Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

1. MOHAMMAD SAYEJ

2. What is diabetes?
• Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases
characterized by high levels of blood glucose
resulting from defects in insulin production,
insulin action, or both.

3. History of Diabetes
• 1500 BC - Egypt
• First written reference to diabetes by ancient Egyptian physicians .
• 230 BC - Greece
• Apollonius of Memphis - The name diabetes (from Greek “to pass through”) given
to the disease .
• 500 AD - India
• Susruta and Charaka - First distinction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
- People with DM has sugary urine
• 1000 AD
• Avicenna - Arab doctor, describes sugar in urine. - Notes gangrene and impotence
complications .
• 1788 AD - England
• Thomas Cowley- -First link between DM and Pancreas
• 1869 AD - Germany
• Paul Langerhans - Small clusters of cells in Pancreas, named islets of Langerhans
• 1921 AD - Germany
• Frederick Banting- Discovery of Insulin Commercial Extracts of Dog pancreas
used on humans

4. statistics

5. Body Function Without Diabetes

6. Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes

7. Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes
No insulin (key) means that sugar cannot
enter the cell.
Insulin (key) cannot unlock the cell door.
Insulin resistance or inability of body to
use insulin.

8. Type 1 diabetes
 Was previously called insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset
diabetes.
 Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s
immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells,
the only cells in the body that make the
hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose.
 This form of diabetes usually strikes children
and young adults, although disease onset can
occur at any age.
 Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of
all diagnosed cases of diabetes.

9. Type 2 diabetes
-Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
-Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all
diagnosed cases of diabetes.
-It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which
the cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin
rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce
insulin.
-Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family
history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired
glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.

10. Gestational diabetes
*A form of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed in
some women during pregnancy.
*During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires
treatment to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to
avoid complications in the infant.
*After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with
gestational diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes.
*Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 20%
to 50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5-10
years.

11. insulin mechanism of action
GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose
tissues and striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac).

12. symptoms of diabetes

13. Diabetes Tests

17. References
World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and
its Complications. Report of WHO. Department of Non-communicable Disease Surveillance.
Geneva 2015.
Papaspyros NS. The history of diabetes. In: Verlag GT, ed. The History of Diabetes Mellitus.
Stuttgart: Thieme; 1964:4–5.
Medvei VC. The Greco – Roman period. In: Medvei VC, ed. The History of Clinical
Endocrinology: A Comprehensive Account of Endocrinology from Earliest Times to the
Present Day. New York: Parthenon Publishing; 1993:34, 37.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report, 2017. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
Smith AHK. The National Paediatric Diabetes Audit, Annual Report. London: Diabetes UK;
2001.