
within walking or biking distance, which I love. The court, the popular bagel shop, the many
parks that sprawl throughout the town and the gorgeous church steeples that poke up from the
horizon like permanent, stone fireworks. Many of the Goshen residents bike through the village
thanks to our large sidewalks and low speed limit streets. The town bike shop supplies customers
with the best cycles and fair prices so it's easy for anyone to join the pedal scene. In fact, we even
have a bike race every year called the "Tour de Goshen" in which Goshen residents gear up and
ride throughout the village and town. Something that many Goshen people miss however, is a
local super market. Due to our small size and important historical sites, we are forced to travel to
the next town over in order to get most consumer goods and groceries. During the warmer
months, we do have the farmers market which offers very fresh, local produce but that still
doesn't quench the demand for a Walmart or other super shopping center. Personally, I love my
hometown and wouldn't change it even a little bit. I don't think it's an issue taking the 7 minute

21. drive to the town over. I actually prefer that, as it keeps the big business and ugly industry out of
our backyards.”
This is a painting of the
historic racetrack in Goshen.
The horse racing track is the
oldest track in the United
States that is still in use
today.

22. Thread 2: Response to Pruitt Igoe Project, Talen, and
Larson
Imagine that you are part of a urban planning and design firm working with Emily Talen
(author of “Design That Enables Diversity”) and Kent Larson (who gave the TED
Talk "Brilliant Designs to Fit More People In Every City"The thee of you have been tasked
with developing a plan to rebuild Pruitt Igoe in St. Louis. City officials told the three of you
that that they want to do it right this time. Identify three strategies for rebuilding Pruitt
Igoe in ways that promise to be more successful. What would Talen do? What would
Larson do? What would you do? How would your strategies differ from those of the
original urban planners/designers of the project? Why would your strategies be more
effective?
“The Pruitt Igoe story is one that is very eye-opening and I believe we can all learn a lot from
what happened there in saint Louis. If Pruitt igoe was to be redone today, I think it could have a
good chance and even flourish with the right design. Firstly, I would take cues from Talen. I
believe one of the main reasons for failure at Pruitt Igoe was the lack of both economic and
political diversity in the area. There were no layers in the demographic that lived in the high rises
and so when one section collapsed, the domino effect carried through to the rest of the
population. Like Talen says, "The appropriate question for planners is not whether the built
environment creates diversity, but whether diversity thrives better, or can be sustained longer,
under certain physical conditions...". It is not necessarily that Pruitt Igoe failed at
creating diversity so much as its location and directed market failed to supply the fuel used for a
thriving, diverse community. Something I would apply to Pruitt Igoe is a better marketing plan
that appeals to people of all walks of life with varying price points for spaces throughout the
community. I would also choose a location that is closer to an already culturally diverse
community. This might help kick-start a more heterogeneous population. To further make the
Pruitt Igoe project a better place overall, I am fully on board with incorporating ideas from
Larson's Ted talk. Things like foldable cars would save a lot of money and space, moving walls
would create a more luxurious and personalized experience so people of various incomes and

23. backgrounds could customize their spaces to more comfortably fit they and their family.
Technology will definitely be in future homes but we do have to integrate it correctly. I like the
idea Larson has to build "dumb" homes with smart technology added to it. This allows for easier
updating when new tech comes out as well as more customization. Finally, I would make sure
Pruitt Igoe was properly maintained. A big reason for its failure was the eventual lack of
custodial upkeep. I know from experience living off campus, maintenance of a housing complex
has a HUGE impact on the way the residents live and feel. I believe all of these strategies would
be more effective mostly because they are the opposite of many of the reasons for which Pruitt
Igoe failed in the first place.”
Cars like this foldable one are both electric
(eco-friendly) and space-conserving. Two
key things we should pay attention to when
designing our future.

24. Module 6

25. Thread 1: Response to F.L. Olmsted
Displaying his plan at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Frederick Law
Olmsted stated that "Buffalo is the best planned city, as to its streets, public places, and
grounds, in the United States, if not in the world." What was the basis for this claim?
Would Olmsted still make that claim today? Why or why not?
“When Frederick Law Olmsted first visited Buffalo, it was a very wealthy and up in coming
city. The impression it made on Olmsted was very positive. From its clean streets to its modern
buildings and people-friendly setup to the forward-thinking mayor, it was no wonder why
Buffalo was beginning to make its mark.
If Olmsted saw Buffalo today, I think he
would be quite impressed. I recently
visited Niagara Falls after they did some
work to the area and it is really beautiful.
I think it still does a good job making
tourists focus on the beauty of the falls.
The only distracting thing about Niagara
Falls are the falls themselves and the
beautiful landscape surrounding it. As for Buffalo as a whole, I can't speak too much regarding
how Olmsted would feel today. As a sophomore, not born in this area, I have really only seen
Amherst. Honestly, Amherst is extremely commercial and concrete so I'm not sure Olmsted
would approve. I think it lacks any connection with nature. It is, however, very convenient and
consumer friendly but again, there isn't much green space at all. I have heard that Buffalo is
again on the rise and will be put back on the map soon, so maybe in a few years, Olmsted would
like it even more than he would now.”
Above is a picture of Niagara Falls and its surrounding area (United States on the left side). The
piece of land through which you travel in order to get to the falls is known as “Goat Island” and
is a very green area full of scenic walking trails. From the trials you can see many different

26. walks of life and with the sound of the falls roaring in the background, Goat Island is a fantastic
little slice of nature in the big city of Buffalo. I wish Olmsted could see this area and experience
its beauty today. I think he would give it two thumbs up.

