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The Internet history
- 1. History, hysteria and hypertext A look at how we landed in Cyberland Clyde H. Bentley, Ph.D. Associate Professor Missouri School of Journalism
- 2. Resources Available in the “Readings” Section • Sterling: History of the Internet • Hobbes’ Internet Timeline • How e-mail was invented • What is New Media? • Four Fundamental Traits of New Media
- 4. How old is old? My 1990 Geo – the WWW-free car
- 5. Packet Switching • 1961 Leonard Kleinrock of MIT writes first paper, similar to • Message divided into “packets” of data • Each packet separately addressed • Each packet finds its own way through the maze to the final destination http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/ Leonard Kleinrock
- 6. 1962 - A bombproof plan RAND Corporation research by Paul Baran • How do you establish a communications system that can survive a nuclear war? – No central authority or switching facility – No single expert • Information packets passed from station to station via “hot potato routing” • MIT’s JCR Licklider invisions a “Galactic Network” of interconnected computers.
- 7. Networks and nodes • Local linked machines • Can only talk to each other • Node is central computer that connects to other networks • 1969: First node at UCLA started ARPANET under Pentagon sponsorship (Advanced Research Project Agency)
- 8. Internet – Interconnected Networks A key feature: each network is individually designed and maintained (“open architecture”)
- 9. Early Growth • Idea was that researchers could exchange data, work together • Within a year it became clear that it was more an electronic post office • But individual mailing awkward, so “mailing lists” created. That created a corps of users who “collected” postings for their own enjoyment. ARPANET September 1971
- 10. E-mail • 1971 Ray Tomlinson invents email program for networks • 1972 Tomlinson program put on ARPANET Email quickly becomes main use of ARPANET 1976 Queen Elizabeth sends email Ray Tomlinson and his famous symbol
- 11. Protocols • ARPA’s original standard was NCP – Network Control Protocol • 1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish TCP – Transmission Control Program. Higher level code. • Later spit between TCP and IP (Internet Protocol)
- 12. TCP/IP TCP IP • The “ground crew” • The “pilot” • Converts messages • Addressing into streams of • Negotiates across packets at the source several nodes • Reassembles them • Negotiates with other back it messages at networks and the destination. protocols
- 13. Popular use • Browsability is key • USENET launched in 1979 between Duke and UNC • Networks used TCP/IP to interconnect, hence name “Internet” • ARPANET dies 1989 • Non-official use of The term “surfing” only arose in 1992 network grows
- 14. (USEr NETwork) USENET, news groups, etc. • E-mail like set of discussion groups • Information is post in bulletin-board fashion • Can include photos (binaries) • Nearly 3,000 groups, 7 million words per day • Immediately popular with marginalized populations
- 16. Uses of Internet 1. Mail 2. Discussion groups 3. Long-distance computing 4. File transfers 6. …. But what of Entertainment?
- 17. World Wide Web • Entertainment really kicked in with establishment of WWW in 1991, developed by Tim Berners-Lee Takes off with Gore-sponsored bill, US High Performance Computing Act (1991)
- 18. That’s REALLY entertainment The WWW gave entertainment multiple dimensions: • Combines graphics and text • Sound and video • Information can be viewed multiple times (unlike broadcast) • Consumers can produce their own sites.
- 19. The Rest of Us • 1993 Mosaic browser popularizes WWW. • Native support for using World Wide Web, gopher, Anonymous FTP, and NNTP (Usenet News) protocols. Support for archie, finger, whois, and Veronica. 1994: Communities begin to wire directly to net First banner ad: October 1994 for Zima and AT&T 1995: RealAudio brings sound to Web
- 21. And now? WWW Web sites • 1993= 130 1999= 9,560,866 2012 =2.4 billion Internet 2 (http://www.internet2.edu) • 187 Universities, plus industry and government • Researching advanced applications and hardware • Current success: multicasting, extremely high speed • New “new media?” Mobile Phones Personal Digital Assistants, Personal Communicators, expanded use of CD-ROM, Digital video, MP3 Audio
- 22. Internet Growth In 1969, the ARPAnet had 4 hosts By 1992 the Internet 727,000 hosts Google’s crawler now tracks 1 trillion pages, a fraction of the whole Web
- 23. It’s a worldwide medium
- 26. Internet2: Super fast 02/01/13 – 26 – ©Internet2 2009
- 29. So is the Internet a mass medium? • How does it compete against the “Traditional Four?” – Newspapers – Credibility, coverage resources – Magazines – Depth, color, niche coverage – Radio – Immediacy, portability, targeting, music – Television – Motion, immediacy, nuance, color
- 30. New creature? • A “massively delivered” niche medium (Vin Crosbie) http://www.digitaldeliverance.com • Three type of media – Mass media – Interpersonal media – New media
- 31. New Media • Individualized messages can simultaneously be delivered to an infinite number of people. • Each of the people involved shares reciprocal control over that content.
- 32. Four Fundamentals http://www.digitaldeliverance.com • 'Bits, Not Atoms' • Digital Addressability. • A Quantum Shift in Control Towards Consumers. • Open, Autonomous Systems Triumph over Closed, Proprietary Systems.
- 33. But what of old media? • What value to we put on words and images? • Are we interested only in utility, or also comfort? • Who should pay the bill?
