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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System
Slide 5.1
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages
 Ligaments (bone to bone)
 Tendon (bone to muscle)

Functions of Bones
Slide 5.2
 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation

Bones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3
 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Figure 5.2b

Structures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7
 Periosteum
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Arteries
Figure 5.2c

Changes in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12
 In embryos, the skeleton is cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints

Types of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium

Bone Fractures
Slide 5.16
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by
immobilization
 Realignment of the bone

The Axial Skeleton
Slide
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body
 Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

The Axial Skeleton
Slide
Figure 5.6

The Skull
Slide
 Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

The Fetal Skull
Slide
 The fetal skull is
large compared
to the infants
total body length
Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull
Slide
 Fontanelles
membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
 Allow the brain
to grow
 Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
Figure 5.13

The Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28
 Vertebrae
separated by discs
 The spine has a
normal curvature
Figure 5.14

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29
Figure 5.16

The Bony Thorax
Slide
 Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax
Slide
 Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide
 Limbs
 Pectoral girdle
 Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide
Figure 5.6c

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33
 Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide
Figure 5.20a, b

Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b

Slide
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c

Slide 5.36
 The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals –
palm
Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37
 Hip bones
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
 Protects several organs
 Reproductive organs
 Urinary bladder
 Part of the large intestine

The Pelvis
Slide
Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39
Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide
 The thigh has
one bone
Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

Slide
 The leg has
two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c

Slide 5.41
 The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25

Joints
Slide 5.43
 Articulations (Movement) of
bones
 Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility

Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45
 Immovable joints
example – Bones in skull
 Slightly movable joints
example – joints between vertebrae
 Freely Movable joints
example – shoulder, knee

Types of Movable Joints
Slide
Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Movable Joints
Slide
Figure 5.29d–f

Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53
 Bursitis – inflammation usually caused by a
blow or friction
 Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
 Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
 Over 100 different types
 The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
 Osteoarthritis
 Most common chronic arthritis
 Probably related to normal aging processes
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
 Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
 Often leads to deformities

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