27. Thread 2: Response to Walter Hood’s Work
Identify something that should be memorialized either on UB's campus or in your
hometown. Imagine that you are the person who will oversee this project, and that you are
using Walter Hood's 'triad of investigations' as your approach to the project. What would
your landscape intervention commemorate/memorialize? How will you use Hood's 'triad of
investigations' to design a new landscape intervention? What do you imagine that the
design will be? (Either written or visual descriptions are acceptable).
“If I were to memorialize something in my hometown, it would be the public library. Plans
recently went through to tear down the historic building and replace it with a modern, up to date
library. If it were up to me, I would keep the old bookshelves, along with some books and put
them in the new library, in their own section, commemorating the old library and the old ways of
book keeping. People could still use it and check out the books if they want to. I would also put
some plaques around the new library that told readers what used to be in that very spot in the
original library. I also think it would be very cool to take a 3D tour of the old library, taking the
footage now while it is still in use so it can be played for people in the future. The library is a
huge part of the town and if it must be removed and replaced, I think these ways as well as some
others would do a good job encapsulating a very important piece of the town's history.”
Here is a picture of Goshen’s current public library. As
you can see, it is an old, beautiful building and it matches
very nicely with the rest of the town’s buildings. I think
another way to memorialize it, in a sense, is to leave the
shell of the building, or at least the façade, and then update
what is inside instead of knocking it down and creating an
entirely new building. That way it will remain a familiar
“face” in town and generations to come will be able to
appreciate its beauty.

28. Module 7

29. Thread 1: Response to The Brookes
The abolitionist poster, the Brookes, is an iconic image that often is included in exhibits
that explore issues of race and power. It was commissioned by Thomas Clarkson in 1788,
and the Committee of the Abolition of Slavery used it to inform and shock the
public. While some consider the poster as an important component of the abolitionist
campaign, it recently “has been strongly criticized by some individuals and groups of
African heritage as providing a very limited view of the history of the transatlantic slave
trade, resistance and abolition (Hudson 2007).” The lesson here is that how a viewer sees an
image is dependent upon his/her social, economic, and cultural position. Keeping this in
mind, find another iconic graphic that addresses racial issues and post it for others in your
group to view. (Add it to your response by clicking on the picture in the tools section.
Do not add it as an attachment that needs to be opened.) How do you interpret the graphic?
What is its meaning? Now imagine that someone from a racial and cultural background
different than your own is looking at the same graphic. Briefly describe this person. How
might s/he interpret its meaning? How might this differ from your interpretation? What
are the possible reasons for these differences? (Consider the three assessment principles
mentioned in the article to help you: a technology of vision, an instrument of empathy, and
a symbol of control.) (NOTE: Limit your response to less than 250 words.)
“This image is a painting by Edouard Manet called Olympia. At the time it was controversial, not
because of its racist depiction, but because
it was seen as vulgar and immoral. When I
look at the picture, I don't think of it as
vulgar as much as I do racist. It clearly
shows a white woman reclined and relaxed
on comfortable pillows while a black
woman furthers her comfort. It also doesn't
seem like the black woman is very happy
but that might just be the way I see it. If

30. someone from an African American race were to see this painting in circulation today, I don't
believe they would be very thrilled with it. I obviously can't speak for them but again, I think it
definitely has racist connotations and I think people of that race would agree. Some may still
even think of it as vulgar due to the naked depiction of the woman.”
Instead of adding an extra picture, I will build more upon the one above. After reading some
other responses to this thread, I think people today would react to this image even more strongly
than I originally anticipated. It really exhibits strong racist ideals and todays generation just
doesn’t seem to take stuff like that lightly. I would be interesting to see just how people would
react if this was to be recirculated. I still think people would be more upset with the racism rather
than the nudity.

