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1. The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model)
Layer Name OSI Protocols Description Examples
Simple
Description
Simple
Application
7 Application
FTAM,X400,X50
0,DAP,ROSE,RTS
EACSE,CMIP
Supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners
are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and
privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are
identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer
provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and
other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that
exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures
are part of this layer.
WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP,
Telnet, HTTP, FTP
End User
Layer
HTTP, FTP,
IRC, SSH, DNS
6 Presentation
ISO/IEC 8823,
X226, ISO/IEC
9576-1, X236
Provides independence from differences in data representation
(e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format,
and vice versa. works to transform data into the form that the
application layer can accept.
encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF,
GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
Syntax Layer
SSL, SSH,
IMAP, FTP,
MPEG, JPEG
5 Session
ISO/IEC 8327,
X225, ISO/IEC
9548-1, X235
Establishes, manages and terminates connections
between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and
terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the
applications at each end. It deals with session and connection
coordination.
NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
Synch & send
to Port
API's, Sockets,
WinSock
4 Transport
ISO/IEC 8073,
TP0, TP1, TP2,
TP3, TP4
(X.224), ISO/IEC
8602, X234
Provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts,
and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It
ensures complete data transfer.
SPX, TCP, UDP.
End-to-End
Connections
TCP, UDP
3 Network
ISO/IEC 8208,
X25 (PLP),
ISO/IEC 8878,
X223, ISO/IEC
8473-1, CLNP
X233, ISO/IEC
10589, IS-IS
Provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths,
known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node.
Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well
as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and
packet sequencing.
AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX. Packets
IP, ICMP,
IPSec, IGMP
2 Data Link
ISO/IEC 7666, X
25 (LAPB),
Token Bus X222,
ISO/IEC 8802-2,
LLC (type 1 / 2)
Data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It
furnishes transmission protocolknowledge and management and
handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame
synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The
Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control(LLC)
layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network
gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer
controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
ARP, ARQ, ATM, Bit stuffing,
CDP, CRC,DOCSIS, FDDI, FDP,
Fibre Channel, Frame Relay,
HDP, HDLC, IEEE 802.3
(Ethernet), IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n
(Ethernet MAC and LLC), IEEE
802.1Q (VLAN), ISL, ITU-T G hn
DLL, Linux interface bonding,
PPP, Q921, Token Ring
Frames
Ethernet,
PPP, Switch,
Bridge

2. 1 Physical
X25 (X21bis,
EIA/TIA-232,
EIA/TIA-449, EIA-
530, G703)
Conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio
signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It
provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a
carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast
Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer
components.
Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24,
RJ45.
Physical
Structure
Coax, Fiber,
Wireless,
Hubs,
Repeaters
References:
Muhammad Raza (June 2018), https://www.bmc.com/blogs/osi-model-7-layers/
Vangie Beal (Sept 1999), The 7 Layers of the OSI Model, https://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp
https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/glossary/open-systems-interconnection-model-osi/
Keith Shaw ( Oct 2018), The OSI model explained: How to understand (and remember) the 7 layer network model,
https://www.networkworld.com/article/3239677/the-osi-model-explained-how-to-understand-and-remember-the-7-layer-network-model.html