- 34. Enjoy the ride
Editor's Notes
- Let ’s talk about age for a minute. Nice car, ? No WWW on it. Nice shoes Both predate the World Wide Web So, who invented the Internet? Al Gore Joseph Stalin Albert Einstein
- Took some time to move from theory to reality 1961 Kleinstock paper Message divided into “packets” be disassembled and re-assembled. Contrast with telephone system, which has a pair of wires for each call.
- Late 1950s, RAND tried to think of a nuke-proof communications system No Central Authority No “expert” who could be killed Information packet passed from station to station, ala Pony Express
- Networks were around for years before the Internet came along Most networks simply linked each computer in a circle or daisy chain The addition of a “server” speeded this up by passing information through a central machine In 1960s, they connected servers to servers In 1969, ARPANET
- The Internet is simply interconnected networks The beauty is that the networks – and the their member computers – don ’t have to be directly connected.
- It was an invention to help academia serve the military Exchange of data But Duke and UNC were among the earliest users. Researchers began to talk “offline. Started mailing lists so could send messages to groups of people (SF Lovers was among first) Folks began to archive messages. Sex and sports became big topics
- We were not nearly as interested in calculating as in talking. E-mail program made it easy and grew wildly. It is still the most popular part of the Internet.
- The Internet is really several systems – mail, FTP, WWW, Usenet, etc. All works in “open source” via a set of conventions ARPA set up NCP, but by 1974 it was TCP. Later split into TCP and IP
- Ground crew and flight crew TCP converts the message into packets, reassembles it when it arrives IP negotiates addresses, steers the packets among the many servers and nodes.
- Just hanging around the cyberworld started to get popular. Gamers (Star Trek in early 1970s) A key was when Duke and UNC formalized the messaging service into USENET in 1979 Basketball connection
- E-mail like set of discussion groups Not as popular as Web now, but still heavily used. Low tech, text heavy. Can include photos (binaries) Nearly 3,000 groups, 7 million words per day Immediately popular with marginalized populations (Gays, militants, feminists) Now also popular among hobbyists. Early source of pornography
- So our new “medium” soon had four major functions Mail Discussion Connecting to other computers Swapping files. Those are pretty standard duties among academics and others. But to be a real medium, it had to have an entertainment factor
- Enter the World Wide Web – what most of you think of as the Internet It is really only one part of the programming. E-mail, for instance, is carried on a different system. Side-note: Gore actually did have a lot to do with the start of the WWW. He sponsored the High Performance Computing Act
- The WWW enlisted the qualities of the other mass media. It has color, sound, photos, video – and you could watch it over and over again. Better still, consumers could produce their own sites very inexpensively – as long as they learned the secret code (HTML)
- The “codebreakers” kicked into gear in 1993 with Mosaic, a browser people with little training in computers could use. Suddenly, people who never thought of using a computer DID! Communities linked together and ordinary people started to treat it as a news and entertainment medium But by now, government support was almost gone and resources were fading. Advertising started in 1994
- Today the Internet is enormous. We post 1 million new pages of information to the Internet each day. We now even have several “other” Internets to serve special needs.
- The Web grew rapidly, but down the rate is slowing. Still, much of the world had poor phone service
- [>>] Begun by 34 universities in 1996, Internet2 has over 200 higher education members today, at least one in every state. Higher education members are the core of the Internet2 community, leading the development of new networking capabilities and advanced applications for research and education. Higher education members establish their connections to the Internet2 Network through a regional research and education network member or connector and participate in the governance of Internet2. Universities are eligible for four levels of membership, based on the Carnegie Foundation Basic Classifications. [>>] Internet2 has over 45 industry members committed to promoting the development and deployment of advanced network applications and services in partnership with the research and education community. Levels of Industry membership are based on annual revenues. Eleven Industry partners currently provide over $1,000,000 each in support of Internet2 higher education collaborations. Industry members are encouraged to actively participate in Internet2 activities and strive toward the goal of transferring technology developed within this community to the broader public. [>>] Internet2 has over 50 Affiliate members: non-profit, research- or education-oriented organizations with a strong interest in Internet2's mission and goals, and a commitment to promoting advanced network applications and services for research and education. Levels of Affiliate membership are based on annual operating budgets. Many of our Affiliate members are U.S. government departments, agencies or laboratories with important roles in creating and executing national policy. Some of these include the U.S. Department of State, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Library of Congress, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and Department of Energy ESnet laboratories. [>>] Research & Education Network and Connector members are non-profit organizations that are sub-state, state or multi-state in scope and whose principal mission is to provide network infrastructure and services to the research and education community in their geographic area—including, but not limited to, access to the Internet2 national network infrastructure and services. Regional and state networks are the principal aggregators of network traffic for the U.S. research and education community and are important partners in creating the national advanced research and education network infrastructure of the future. Numbers 214 University Members 59 Affiliate Members * 33 R&E Network Members 10 Corporate Partners 37 Corporate Members image: university map industry logos list of affiliate orgs connector member map
- Internet has hard time “owning” an asset What do you use it for? Interactivity is the one thing it owns.
- Massively delivered niche medium Many get it, but aimed at a few Technology may prevent it from being a universal medium.
- One message to the many Audience control
- Bits not atoms… non-tangible Digital address – packet ready Consumers are in control Open source cannot be subverted by government.
- Who pays?