31. Thread 2: Response to Charles Davis and equityXdesign’s
Work
Critique either the MLK Memorial or the National Museum of African American History
and Culture using equityXdesign’s core beliefs and/or design principles. (Use the beliefs or
principles that are most relevant to your critique rather than all of them.) (NOTE: Limit
your response to less than 250 words.)
“I am going to choose the MLK memorial as I think it best represents equityXdeisgn's core
beliefs. I definitely think it agrees with belief number one as it shows how far we have come as a
people and as a nation. It shows us today as a united country and praises the man who lead the
cause to make that statement a truth. It shows who we are now while also acknowledging who
we were in the past and what led us to this point. The memorial also agrees with belief number
two. I believe it stays true to radical inclusion as it welcomes people of various skin colors
together and addresses the controversial past for which it stands. It does this visually via the
sheer magnitude and beauty of the memorial and also through the words written on the plaque
with a quote as well as MLK's name and [birth and death] dates. Design principle number three
also applies to the MLK memorial. The memorial, as stated above, depicts equity but does so in a
nonviolent and action-oriented way. More importantly is what the memorial itself stands for. The
tactics of MLK were themselves nonviolent and involved the help of many many people in order
to be successful.”

32. The Martin Luther King Jr.
Memorial promotes positive ideals
while at the same time, making us
remember how those ideals played
an important role in our history. We
live in the present, however, we live
through our history whether we like
it or not. We must learn it and take
from it in order to live a better
future. This is what the memorial looks like today. I think it is a bit ironic and also symbolic that
MLK’s face and body are of white stone. I think it shows how, after all of these years, color has
become transparent. While it does matter than MLK was colored, today it plays a smaller role.
He was a figure who stood up for what he and millions of others believed was right and the very
color of his memorial I think resonates with his ideas.

33. Module 8

34. Thread 1: Response to “Landscape Stories” Chapter
First, let’s start with your own home. Describe a place in your home (indoors and/or
outdoors) that you think of as representative of your own ethnic background and discuss
why you consider this place to be ‘ethnic’. –OR-- Describe an object in your home that you
think of as representative of your ethnic background and discuss why this object is
considered to be ‘ethnic’. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this object or place something that
you will keep or continue when you establish your own home? Why or why not?
Now let’s move into your community. In “Landscape Stories,” the authors show how
landscape architects develop a historical narrative that sifts through and interpets the
culture and material of underrepresented groups. Think about the community where you
grew up. Describe and discuss any evidence of cultural influences on the physical
environment in your community. If possible, describe evidence of the cultural influence of
an underrepresented group. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this cultural influence being
acknowledged or preserved from future generations? Why or why not? (Limit your
response to 250 words.)
“My ethnicity is mostly Korean and Italian with a bit French and German, however my family
and I mostly define ourselves as the first two. Something in our home that exemplifies this is a
vertical painting of our Italian last name "Di Giugno" written in Korean. I wish I had a picture to
show everyone because it is actually quite beautiful. The calligraphy is meticulously carried out
and overall has a very pleasing aesthetic. I likely won't have this in my home because it is a one
of a kind thing, however, I would not be opposed to having one made for myself.”

35. “The town I grew up in is full to the brim with
rich American history. From statues of our
town's founders to museums to historic [horse]
race tracks, Goshen is that makes you feel like
you're part of something greater. We are all very
proud of our history and it shows. There is also
another way Goshen is influenced by culture and
that is through the large population of Mexicans
who have immigrated there over the years. Many
small shops and local businesses are run by
Mexicans and they have brought their culture
and ethnic ideals with them. Evidence of this can
be found throughout the town from genuine taco
shacks to Mexican produce stores and barber
shops. What's nice is that they for sure have the
rest of the town's stamp of approval. They bring
good business to our small town and they do it in
a convenient and, many times, delicious way.”
Above are pictures that I added after having re-read my responses. I was not able to get a picture
of my name, however, I took a screenshot of a Google Translated version of my last name to
from English to Korean (A translation from Italian to Korean was much too literal). I don’t
believe it is very accurate, however, it hopefully gives a rough idea of how the painting looks.
The second picture is of the statue in the main intersection of Goshen known as the “Orange
Blossoms Monument”. It commemorates the 124th
New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

36. Thread 2: Response to Article on Sports Branding
Recent controversies about sports branding focus on ethnicity. The Washington Redskins
team is just one example of the larger controversy, but it receives the most public attention
due to the name itself being defined as derogatory or insulting in modern dictionaries, and
the prominence of the team representing the nation’s capital. Should sports team branding
designers use ethnic references (Fighting Irish, Boston Celtics, Atlanta Braves, etc.)? Why?
Why not? What are some of the complexities of this issue? (Limit your response to 150
words.)
“In my personal opinion, I think the names are fine and quite harmless. Many of them have been
around for years and years and have become, themselves, a part of American culture. There is
rarely, if ever, any evidence suggesting these names have any mal intentions. We as humans are
a culture that has named things after ourselves, our surroundings, and our people since the
beginning of our time on Earth. To even suggest taking that away is, in my opinion, the most
harmful idea pertaining to this topic. I truly do believe people and cultures need to stop letting so
many smaller things bother them and just learn to be comfortable and confident in their own
skin. It is obvious that these names are not meant to poke fun at or exploit any of these groups. I
say if it's known that these names have no intention of harming anybody, then the people who
are getting upset by them have no reason to claim them as anything other than harmless.”
I still share the same opinion as myself when I
wrote this response. There is not much that I
would change about my response as I think it is
short and to the point. It hits every main idea I
have about this topic. Here is a picture of

