Kautilya was a key adviser to the Indian king Chandragupta Maurya who helped establish the first united kingdom of India. Kautilya wrote the Arthashastra, a guide for kings on statecraft, administration, law, foreign policy, and how to defeat enemies and rule for the common good. He advocated for a policy of expansionism (vijigishu) where the king conquers neighboring states to become a "world conqueror" (chakravartin) and bring order to the chaotic landscape characterized by constant warfare between small states. Kautilya outlined six foreign policy approaches and means of implementation involving conciliation, gifts, sowing dissent, deceit, and open attack to