A short course at PMAS Arid Agriculture University(UIIT), Rawalpindi.

1. SQL Fundamentals
Oracle 11g
M U H A M M A D WA H E E D
O R A C L E D ATA B A S E D E VE L O P E R
E M A I L : m.w a h e e d 3 6 6 8 @ g ma i l . c om
.
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Lecture#1

2. Introduction
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3. How to achieve certificate?
•Attendance
•Quizzes
•Assignments
•Final( if possible)
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4. Course Policies
•All deadlines will be hard.
•Reading assignments are expected to be read before next lecture.
•Anyone may be asked to describe the summary or a particular
discussion from the same.
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5. Course Policies(cont’d)
Exams/Quizzes can be from the following:
• Current lecture
• Material covered in any previous lecture
• Reading assignments
• From any assigned homework.
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6. Course Policies(cont’d)
•Quizzes will be unannounced some time.
•They will be taken either in the first ten minutes of the class (so come to
the class on time & be prepared!) or in the last ten minutes of the class
(so listen to the lecture carefully).
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7. Course Includes
•20 % theory
•80% Practical
•You are required to have laptop in each class to complete practical work
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8. How Much this course
Valuable?
After the SUCCESSFUL completion of this course
you can appear for the following oracle exams
•1Z0-051:OracleDatabase 11g: SQL Fundamentals I
•1Z0-061:OracleDatabase 12c: SQL Fundamentals
•1Z0-071:OracleDatabase SQL Fundamentals
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9. Database
•What is Database?
Databaseis an organizedcollection of logically relateddata that is
stored in an efficientand compact manner.
•Organized means data stored in a way that is easy to use.
•Logically related term refers to the topic of interest.
•Efficient means data can be accessed quickly.
•Compact is used for the storage optimization.
•Example :
Campus ManagementSystem(CMS), UAAR.
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10. Data vs Information
1. Data should be arranged/structured in such a way that one can effectively process it
when necessary.
Example : Data about student
Unorganized Data:
Muhammadwaheeduiit12-arid-197124
Muhammad,waheeduiit12-arid-197124
 difficult to distinguish between L name and dept then between arid no and age.
Organized Data:
Muhammad#waheed#uiit#12-arid-1971#24
OR
Muhammad
Waheed
Uiit
12-arid-1971
24
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11. Data vs Information (cont’d)
Simple difference between data and information is that information is
data that have been processed in such a way that the knowledge of
the person who uses the data is increased. Example
Muhammad
waheed
uiit
12-arid-1971
24
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12. Cont’d
From above data we can obtain some knowledge on the base of guess.
This data can be converted into information by doing some process as
follow. Student
adding a few additional data items and providing some structure. After
that we recognize that it’s a data of some student; f name, l name ,dept,
age and reg no.
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F Name L name Dept Age Reg no
Muhammad Waheed Uiit 24 12-arid-1971

13. Metadata
•Dataabout data is called metadata.
•Just like in above examplef_name, l_name ,dept, age, and reg no is a
data that is used to describe actual data. So this additional data is called
metadata.
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14. Some Database Terminologies
•Table/Relation/File/Entity/object
•Tuple/row/record
•Attribute/Column/Field
•Metadata/Data about Data/Domain/Data
Dictionary
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15. Database
Terminologies(cont’d)
F Name L name Dept Age Reg no
Muhamma
d
Waheed Uiit 20 12-arid-xyz
Danyal Khan Uiit 20 12-arid-xyz
Shabano Malik Uiit 20 12-arid-xyz
Humza Hamid Uiit 24 12-arid-xyz
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Student TableAttribute
Metadata
Records
Data

16. Entity-Relationship Daigrams
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•Entity
•Attribute
•Relationship
•Cardinality