37. Module 9

38. Thread 1: Response to “Visualizing Gender” Chapter
In their chapter “Communicating Gender,” Maya Ganesh and Gabi Sobliye discuss two
primary visual advocacy approaches: 1) get the idea, and 2) stories in data. Find a new
example of either of the two visual advocacy approaches to gender issues, and post it in this
thread. Cite the source.
First, identify the approach. Then explain how the designer uses the approach to
communicate a gender issue. Is the approach effective in this example? Why or why not?
How could this graphic be improved? (Limit your response to 200 words.)
“The approach to this image is a "get the idea" approach. There are no facts or statistics to help
the claim, however, the image itself does a great job relaying its message. It consists simply of
the symbols for male and female fused together, stemming from a
cingle circle. The unifying circle shows how males and females
can be brought together and coincide in unison. The biggest
proponent to this image's message though Is the equal sign inside
of the circle. It shows that, although males and females can be
together, male and female are also equivalent values. Simply put,
the image implies males and females are equal. Period. I think the
image does a great job relaying its purpose. It is simple, and easy
to understand. It can maybe be improved if there was more color,
however that might take away from its simplicity. It also might
contradict the original message as the male and female signs are oftentimes color coded based on
"boy and girl colors". When everything is black, everything is cohesive and everything is equal.”

39. To help further explain the “get the idea approach”, I went ahead and found some other images
that I think do a good job portraying it.

40. Thread 2: Response to Bathroom Bill
Last year, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed into law a bill that repealed local
LGBT anti-discrimination laws, and required people to use the bathroom that
corresponded with the biological gender written on their birth certificates. This prompted
massive backlash. McCrory stated, “You know, we all have to make adjustments in life.
And we’ve had the proper etiquette situation for decades in our country, and all of a
sudden through political correctness we’re throwing away basic etiquette.” Just this past
Thursday, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a bill to repeal the law while
placing a moratorium on nondiscrimination measures.
Should people be required to use the bathroom that corresponds with the biological gender
written on their birth certificate? State why AND state why not. In other words, to receive
full credit for this question, you need to present an argument for both sides of the issue. As
a designer, how would you solve this gender dilemma? Use the SEE-IT method to respond
to this question. (Limit your response to less than 250 words.)
“I am not entirely sure where I stand when it comes to whether or not
people should be required to use the bathroom that corresponds with
the gender written on their birth certificate. I do, however, see valid
arguments for either side. It seems we live in a very pivotal time in our
history, where gender isn't necessarily defined as male or female.
Many people are stuck in their old ways and don't really agree with
that statement. They still believe if you are born a male then you are a male and vice versa. The
newer generation, however seems to believe gender is defined by how one feels inside and this is
where a lot of the conflict comes in. On one hand, people think it's only fair for people to use the
bathrooms they feel correlate with their "internal gender" and on the other hand, people like Pat
McCrory feel that is special treatment and that it may make others feel uncomfortable or
awkward and that these people need to suck it up. Add in religious and political views and it gets
even crazier. I guess if I had to choose, I would try to find a middle ground. I do see how it can
be dangerous and uncomfortable if a man used a woman's bathroom even if he claimed to be of
the female orient. Also, any man or woman could just lie to receive special treatment or straight

41. up be a creep. That's where a line needs to be drawn. I think after a proper physical sex change
and proper documentation, it should be acceptable for a woman to use a mans bathroom as well
as the other way around. I understand these operations are expensive but I feel it’s a way for
someone to truly prove they want to live the lifestyle of the "other side". Before a proper change,
it is just too unclear and dangerous an idea to be okay for anyone who claims to have a non
correlating gender to be able to use a bathroom or locker room of choice.”
I still stick with my opinion but after having re-read my response, I realize that although it is
tough to prove you are of the opposite gender without a sex change, it doesn’t mean you are a
liar. These operations are very expensive and so it is understandable that not everyone of
identifying gender have gone through them. If I am being completely honest, I am even more
confused on exactly where I stand after having thought about the topic once more.

42. Module 10

43. Thread 1: Response to Hidden Ways
Author Steven Flusty categorized five types of disciplinary architecture that perpetuate
what he calls urban spatial injustice: 1) stealthy, 2) slippery, 3) crusty, 4) prickly, and 5)
jittery. Go out into the city of Buffalo, and find/photograph two examples from the list of
five. Identify what type of space you’ve photographed and why it might discriminate
against a specific population. Identify the location where you took the photograph, and
make certain that you are in at least one of the two photographs.
I never got to answer this question, so here are some pictures I went out to shoot.
I chose this picture because I believe
this game shop is slippery. It is
slippery because the entrance is in
the back of the building on a dead
end road and there are no cars or
people nearby. It would be very hard
to find. This was taken in North
Tonawanda
I chose this second picture because it
is in a public place but has
surveillance. This area would fall
under jittery. It is clearly marked with
a warning sign. This was taken in
North Tonawanda

