This technical report discusses power factor correction through the use of capacitors. It defines power factor and explains how connecting capacitors in parallel with inductive loads can improve the power factor by supplying a leading current. Some benefits of power factor correction include avoiding power factor penalties from utilities, reducing demand charges, increasing the load carrying capacity of existing circuits, improving voltage, and reducing power system losses. The report also provides an example problem demonstrating how to calculate the capacitance needed to achieve a desired power factor. It concludes that power factor control is important to avoid unfair utility charges and potential network damage from low power factor or harmonics.

1. GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNICAL REPORT TASK
SUBJECT: ES214
NAME: MUGHEES MEHMOOD
REG. NUMBER: 2020252
SUBMISSION DATE: 30-MARCH-2022
INSTRUCTOR NAME: USMAN HABIB

2. Power factor correction
Power factor definition
Power factor is the ratio between the “real” power and the “apparent” power of an electrical system
“Real” power = working power = kW
“Apparent” power = Volts x Amps = kVA
“Reactive” power = magnetizing power = kVAR
powerfactor correction
The power factor correction is the process of compensating for lagging current by creating a leading
current by connectingcapacitorsto supply.Adequate capacitance isconnectedsothat the powerfactor
is adjusted to be as close to unity as possible.
Benefits Of Power Factor Correction
AVOID POWER FACTOR PENALTIES
Many industrial processingcentersuse manyimportenginestodrive theirpumps,conveyors,andother
equipmentin the industry. These motor induction causes the energy factor to be naturally low in many
industrial centers.Manypowerutilitycompaniesconsiderlow powerfactorcharge (usuallylessthan0.80
or 0.85). It also promotes higher power (for example, more than 0.95). By adding a power feature
adjustment, you can remove the power feature from your bill.
REDUCED DEMAND CHARGES
Most power companiescharge a higher meter requirement based on a registered maximumdemandof
kilowatts (KW meter) or a percentage of maximum demand registered on KVA (KVA meter), depending
on the maximum.If the powerfactor is low,the estimatedKVA percentagewill be muchhigherthanthe
KWrequirement.Improvingthepowerfactorbyadjustingthepowerfactorwill lowerthe demandcharge,
helping to reduce your electricity bill.
INCREASED LOAD CARRYING CAPABILITIES IN EXISTING CIRCUITS
Loadsthat drawactive energyandrequire currentactive energy.Installingcapacitorstoadjustthe power
factor at the end of existing circuits near inductive loads reduces the current carrying capacity of each
circuit. Reducing the current flow caused by the improved power feature may allow the circuit to carry
newloads,save on upgradingthe distributionnetworkwhenadditional capacityisneededforadditional
equipment or equipment, saving your company thousands of dollars on unnecessary upgrade costs. In
addition, the reduced current flow reduces the opposing loss in the cycle.

3. IMPROVED VOLTAGE
The low power factor causes the maximum current flow of a given load. As the current line grows, the
voltage drop across the conductor increases, leading to lower voltage in the equipment. With the
improved power factor, the voltage drop across the conductor is reduced, improving the voltage across
the machines.
REDUCED POWER SYSTEM LOSSES
Although the financial return from a reduction in conductor loss alone is not sufficient to justify the
installation of capacitors, it is sometimes an additional attractive advantage; especially on older plants
with long feeds or in field pumping operations.
Examples
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒅 = 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒅 + 𝒋𝑸𝒐𝒍𝒅
𝑺𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒅 + 𝑺𝒄𝒂𝒑

4. Therefore
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑
= (𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝐽𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) − (𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑗𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑)
= 𝐽(𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑)
= 𝐽(𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑝)
𝑆 =
𝑣2
𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑍∗
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
STEP 1. FindQoldfromPL and θold,or the equivalentpfold.
STEP 2. Findθnewfromthe desiredpfnew.
STEP 3. Determine Qnew=Poldtanθnew.
STEP 4. Qnew− Qold= Qcap =−ωCV 2 rms.
SolvingforX:
𝑋 =
𝐸2
𝑄
=
(120𝑐)2
119.998𝑉𝐴𝑅
SolvingforC:

5. 𝑋𝑐 =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐶𝑐 =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑋
𝑋 = 120.002Ω
𝐶 =
1
2𝜋(60𝐻𝑧)(120.002Ω)
𝐶 = 22.105µ𝐹
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑐||(𝑍𝑙 − 𝑍𝑅)

6. 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (120.57𝑚Ω ∠ − 90°)||(60.319Ω∠90° − 60Ω∠0°
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 123.64 − 𝑗573.53𝑚Ω 𝑂𝑟 120.64Ω∠0.2724°
𝑃 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼2𝑅 = 119.365𝑊
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼2𝑍 = 119.366𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
=
119.365𝑊
119.366𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.999987
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒(𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟)𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 0.272°
𝑐𝑜𝑠0.272° = 0.999887
Conclusion
The importance of controllingandmaintainingapowerfactoris undeniable,due tothe effectsa
small amount of energy can have on a network. Not only unfair use, but also the possibility of damage,
where the contentofharmonicsisimportant.The papershowsnotonlyageneral view of thepowerfactor
and its impacton networkperformance,butalsothe size and practical realizationof the proposedasset
that enhances the consumer's power factor, by connecting capacitors to the power cord.
A newPFC telemetry-basedandremote configurationcircuitwasdesignedandtested.The main
advantage of the acquired tools is that they can be edited and sorted remotely over an internet
connection, allowing for efficient alignment of algorithm configuration parameters to achieve better
supportedperformance.inthe loopof timelyresponse andpractical ingenuity.Thisisaninterestingidea
that will be exploredinthe nextwork.Otheradvantageswere relatedtothe factthatthe applicationwas
designedtoensure flexibilityandflexibilityinoperatingthe equipmentatdifferentloadlevelsdepending
on the intendedimplementation.The chancesof suspensionof the Ducati EnergeiaR5 device are many,
starting with phase one and three. -phase operation and continuous setting of parameters of used
capacitors and access to alarm alarming limits.
Recorded data relating to interimgovernance has clearly shownthat current differences can be
significant.Inthiscase,the appliedenergywas asmall amount(µF),sothe resultswere equal.The impact
of the datareceivedwasalsoduetothe currentinvestigation.Highfrequencyband,verydramaticchange
(in amplitude and length). Another exciting idea for future work could be a data acquisition system
measurementsystem.Tosimplifythe design,itincludedconditionalcircuits(currenttransformer) andan
oscilloscope.The complexityof the ratingsystemwasfocusedonachievingthe mostaccurate estimates;
for example, selecting the best current transformer ratio and the best value for the second circuit
transformer current resistor, which is necessary to achieve the best sensitivity of the measurement
system.