Difference between benign and malignant tumors: Benign tumors: Benign tumors are those that stay in their primary location without invading other sites of the body. Benign tumors tend to grow slowly and have distinct borders. A growth that is not cancer. Malignant tumors: Are cells that grow uncontrollably and spread locally and/or to distant sites, they are cancerous. They spread to distant sites via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. This spread is called metastasis. Neostigmine: Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Neostigmine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Neostigmine is used as an antidote for anticholinergic intoxication. Mechanism of action: Inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinesterase at sites of cholinergic transmission. It enhances cholinergic action by facilitating the transmission of impulses across neuromuscular junctions. Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem

1. PBL course
Mohammad saleh Moallem
Neostigmine
and Types of Tumors

2. PBL Presentation
Question 1
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?
Question 2
Why did Dr. Tian prescribed neostigimine to Mr. Liu?

3. Benign tumors
Benign tumors are those that
stay in their primary location
without invading other sites of
the body.
Benign tumors tend to grow
slowly and have distinct
borders.
A growth that is not cancer.
What is the difference
between benign and
malignant tumors?

4. Malignant tumors
Are cells that grow
uncontrollably and spread
locally and/or to distant sites
They are cancerous.
They spread to distant sites via
the bloodstream or the
lymphatic system.
This spread is called metastasis.
What is the difference
between benign and
malignant tumors?

5. Infograph
BENIGN TUMORS

6. Infograph
BENIGN TUMORS

7. Infograph
BENIGN TUMORS

8. Infograph
MALIGNANT TUMORS

9. Infograph
MALIGNANT TUMORS

10. Infograph
MALIGNANT TUMORS

11. Benign and Malignant Tumors
Question 1
Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through
blood and lymph to distant sites?
A. Invasiveness B. Seeding
C. Metastasis D. Systemic effect

12. Benign and Malignant Tumors
Question 2
What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue
cells called?
A. Carcinomas B. Sarcomas
C. Melanomas D. Fibromas

13. PBL Presentation
Question 1
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?
Question 2
Why did Dr. Tian prescribed neostigimine to Mr. Liu?

14. Neostigmine
Neostigmine is a cholinesterase
inhibitor used in the treatment
of myasthenia gravis.
Neostigmine does not cross the
blood-brain barrier.
Neostigmine is used as an
antidote for anticholinergic
intoxication.
Why did Dr. Tian
prescribed
neostigmine
to Mr. Liu?

15. NEOSTIGMINE
Neostigmine
injected IM
Prostigmin
Tablets

16. NEOSTIGMINE
Mechanism of action:
Inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with
acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinesterase at sites of
cholinergic transmission. It enhances cholinergic action by facilitating
the transmission of impulses across neuromuscular junctions.

17. NEOSTIGMINE
Mechanism of action:
Inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with
acetylcholine for attachment to acetylcholinesterase at sites of
cholinergic transmission.
It enhances cholinergic action by facilitating the transmission of
impulses across neuromuscular junctions.

18. NEOSTIGMINE
It is polar and does not cross the blood–brain barrier
and enter the CNS, but it does cross the placenta.

19. NEOSTIGMINE
It is polar and does not cross the blood–brain barrier
and enter the CNS, but it does cross the placenta.

20. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune
disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication
between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the
skeletal muscles.

21. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Myasthenia gravis affects the
voluntary muscles of the
body, especially those that
control the eyes, mouth, throat
and limbs.

22. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
It happens when immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and G3 (IgG3)
autoantibodies that play a pathogenetically important role by
attacking the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), fixing
complement, and reducing the number of AChRs over time.

23. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

24. so what's neostigmine action on
Myesthenia gravis?

26. WHAT IS THE INDICATION OF
NEOSTIGMINE?
For the reversal of the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular
blocking agents after surgery. The use of neostigmine is
primarily found in the context of the reversal of neuromuscular
blockade during the administration of anesthesia to patients
undergoing surgery that require muscle relaxation.

27. Side effects
Neostigmine
-Excessive salivation
-Gastric secretion
-Increased tone and mobility of
the GI tract
-Urinary urgency
-Bradycardia
-Sweating
-Impaired vision

28. Neostigmine and MG
Question 1
A. Nicotinic
receptors B. α receptors
C. Muscarinic
receptors D. β receptors
Patient presents with salivation, lacrimation, urination and
defecation as side effects of a medication. Which one of the
following receptors mediates the actions of this drug?

29. Neostigmine and MG
Question 2
A. Epinephrine B. Acetylcholine
C. Nicotinic D. Transient
Myasthenia gravis is due to .................... receptors being blocked and
destroyed by antibodies.

30. Neostigmine and MG
Question 2
A. Gastric
secretion B. sweating
C. Chills D. Bradycardia
Which of the following side effects is not related to Myasthenia
gravis disease?

31. Thank You!
Presented by: Mohammad saleh Moallem
默汉 201816230152