44. This is a photo of my taking a photo of the “slippery”
space.

45. Thread 2: Response to People Like Us
After almost two decades of public assistance, Tammy Crabtree took herself and her family
off the welfare rolls. But her job cleaning bathrooms at a local Burger King barely paid the
bills. Crabtree wanted to do better and hopes to go to college and become a teacher.
Imagine this scenario. You are a designer who works at the well-known
firm, iPD (Integrated Planning and Design). You work on a team with planners, urban
designers, policy designers, architects, and social designers. You have been tasked to
develop/design a way for Tammy Crabtree and her family (and others with situations
similar to Tammy’s) to move themselves out of poverty. What will your team to do to help
Tammy and her family achieve their goals? What approach will your team take to address
this difficult problem?
“The video about Tammy and her family was very touching. For me, some parts were tough to
watch just because I felt so bad for the way they have to live and the conditions they've been
subjected to throughout their lives. If I worked on a team of planners and designers, I have a few
ideas to help improve Tammy's
situation. First off, I would try to get
public transportation (bus) closer to
Tammy's residence as well as other
residences in that area. That will make
it much easier for people who can’t
afford their own cars to not only find
work, but also to get to work on time
and then have extra time to spend at
work in order to make more money. Additionally, I would make sure garbage pickup would stop
by Tammy's home once every week. Tammy's yard is full of junk and waste and it's absolutely a
horrible mess to live in. Part of the reason the yard looks the way it does is due to laziness but
also due to the fact that (according to the older brother) they just don't have any other place to
put it. As the older brother mentioned, people base their opinions on others first by the way they

46. look and so if Tammy and her place looked a bit nicer, more people might be willing to give her
a chance and she could more easily better herself and her family. I know there are plenty of other
solutions to Tammy's unfortunate situation as well as other's situations and I really hope action is
taken or has been taken to help give Tammy a better life or at the very least, help Tammy to
improve her own life.”
Another Idea I have on how to help Tammy and her family is to help decrease the cost of living
in and around that area. If taxes and home prices were less expensive, It might allow Tammy and
her family to live in a better, safer, cleaner, more convenient area. This would tend to many of
the family’s issues and likely lead to other positive effects.

47. Module 11

48. Thread 1: Response to Carroll Article: “(Re)forming Regent
Park: When Policy Does Not Equal Practice”
The development of Regent Park is phased, and there are several more phases to the
project. What actions could be taken to ensure more social integration for the older people
living in the ‘new and improved’ Regent Park?
“I live off in an off-campus apartment and have for the past two years. I spent my first year in the
Villas on Chestnut Ridge and now I live in the Twenty 91 complex. In both places, I have felt
like part of a community. These complexes are not just a place to live, but a place to come
together with your neighbors
and friends. There are often
barbecues, friendly competitions
and community "feasts" that are
held, further bringing together
people of all ages and
ethnicities. I think small get-
togethers like these would help
bring together the people, even
the older people, who are living
in regent park. Board games like bingo that people of all ages could enjoy playing would really
help to make the park feel like more of a community. Barbecues would also be a great way to
ensure social integration. Maybe calling everyone together to one day clean up the area around
where they live would be a nice way to invoke a sense of community as well. A 'grandparents
and grandkids day' or something of the sort would also make the older generation living there
feel more relevant and noticed and would be a way for that generation to mingle with each other
as well as with the younger generations.”

49. Another thing I like about where I live are the friendly competitions set up by the employees of
the complex. Things like video competitions and chicken wing eating competitions add a fun
social dynamic to the community. It helps you to get to know your neighbors and also feel more
comfortable and accepted where you live. I think Regent Park would benefit from this idea.

50. Thread 2: Response to Enriquez TED Talk: “What Will
Humans Look Like in 100 Years?”
For this question, we will focus on Juan Enriquez’ Life Two civilization, which alters
fundamental aspects of the body. We are living longer than ever before in human
history. Enriquez argues that, because of advances in bio-medical technology, the
possibility of living to 120 years of age and beyond is quite possible for many of us in this
D+D class. Assuming that his assertion is accurate, how do you think extended life spans
will change our societies and built environments? What new issues might designers face
because of extended life spans?
As long as people are healthy
and happy whilst living to the
age of 120, then I am all for it. It
really is amazing thinking that,
in my lifetime, living past a
hundred years of age may
become the norm. I can think of
a few problems with this,
however. One being a slow-
down in the advancement of our
cities as well as many other aspects of our lives. As people get older, they tend to stick with
what they know, and not change their ways. They like to do things the way that has worked
in the past and tend not to try new ways and methods for doing things. It is the generation
that comes after them that introduces the new ideas and does things in more efficient and
practical ways. If people live longer, I fear that the older generation won't be ready to adopt
new technology and ideas and the turnover time from old generation to new generation will
be increased, thus slowing down the advancement of the human race in infinite many ways.
Another concern I have is health care and retirement. As age increases, the likelihood of
becoming sick or hurt also increases. Will this make health insurance rates increase? Also,
how will retirement age be affected? Will it increase or remain the same? If it remains the

51. same, people will be living off of the same amount of money for a longer period of time,
possibly decreasing quality of life and overall happiness.
An additional negative I can see coming from a drastically increased lifespan is
overpopulation. We are already quite overpopulated and an increased lifespan would just
add to the problem. We may not have enough resources on Earth to sustain such a large
population of humans. Imagine how other species might be affected too. More trees being
cut down, more fish taken out of the ocean, etc.

