This document provides an overview of the levels of language structure, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse. For each level, it describes what the level is about, its basic unit of analysis, what organizes its internal structure, and some of its sub-levels or categories. The document serves as a reference for understanding the hierarchical organization of language.

1. Talking Structure
LCD 105 - Class 9 - Professor Nathacia

2. Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Lexicon
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Discourse
LANGUAGE
THE
LEVELS

3. Phonetics
What is this about:
- The sounds of language/ speech.
What is its unit:
- It doesn’t have a proper unit but it is composed by
sound waves.
What organizes its internal structure:
- Speech restrictions as breath, co-articulation,
phonation conditions, articulation conditions,
propagation condition etc.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Acoustic Phonetics; Articulatory Phonetics; Perceptual
Phonetics;

5. Phonology
What is this about:
- The distinctive sound units of a language.
What is its unit:
- It depends on its sub-level: phonological features;
phonemes; syllables; foot; intonational phrases; and
others.
What organizes its internal structure:
- Phonological Rules; Phonological Restrictions.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Segmental phonology; auto-segmental phonology;
Intonational Phonology; Prosody;

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jMddKVDwUU

7. Morphology
What is this about:
- The smallest meaning units of a language (meaning
you can take for ‘functional’ too).
What is its unit:
- The morphemes
What organizes its internal structure:
- Morphological Rules; Morphological Restrictions.
- Morpheme-based, lexeme-based and word-based
approaches.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Stems; root words; prefixes; sufixes; infixes, clitics.

8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SqkYnfAhgy0

12. Lexicology
What is this about:
- The vocabulary; words inventory, and how they relate
within a language.
What is its unit:
- The words
What organizes its internal structure:
- Word paradigms; scope; webs.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Lexical semantics; phraseology; etymology;
lexicography

15. SyntaxWhat is this about:
- Well, we’ll get back to it… but:
- It is about sentence structure
What is its unit:
- phrases or syntactic constituents
What organizes its internal structure:
- Syntactic derivation (sequence of syntactic operation that
creates a hierarchical structure)
- The operations are: merge, labeling, and movement.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Verbal Phrase (VP or vP); Noun Phrase (NP); Determiner
Phrase (DP); Prepositional Phrase (PP); Adverbial Phrase
(AdvP); Adjective Phrase (AdjP); Tense Phrase (TP);
Complementizer Phrase (CP).

16. Lexicon
Numeration
Syntactic
Operations
Spell-out
Phonological Form (PF) Logical Form(LF)
S-M Interface C-I Interface
FLN
FLB

20. Semantics
What is this about:
- The meaning within language structure.
What is its unit:
- There’s no actual unit, but some components that
depends on the approach (ex: denotation, truth value,
world, reference, indentation).
What organizes its internal structure:
- Syntactic structure, semantical rules, and referential
restrictions.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Formal semantics; intensional semantics;
computational semantics.

25. Pragmatics
What is this about:
- The meaning beyond language structure, into speech
events.
What is its unit:
- There’s no actual unit, but some components that
depends on the approach (ex: speech act,
conversational maxims, implicatures, felicitousness).
What organizes its internal structure:
- Society, reference and informational structure.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Speech acts; politeness; discourse; implicatures

27. Discourse
What is this about:
- The meaning along the text/ discourse.
What is its unit:
- information (but what we mean by information
depends on the approach).
What organizes its internal structure:
- Society, reference and informational structure.
What are some of its sub-levels/ categories:
- Enunciation; Semiotics;

30. Who are you?