17. ERD(cont’d)
Entities
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18. ERD(cont’d)
Attribute
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19. ERD(cont’d)
Relationship
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20. ERD(cont’d)
Cardinality
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21. DatabaseKeys
Databasesupports the following types of keys.
•Super Key
•Candidate Key
•Primary Key
•Unique Key
•Composite Key
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22. Cont’d
•Foreign Key
•Natural Key
•Surrogate Key
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23. Example
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24. Super key
Super key is a set of one or more than one keys that can be used to
uniquely identify the record in Table.
•Branch_Id
•Branch_Name
•Branch_Code
•{ Branch_Id, Branch_Code }
•{ Branch_Name , Branch_Code }
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25. Super keys
Student_Information Table:
•Student_Id
•College_Id
•Rtu_Roll_No
•{ Student_Id, Student_Name}
•{ College_Id, Branch_Id }
•{ Rtu_Roll_No, Session }
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26. Candidate key
•A Candidate key is an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely
identifies a record.
• Among the set of candidate, one candidate key is chosen as Primary
Key.
• table can have multiple candidate key but each table can have
maximum one primary key.
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27. Example
Possible Candidate Keys in Branch_Info table.
•Branch_Id
•Branch_Name
•Branch_Code
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28. Primary key
•Selected from Candidate keys
•Unique and not null
•Can be more than one Attributes
•Example:
Branch_Id, College_Id
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29. Alternate key/Secondary key
•Alternate keys are candidate keys that are not selected as primary key.
•Alternate key can also work as a primary key.
•Alternate key is also called “Secondary Key”.
•Example:
Branch_Name, Branch_Code, Student_Id, Rtu_Roll_No
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30. Unique Key
•Unique key is similar to primary key but unique key field can contain a
“Null” value but primary key doesn’t allow “Null” value.
•Example:
Branch_Name, Rtu_Roll_No
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31. Composite key/Compound key
•Composite key is a combination of more than one attributes.
•It is also known as “Compound” key.
•A composite key may be a candidate or primary key.
•Example:
{ Branch_Name, Branch_Code}
{ Student_Id, Student_Name }
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32. Natural Key/Business
key/Domain Key
•A natural key is a key composed of columns that actually have a logical
relationship to other columns within a table.
• Example:
if we use Student_Id, Student_Name and Father_Name columns to
form a key then it would be “Natural Key”
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33. Surrogate key
•It is an artificial key that is used to uniquely identify the record in table.
It can either be used just for simple sequential number.
•Example:
Sql server “is identity”, Ms access “auto number”
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34. Foreign key
•Foreign key is used to generate the relationship between the tables.
•Foreign Key is a field in database table that is Primary key in another
table.
•Example:
Branch_Id is a Foreign Key in Student_Information table and related
primary key existin Branch_Info(Branch_Id) table.
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35. Keys confusion?
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Ok Only Remember Two
i.e. Primary, Foriegn

36. Conclusion
Databasegenerally only contain Primary Key, Foreign Key, Unique Key
and Surrogate key (some time) and other remaining keys are just
concept.
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37. Short Quiz
•Why we Using Keys?
•What is P.K?
•What is F.k?
•F.K can be null?
•F.K Can be Duplicate?
•What is parent Table ?
•What is child Table?
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

38. What is DBMS
An application software/tool that is used to create , maintain and
provide control access/security to database is called DBMS.
•Oracle RDBMS
•MS SQL server
•IBM DB2
•Mysql
•Postgre sql
•Mongo DB
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39. DBMS?
•Is MS Access a DBMS?
•Is MS Excel a DBMS?
•Real world databaseapplication examples?
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40. Popularity & Demand of the Tool
Oracle on which we will work?
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41. Architecture of Oracle DB Apps
Oracle 6i
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42. 3- tier
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43. What is Oracle GUI Tier?
Oracle Forms
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44. Oracle Reports
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45. Home Work (Ans with Example)
•What is data, entity, domain ,referential and User-Defined Integrity.
•Datatypes in oracle 11g.
•How to select Candidate keys from super keys?
•How to select P.K from candidate keys?
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46. Your Suggestions?
“Connecting with Student is not hard. I like the interaction and the
feedback after Lecture”
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