52. Module 12

53. Thread 1: Response to PPT, Smithsonian, and Roy
For the Module 12 Thread 1, please select one of the seven universal design principles, and
post photographs that show both a positive and a negative example of the principle. Then
address the following question: How do your examples empower or disempower various
people? Describe the specific features of the positive example and the specific features of
the negative example. Discuss ways that the positive example could be even further
improved.
“I chose flexibility in use:
I believe the positives of flexible use are that it oftentimes allows people of all types, shapes,
sizes, mental capacity and age, complete the same task in a similar amount of time. This levels
the playing field in many cases and makes it possible for people with disabilities to do the things
most other people can. The downside though, is often it seems like the various ways to do these
things are less intuitive than the standard or "normal" way. For Example, my picture shows off
IOS' "assistive touch". It's a feature that
accounts for several disabilities such as
blindness and hearing problems. I think it is
great that people with disabilities are still
able to use modern day technology. I think
it is a great feature, but like I mentioned
above, it is not as intuitive as using the
phone normally. I understand some
sacrifices need to be made in order for a
blind person to be able to use a fully functioning smart phone, however, I think it would be great
to see a smart phone built FOR the blind and not just ADJUSTED for the blind. I think that
would give blind people (and people with other disabilities) an advantage they very rarely have. I
think as of now, assistive touch can be improved by adding better word articulation. The speech
right now sounds like a robot and is somewhat unclear. Apple has decent voice replication with
Siri so it would be nice if they incorporated that into assistive touch.”

54. I just recently wrote this response and so there is not much I want to change about it or feel I can
add to it. I read some other responses and I guess I can say that designing a phone “for” the blind
might be counter-intuitive. Instead of empowering them via technology, the fact that something
is specially made for their disability might make them feel different from the rest of society.

55. Thread 2: Response to Survey, FIXED and Stelarc
What lessons do you think we should learn from history when thinking about emerging
enhancement technologies and reproductive technologies? What are some of the possible
consequences (both positive and negative) of being able to design our bodies and the bodies
of our children? What ethical quandaries do these technologies pose?
“If we can learn something from our technological history, it is that just because we can do
it, doesn't mean we should. Examples include (and I don't necessarily agree or disagree
with) unmanned drones, atomic bombs, nuclear energy, self-driving cars, etc. Sometimes,
technology can be dangerous. Even if it does not pose an immediate threat, technology can
prove to be lethal further down the road (gas-powered cars/cities, cigarettes, etc.). These
consequences don't stop when it comes to evolving the human body. Some people may not
want to extend their lives beyond their natural age for religious or cultural reasons. Other's
might love the idea of having "powers" but not everyone uses special abilities for good
(guns). Also, what about the people who want these "upgrades" but can't afford them?
Evolution occurs naturally and does not discriminate against monetarily sound or unsound
people, but self-evolution will most likely. I
guess survival of the fittest can apply to many
scenarios and maybe today, the people with
the most money are the most "fit" to survive,
but I'm not sure. Something about some
humans rapidly evolving in a population,
while others stray behind in order to pay off
their college debt just does not sit right with
me. Expand that to entire countries evolving at far greater rates than others and I think that
adds an entirely new and likely more serious issue. I do love technology and I am fascinated
by the ideas mentioned by Juan and others, but I don't know if we, as a species, are ready
for something like that. I feel like we are already living too long. As our population
increases, our planet's ability to sustain the life of our species decreases. I think we first
need to start using technology in other places (Green energy, cleaning up the water and

56. atmosphere, working on sustainable food and energy). Once we get those sorts of things
together, then maybe we can think about furthering the lifespan and evolution of people. As
for using this technology to allow people with disabilities to live with greater happiness and
ease, I am 100% for that. It is just when we take it to the next level and actually start
"evolving" in a biological sense that I think we should take our feet off the gas and think
before we act.”
To add to my initial response and further address living longer, an increase in human
lifespan does not just affect humans. We share this planet with other animals and plants if
there are more of us for longer, what happens to the other species of this planet? We will
hunt more, produce more, kill more, and pollute more. Additionally, Animals and different
species on this earth have all co-evolved throughout history. We don’t know for sure what
will happen if one species (humans) evolves exponentially faster and leaves the other
species of Earth behind. These are questions we need to be thinking about and we need to
have answered before we pursue self-evolution any further.

