I am a professional pharmacist. These slides provide for pharmacy department students. These slides describe pathology topic cancer.

1. TREATMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF
CANCER
PRESENTED BY: RAMLA SHABBIR
PhD PHARMACOLOGY;
SECOND SEMESTER
REGISTRATION NO: DPHR02193003

2. CANCER
• Cancer can be defined as any malignant
growth or tumor caused by abnormal and
uncontrolled cell division.
• It may spread to other parts of the body
through the lymphatic system or the blood
stream.

3. • Once cancer is diagnosed, the patient may require medical treatment and
specialized care for months, and often years.
• The principal modes of therapy – surgery, radiotherapy and
chemotherapy – may be given alone or in combination.
• When cancer treatment is not curative, maintaining the highest possible
quality of life is important. For many patients, supportive and palliative
care are essential.

4. GOAL OF CANCER TREATMENT
• The goal of cancer treatment is to achieve a cure for cancer, allowing a
patient to live a normal life span. This may or may not be possible,
depending on patient’s specific situation.
• If a cure isn't possible, treatments may be used to shrink cancer or slow
the growth of cancer to allow patient to live symptom free for as long as
possible.

7. PRIMARY TREATMENT
• The goal of a primary treatment is to completely remove the cancer from
the body or kill all the cancer cells.
• Any cancer treatment can be used as a primary treatment, but the most
common primary cancer treatment for the most common types of cancer is
surgery.
• If cancer is particularly sensitive to radiation therapy or chemotherapy,
the patient may receive one of those therapies as primary treatment.

9. CHEMOEMBOLIZATION
• Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE is the technique of injecting
chemotherapy medication (anticancer drugs) with a procedure called
embolization to treat cancer, most often of the liver, into the feeding
arteries of a tumor along with particles designed to slow or stop the further
arterial supply of oxygen and nutrients to that tumor.
• It is a non-surgical and minimally invasive procedure performed in
radiology, usually by an interventional radiologist.

11. GENE THERAPY
• Gene therapy is a novel therapeutic approach, and can be defined as “the
treatment of disease by replacing, altering, or supplementing a gene that is
absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for
disease”.
• Most frequently, a functional copy of the gene is inserted in the genome to
overcome the deleterious effects of the faulty gene.

13. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS
• A central venous catheter, also known as a central line, is a tube that
doctors place in a large vein in the neck, chest, groin, or arm to give fluids,
blood, or medications or to do medical tests quickly.
• Central venous access plays a critical role in the management and care of
cancer patients.
• A central line is often used instead of a standard IV (intravenous) line
when you need treatment for longer than a week or so.

15. TUMOR ABLATION
• Tumor ablation is a minimally invasive technique that is commonly used in the
treatment of solid cancers like tumors of the liver, kidney, bone, and lung.
• During tumor ablation, thermal energy is used to heat or cool tissue to cytotoxic
levels.
• Special probes are used to “burn” or “freeze” cancers without the usual surgery.
• Computed Tomography (CT), Ultrasound (US) or Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) is used to guide and position the needle probe into the tumor

17. SCLEROTHERAPY
• Sclerotherapy is used to treat certain types of vascular tumors (destroy
abnormal blood vessels).
• It is a safe procedure. It is a less invasive and risky option than surgery, as
it does not require anesthesia.
• It involves an injection of a solution (generally a salt solution) directly into
the vein. The solution irritates the lining of the blood vessel, causing it to
collapse and stick together and the blood to clot

18. SCLEROTHERAPY

19. RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION (RFA)
• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a treatment that use image guidance
to place a needle through the skin into a tumor.
• RFA is administered with medical devices operating between 460 and
550 kHz and delivering therapeutic energy to soft tissues. This modality
destroys tumor tissue through heat-induced necrosis by raising their
temperature to approximately 100°C for approximately 15 min.

21. MICROWAVE ABLATION CANCER THERAPY
• A new technology, microwave ablation (MWA), destroys tumors using
heat generated by microwave energy. With microwave ablation, the
surgeon inserts a small laparoscopic port or open incision to access the
tumor. These microwaves create heat around the needle, which heat and
destroy the cancer cells.
• A CT scan or ultrasonic guidance is used to pinpoint the exact location of
the tumor.

