Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments, MDIRT, nchanji Nkeh Keneth

TUTORIALS
lecture 2
IONISING RADIATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
Atomic and Nuclear Physics.
Part 1: RADIOACTIVITY
Nchanji Nkeh KENETH
kennchanji@yahoo.com
RADIOLOGY DEPT
ST. LOUIDS UNIVERSITY, mile 3 Nkwen, Bamenda
February, 2016
prepared by nchanji nkeh keneth, kennchanji@yahoo.com, 671459765. St LOUIS UNIHEBS,
level 200 RADIOLOGY, 2015/2016 Academic year
1

prepared by nchanji nkeh keneth,
kennchanji@yahoo.com, 671459765. St LOUIS
UNIHEBS, level 200 RADIOLOGY, 2015/2016
Academic year
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THE SLIDES THAT
FOLLOW
1. a) Define an atom and describe its
structure.
b) list the various sub-atomic
particles
c) describe the properties of the
various sub atomic particles
2

2) a)Describe the diagram below
b) The proton number
of all atoms of the
same element are
always the same and
they determine the
atomic number of the
element. True or false
Academic year
3

Academic year
Answer true or false:
3a) The energy content of an
element is always constant
b) Depending on the element, the
amount of electrons differ as well
as the amount of electrons
surrounding the atom.
c) protons can move between
orbitals when the atom receives
energy. 4

Question 3 cont
d) If an electron is EXCITED, that
means energy is RELEASED and
therefore a PHOTON is absorbed.
e) All photons have wave lengths
f) All atoms emit energy
g) If an electron undergoes two
electronic transitions, two photons are
ejected with the same wave length
Academic year
5

4a) Explain the events occurring in
the diagrams below
Academic year
6

Academic year
b) Describe in detail what the picture below represents and
its practical applications in Diagnostic/ Therapeutic radiology
7

Academic year
4c) The table below represents the THORIUM-232
decay series. Why is Pb-208 considered stable?
8

Academic year
5) Define the following terms:
a) Radioactivity
b) Half life
c) Radioactive decay
d) The activity of a radionuclide
e) Alpha, beta, beta plus, gamma
decays
9

Academic year
6a) list the basic properties of radioactivity
b) Why is radioactivity considered to be a
statistical/ spontaneous process?
c) what is the relevance of the symbol
d) From c) above, which quantity
determines the relative stability of the
atom?
XA
Z
10

Academic year
Question 7
a)
Isotope - atoms of the same element with different numbers of
neutrons.
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen - 1 proton + 1 electron - Deuterium - 1 proton +
1 neutron + 1 electron
Tritium - 1 proton + 2 neutrons + 1 electron -
11

Academic year
Given the info above for the hydrogen
atom, which of the isotopes is stable?
Which parameters determine the
stability of the isotopes?
How can the stability be regained?
12

•Question 7 b
Explain the figure below
Academic year
13

Question 8 a
There are 4 basic types of
radioactive decay
Alpha – Ejected Helium
Beta – Ejected Electron
Positron – Ejected Anti-
Beta particle
Gamma – Ejected Energy
You may encounter protons
and neutrons being
emitted as well
Academic year
14
Complete the
statement on the left
with the chemical
symbols of the
ejected particles

Academic year
• Question 8b
Which decay mode is represented by the above
general equation?
What is the medical application of the emitted
particle
15

Academic year
Question 8 c
How is technetium 99 stable obtained
from molybdenum 99 metastable?
Detaily illustrate the decay equations
state the medical applications of the
daughter product.
What are the unique features of Tc
99m that make it widely used for a
variety of nuclear medicine exams
16

Academic year
Question 9a
Explain the diagram below
17

Question 9b
Compare the graphs below
Academic year
18
N/g
I II

Academic year
Question 10a
Clearly differentiate between the
three half lives known in
medical imaging
19

Question 10b
The half life of a radioisotope is always
constant. True or False.
The number N of radioactive atoms
present per kilogram of the radioisotope,
can be evaluated using the Avogadro’s
number.
Neutron deficient atoms often decay by
converting a neutron into a proton with the
emission of a beta particle(true or false)
Academic year
20

Question 10c
A gamma ray is always emitted when an
atom undergoes alpha or beta decay( true
of false)
All stable isotopes of an element are
known as radioisotopes( true or false)
All elements be it naturally existing or
artificially produced have half lives( true or
false)
Academic year
21

Question 11a
Identify the odd element in the
list: Tc99m, Na-24, C-14, Co-60.
Half life refers to the time taken
for the activity of a radionuclide to
reduce to------------------its initial
value.
Academic year
22

Question 11b
The human serum albumin labeled
with I-131 is often administered. This
radioisotope of iodine has a half life of
8.0days. But it is often cleared fro the
body with a half life of 21days.
i) List 4 factors that determine its
elimination from the body
ii) Calculate its effective half life.
Academic year
23

Question 11c
i)What is usually common about the
decay modes of these radioisotopes?
S(35,17), C(14,6) Mo(99,42).
ii) Which decay mode among the
following is associated with the
emission of x rays:
a) Electron capture, b) alpha decay
c)beta decay, d) non of these
Academic year
24

Question 12a
Compare with diagrammatic
illustrations the ionization tracks of
the following:
i) Alpha particles
ii) Beta particles
iii) High energy protons(E≥80MeV)
iv) Gamma rays.
Academic year
25

Question 12b
From question 12a above, identify the
particle or photon with deleterious
effects if permitted access into the
body.
Account for the effects
State the applications of the above
particle or photon in radiology
Academic year
26

Question 13a
List the mechanisms by which
gamma rays can produce ionization in
matter
State the factor that determines the
degree of ionization
Gamma rays are direct ionising
photons( yes or no)
Academic year
27

Question 13b
Which of the following have no
charges: a)alpha b)particles, c)pi
mesons, d)protons, e)neutrons,
f)electrons.
i)a, b ii) b,e iii) e iv) c, e v)all of
the options are wrong except e
Academic year
28

Question 14
If NaI (12.0g) radiopharmaceutical
used for thyrotoxicosis treatment
contains I-131 as the
radionuclide(active element) whose
half life is 8.1day and a beta minus
emitter of energy 630KeV.calculate
the number of disintegrations per
second once administered(RAM:
Na=23, I=127)
Academic year
29

Question 15
Given the table :
Academic year
30
Time
/hr
0 4 6 7 8 10
Activity/
second
300 260 150 100 75 60
The table above represents the amount(g) of Tc 99m
radionuclide compounded as Tc 99mDTPA for renal
function test post kidney transplant.
The radiopharmaceutical decays over time in an
exponential mode.
a) Calculate the half life of the radionuclide
b) How much will be left in the sample after 11days
c) Diagrammatically illustrate the calculated half life

Question 16
The half life of Radium is
1600years. If 10g of Ra is present
now, how much was available 10
years ago?
Academic year
31

Question 17
to be cont…
Thanks for being there
Any Questions?
Academic year
32

Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments, MDIRT, nchanji Nkeh Keneth

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