57. Module 13

58. Thread 1: Response to Titicut Follies
Should Wiseman have been allowed to film the residents of Bridgewater Massachusetts
Correctional Facility? Why or why not? How might this film be of value to designers
(communication designers, product, designers, architects, interior designers, planners,
landscape designers, systems designers, and/or social designers)? In other words, what
might they gain from this film that they could use in their work?
“It is a shame that many patients were against
the filming, as that footage could lead to many
positive outcomes in their favor. Designers,
planners and architects could have seen what it
was like in the institution somewhat first hand
and learned how to improve it based on how
the patients used/didn't use equipment and
spaces. They would be able to improve their
quality of life and maybe change the entire
infrastructure of how the place was run. As for
the legality of the whole filming without
consent matter, I believe, at least now, you are able to film in a public space without the consent
of others. It seems though that the institution would be considered more of a privately owned or
state owned space and so it makes sense that Wiseman would only need permission from the
institution itself. I am not saying the people who live there don't have the right to say no,
however, it really is not their call to say what can and can not be done in terms of
filming/documenting. I know it was a long time ago and technology was nowhere near the level
it is today, but if blurring out or, more likely in this case, just not showing the patient's faces was
a possibility, I think it would be kind of Wiseman to do that for the people who did not want to
be on film. Designers could also learn from this film how to build future institutions better than
the ones they had at the time. Whether or not it was "legal", I think it is worth it because in the
long run, it would lead to, in my opinion, way more positives than negatives.”
Additionally, I must say I am a huge fan of the fact that in America, or at least in New York, one
is able to film and document in any public space without any special permission. Unless the
space is privately owned, poorly kept spaces can easily be exposed through film. As somebody
who is very much into filming, this is a great “tool” that was have at our exposal. It is also great
for the people, as it allows light to be brought to dark situations and therefor change can take
place.

59. Thread 2: Response to PPT, The Architecture of Autism,
Public Space
What are some possible solutions that would allow the residents of the home to be provided
with “the same basic human rights as the rest of the population”?
“I would be against the building proposal from the beginning. After learning those additional
facts, I would be even more likely to say no. If I bought a nice house costing that much, I did it
for a few of reasons. Most, if not all of those reasons have to do with my family and their
happiness and safety. I would not want an institution of this kind being placed right down the
road. I would not want to constantly worry about my children being alone in the yard or riding
their bikes down the street to their
friend's house. The people who are going
to this institution could potentially hurt
themselves and others. Not to mention,
this is a cul-de-sac. Why the heck would
an institution for intellectually challenged
adults be placed right smack in the
middle?? This is Amherst we are talking
about so I am sure the town can find
another place in its spanning cement
jungle for a place like this. Somewhere
not as close to people's homes (places of
refuge and security). I believe the people
who would be in this institution should be
treated with care and compassion, but just
in a different, more commercial area. There are many other reasons clinics and hospitals and
therapists are not placed between homes. It just doesn't make any sense for that to happen when
there are large commercial areas nearby, especially like the ones found in Amherst.
Maybe another alternative could be to buy an entire apartment complex and renovate it to be a
home for intellectually challenged adults. That way, the residents feel like a part of a community,
without making other people in the area feel violated in any way. They would also learn how to
live in an apartment on their own and might then be better prepared to take on the real world
would they come out.”
I don’t have much more to add to this original reply other than to re-itterate the fact that I would
be against the proposal. After a couple of weeks of having written this response, I still hold the
same feelings.

60. Module 14

61. Thread 1: Response to The Connection Between Religion
and Urban Planning by David Engwicht
Identify a place of worship with which you are somewhat familiar. (If you are not familiar
with any places of worship, do a bit of research on one in your own city or town.) Show a
photograph of this religious structure. (You may use photographs from the web.) What
roles has this place served in the development of your city/town? How has it influenced the
design of the area around it? How has its role changed over time? What roles could this
place of worship play in the future development of your city/town?
“This is the First Presbyterian Church located in the center of my hometown, Goshen, NY. It is a
beautiful structure that stands out from all of the other buildings in the surrounding area. It may
not look big in a city like Buffalo, but it is the skyscraper of our small town. This church (as well
as others of different religious emphasis) has served the community for as long as I can
remember. I know the church is
very old but I am not sure
exactly how old, as I can not
seem to find much information
on it. I do know that much of the
town, especially the area close
by was designed around it. It
still is, both physically and
mentally, the center of the town.
There is a large park
surrounding the entire church.
It's full of old stone fountains,
park benches, big oak trees and
flowers. Even if you are not a
religious person, odds are, if you
live in Goshen, you have hung out on the church property at least once. Some of the buildings
around the church are made from similar materials and they are all designed to match and
compliment each other. Something great about the First Presbyterian Church is that every
Sunday, there is a large food drive that goes on in which dozens of the town's people gather
together in order to stock the upstairs with food. We all get together and form a huge line that
runs from the parking lot into the church and up its stairs. One by one, we bring in baskets and
crates of food that have been donated. Once everything is upstairs, we set up the tables and
people get to work preparing the food and setting up the chairs. After everything is finished, a
line of homeless and/or incapable people begins to form and soon, everyone who needs it has a
hot meal ready for him/her. It's a great time and it's for a great cause. I don't see the church going
anywhere anytime soon. It is still in great shape due to its constant upkeep and I hope it serves
our town and our people for tens, maybe hundreds of years to come.”