22. MICROWAVE
ABLATION

23. CRYOABLATION OR FREEZE ABLATION
• Cryoablation for cancer is a treatment to kill cancer cells with extreme
cold. During cryoablation, a thin, wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted
through the skin and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped
into the cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed
to thaw.
• It's also used to control pain and control bleeding.
• Cryotherapy also is used to treat some forms of cervical, prostate, and bone
cancer.

25. ADJUVANT TREATMENT
• The goal of adjuvant therapy is to kill any cancer cells that may remain after
primary treatment in order to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.
• Any cancer treatment can be used as an adjuvant therapy.
• Common adjuvant therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and
hormone therapy.
• Neoadjuvant therapy is similar, but treatments are used before the primary
treatment in order to make the primary treatment easier or more effective.

26. PALLIATIVE TREATMENT
• Palliative treatments may help relieve side effects of treatment or signs and
symptoms caused by cancer itself.
• Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy can all be used to
relieve symptoms. Other medications may relieve symptoms such as pain
and shortness of breath.
• Palliative treatment can be used at the same time as other treatments
intended to cure cancer.

29. CANCER TREATMENT OPTIONS
• Cancer treatment options include:
• Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the
cancer as possible.
• Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams,
such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can
come from a machine outside the body (external beam radiation), or it can
be placed inside the body (brachytherapy).

30. • Bone marrow transplant. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a
stem cell transplant, can use patient’s own bone marrow stem cells or
those from a donor.
• A bone marrow transplant allows doctor to use higher doses of
chemotherapy to treat cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone
marrow.
• Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific
abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.

31. • Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses
the body's immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked
in the body because the immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder.
Immunotherapy can help the immune system "see" the cancer and attack it.
• Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by body's hormones.
Examples include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those
hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer
cells to stop growing.

32. • Cryoablation. This treatment kills cancer
cells with cold. During cryoablation, a
thin, wand-like needle (cryoprobe) is
inserted through skin and directly into the
cancerous tumor.
• A gas is pumped into the cryoprobe in
order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue
is allowed to thaw.
• The freezing and thawing process is
repeated several times during the same
treatment session in order to kill the
cancer cells.

33. • Radiofrequency ablation. also called rhizotomy, is a nonsurgical, minimally
invasive procedure that uses heat to reduce or stop the transmission of pain. This
treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells, causing them to die. During
radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a thin needle through the skin or through an
incision and into the cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes through the needle
and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby cells.
• Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer.
Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.
• Other treatments may be available to patient, depending on type of cancer.

35. NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR
CANCER PAIN

36. NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR
CANCER PAIN
• These therapies are used in addition to medicine to decrease or control
cancer pain.
• Heat helps decrease pain and muscle spasms. Apply heat to the area for 20
to 30 minutes every 2 hours for as many days as directed.
• Ice helps decrease swelling and pain. Ice may also help prevent tissue
damage. Use an ice pack or put crushed ice in a plastic bag. Cover it with a
towel and place it on the area for 15 to 20 minutes every hour as directed.

37. • Rehabilitation may include physical and occupational therapy. A physical
therapist teaches exercises to help improve movement and strength, and to
decrease pain. An occupational therapist teaches skills to help with
patient’s daily activities.
• Electrical stimulation uses a device that sends mild and safe electrical
signals. These signals decrease pain when used over a painful body part.

38. • Surgery and other procedures, such as ultrasound, radio waves, thermal
(heat), or laser therapy may help relieve pain. Surgery may include cutting
nerves or repairing joints that are the cause of chronic pain.

39. OTHER METHODS TO MANAGE CANCER
PAIN
• Aromatherapy is a way of using scents to relax, relieve stress, and
decrease pain. Aromatherapy uses oils, extracts, or fragrances from
flowers, herbs, and trees. They may be inhaled or used during massages,
facials, body wraps, and baths.
• Biofeedback teaches the patient’s body to respond differently to the stress
of being in pain. Healthcare providers may use a biofeedback machine to
help to know when the patient’s body is relaxed.

40. • Meditation: The goal of meditation is to help feel calm and peaceful.
• Hypnosis is used to put the patient in a trancelike state and then suggest
things that may help manage pain.
• Dietary supplements to ease cancer pain include vitamins, minerals, or
herbs. Do not take any vitamins or supplements unless healthcare provider
says it is okay.
• Acupuncture therapy uses very thin needles to balance energy channels in
the body.