62. Thread 2: Response to Prospects for the Future of Diversity
and Design
Think about your own major and/or future profession. What is the biggest challenge,
problem, or question that your field needs to tackle right now? What do you plan to do to
address this challenge, problem, or question either as part of your studies or professional
life?
“As an engineer, there are
countless problems that need
solving and there always will
be. Something that is a big topic
right now in the aerospace field is
interplanetary traveling and even
sustained living on another planet.
I'm sure you have all heard talk of
Mars within the past few years
and while there are finally solid
plans to get people there, we are
still a long way off from
cultivating Martian soil and living
for long periods of time on a
planet not of our own. There are
so many different fields of study involved in a project like this, but where I want to help is the
transportation. Rocket fuel, rocket parts, control stations, everything is so so so expensive. It we
want humans to some day be an interplanetary species, then we need to make space travel
accessible to everyone. For most of us, the issue starts in our pockets. I want to design spacecraft
that are economical enough for the everyday Joe to fly on (just like an airplane). Imagine one day
taking a vacation to the outer rings of Saturn (yes, it took Cassini 7 years, but there's hope!) or
just a trip outside our atmosphere in order to feel the weightlessness of the enormous vacuum
surrounding our green planet.”
With the end of the semester approaching, I am excited to be one year closer to becoming an
engineering and putting my skills to work attaining this goal!

63. Works Cited
* I had trouble placing the links underneath the images. For some reason, they were all encrypted
and looked like hieroglyphics. All of the links, however are below. *
Cover Photo
https://www.pexels.com/photo/ball-shaped-blur-close-up-focus-346885/
Module 1
https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-smart-phone-248533/
https://www.pexels.com/photo/iphone-smartphone-technology-music-38295/
Module 3
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/robotic-hand-machine-tool-industrial-manufacture-
422528992?irgwc=1&utm_medium=Affiliate&utm_campaign=Pexels%20GmbH&utm_source=
106918
https://www.pexels.com/photo/scrap-metal-trash-litter-scrapyard-128421/
https://www.gdiapers.com
http://www.idsa.org/awards/idea/re-camera

64. Module 4
Screenshot from Jeanne Gang’s TED Talk video
https://www.ted.com/talks/jeanne_gang_buildings_that_blend_nature_and_city/transcript?langua
ge=en#t-304520
Module 5
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Historic_Track_mural_in_Goshen_post_o
ffice.jpg
http://futuristicnews.com/an-eco-friendly-foldable-car/
Module 6
https://www.pexels.com/photo/waterfalls-near-gray-paved-road-surrounded-by-green-leaf-trees-
during-daytime-158398/
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Goshen_Public_Library_5.jpg
Module 7
https://www.flickr.com/photos/randolphgardner/8107301095

65. Module 8
Screenshot from Google Translate
https://www.villagegreenrealty.com/search-goshen-new-york-real-estate.php
http://inthepastlane.com/why-notre-dame-originally-opposed-the-name-fighting-irish/
Module 9
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality
http://www.mendhamtownship.org/Cit-e-Access/webpage.cfm?TID=77&TPID=10842
https://boredroomsocialscene.wordpress.com/tag/proportional-equality/
http://www.english.globalarabnetwork.com/20090508632/Related-news-from-Syria/human-
rights-towards-gender-equality.html
https://www.alphadogadasigns.com/ada-braille-all-gender-restroom-sign-
ag388/?gclid=CjwKEAjw3KDIBRCz0KvZlJ7k4TgSJABDqOK7X5waMxgUMawYBs6-
fzQoI8Iqwq-8PRphdCfmEu3hexoCSVzw_wcB
Module 10
https://truthfrequencyradio.com/the-carlyle-groups-latest-investmenttrailer-parks/

66. Module 11
https://www.apartments.com/twenty91-north-buffalo-ny/k97s8q8/
https://www.pexels.com/photo/old-happy-aged-beard-26670/
Module 12
http://www.idownloadblog.com/2014/03/14/how-to-use-assistivetouch-on-iphone/
https://literarytheoryfaus15.wordpress.com/cyborgs/
Module 13
https://www.pexels.com/photo/camera-event-live-settings-66134/
https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/25/would-you-most-want-to-live-in-a-city-a-suburb-
or-the-country/comment-page-3/
Module 14
http://forums.steves-digicams.com/landscape-photos/197495-church-park-goshen-ny.html#b
http://www.futuretimeline.net/subject/space.htm