Occupational health

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHOCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
MINI.G
Professor
College of Nursing
Ananthapuri Hospitals, Chacka

IntroductionIntroduction
 India the second largest populated country in theIndia the second largest populated country in the
world after Chinaworld after China
 In India, more than 300 million people working inIn India, more than 300 million people working in
different sectors.different sectors.
 58% are in agricultural and fishery58% are in agricultural and fishery
 1.3 million people engaged in manufacturing of1.3 million people engaged in manufacturing of
basic chemicals, petroleum, paper leather etcbasic chemicals, petroleum, paper leather etc
 1.5 million engaged in cotton & textile industry1.5 million engaged in cotton & textile industry
 5.4 million in construction work5.4 million in construction work
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHOCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL HEALTHHEALTH
Definition
Occupational health should aim at the
promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social
wellbeing of workers in all occasions; the
prevention among workers of departures from
health caused by their working conditions; the
protection of workers in their employment
from risks resulting from factors adverse to
health; the placing and maintenance of the
worker in an occupational environment
adapted to his physiological and
psychological equipment, and, to summarize,
the adaptation of work to man and of each

ErgonomicsErgonomics
Fitting the job to the workerFitting the job to the worker
 It involves designing of machines, tools,It involves designing of machines, tools,
equipment and manufacturing processes,equipment and manufacturing processes,
lay out of the places of work, methods oflay out of the places of work, methods of
work and environment in order to achievework and environment in order to achieve
greater efficiency of both man andgreater efficiency of both man and
machine.machine.

Objective of ergonomicsObjective of ergonomics
To achieve the bestTo achieve the best
mutual adjustment ofmutual adjustment of
man and his work, forman and his work, for
the improvement ofthe improvement of
human efficiency andhuman efficiency and
well-being.well-being.
ErgonomicsErgonomics, contd…, contd…

OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
 Occupational environment is meant theOccupational environment is meant the
sum of external conditions andsum of external conditions and
influences which prevail at the place ofinfluences which prevail at the place of
work and which have a bearing on thework and which have a bearing on the
health of the working populationhealth of the working population

A) Man and physical,A) Man and physical,
chemical andchemical and
biological agentsbiological agents
B) Man and machineB) Man and machine
C) Man and manC) Man and man
OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT,ENVIRONMENT, contd..contd..
Basically there are three types of interactionBasically there are three types of interaction
in a working environmentin a working environment

A. Man and physical, chemical andA. Man and physical, chemical and
biological agentsbiological agents
 Physical agentsPhysical agents
Heat, cold, humidity, air movement,Heat, cold, humidity, air movement,
heat radiation, light, noise, vibrations andheat radiation, light, noise, vibrations and
ionizing radiationionizing radiation
 Chemical agentsChemical agents
Toxic dusts and gasesToxic dusts and gases
 Biological agentsBiological agents
Viral, rickettsial, bacterial and parasiticViral, rickettsial, bacterial and parasitic
agentsagents

B. Man and machineB. Man and machine
Unguarded machines,Unguarded machines,
protruding and movingprotruding and moving
parts, poor installation ofparts, poor installation of
the plant, lack of safetythe plant, lack of safety
measuresmeasures

C. Man and manC. Man and man
Human relationshipsHuman relationships
amongst workers,amongst workers,
conditions in which theyconditions in which they
live and work, theirlive and work, their
hopes and fears andhopes and fears and
their attitudes towardstheir attitudes towards
their job, their fellow-their job, their fellow-
workers and employers.workers and employers.

OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSHAZARDS
 Physical hazardsPhysical hazards
 Chemical hazardsChemical hazards
 Biological hazardsBiological hazards
 MechanicalMechanical
hazardshazards
 PsychosocialPsychosocial
hazardshazards

1. Physical hazards1. Physical hazards
i) Heat and coldi) Heat and cold
 Direct effects-Burns, heat exhaustion, heatDirect effects-Burns, heat exhaustion, heat
stroke and heat crampsstroke and heat cramps
 Indirect effects- decreased efficiency,Indirect effects- decreased efficiency,
increased fatigue and enhanced accident rateincreased fatigue and enhanced accident rate
ii) Lightii) Light
 Acute effects of poor illumination- eye strain,Acute effects of poor illumination- eye strain,
headache, eye pain, lachrymation, congestionheadache, eye pain, lachrymation, congestion
around the cornea and eye fatiguearound the cornea and eye fatigue
 Chronic effects- discomfort, annoyance andChronic effects- discomfort, annoyance and
visual fatiguevisual fatigue
OCCUPATIONALOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSHAZARDS, contd…, contd…

iii) Noiseiii) Noise
Auditory effectsAuditory effects
Temporary or permanentTemporary or permanent
hearing losshearing loss
Non auditory effectsNon auditory effects
Nervousness, fatigue,Nervousness, fatigue,
interference withinterference with
communication, decreasedcommunication, decreased
efficiency and annoyance.efficiency and annoyance.
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS,OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, contd…contd…

iv) Vibrationiv) Vibration
– More than 10-500 HzMore than 10-500 Hz
encountered by toolsencountered by tools
like drills and hammerslike drills and hammers
v) Ultraviolet radiationv) Ultraviolet radiation
– Arc weldingArc welding
– Radiation may affects the eyes causingRadiation may affects the eyes causing
intense conjunctivitis and keratitisintense conjunctivitis and keratitis
– Symptoms-redness of the eyes and painSymptoms-redness of the eyes and pain

vi) ionizingvi) ionizing
radiationradiation
X-rays andX-rays and
radioactiveradioactive
isotopes affectisotopes affect
bone marrowbone marrow
(cancer,(cancer,
leukemia)leukemia)

2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
A. Local ActionA. Local Action: Dermatitis,: Dermatitis,
eczema, ulcers and eveneczema, ulcers and even
cancer by irritant action.cancer by irritant action.
 Eg: Aromatic nitro and aminoEg: Aromatic nitro and amino
compounds like TNT and anilinecompounds like TNT and aniline
are absorbed through skin andare absorbed through skin and
cause systemic effects.cause systemic effects.
 Occupational dermatitis-Occupational dermatitis-
machine oils, rubber, x-rays,machine oils, rubber, x-rays,
lime etc.lime etc.
Local action, Inhalation & ingestionLocal action, Inhalation & ingestion

B. InhalationB. Inhalation
i) Dust-i) Dust- finely divided solid particles with sizefinely divided solid particles with size
ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns they areranging from 0.1 to 150 microns they are
released into the atmosphere duringreleased into the atmosphere during
crushing, grinding, loading and unloadingcrushing, grinding, loading and unloading
operations.operations.
eg: mines, textiles, wood & stone workingeg: mines, textiles, wood & stone working
industries etc.industries etc.
2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS, contd…2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS, contd…

Inhalation,Inhalation, contd…contd…
 Particles smaller than 5Particles smaller than 5
microns are directlymicrons are directly
inhaled into the lungsinhaled into the lungs
and retained there.and retained there.
Dust- 2 typesDust- 2 types
InorganicInorganic
Eg: silica, mica, coal, asbestos etc.Eg: silica, mica, coal, asbestos etc.
organic dustorganic dust
Eg:cotton, jute etc.Eg:cotton, jute etc.

 Soluble and insoluble dusts- SolubleSoluble and insoluble dusts- Soluble
dusts dissolve slowly , enter the systemicdusts dissolve slowly , enter the systemic
circulation and eliminated by bodycirculation and eliminated by body
metabolism.metabolism.
 Insoluble dusts remain more or lessInsoluble dusts remain more or less
permanently in the lungs.permanently in the lungs.
Common dust diseasesCommon dust diseases
Silicosis & AnthracosisSilicosis & Anthracosis

ii) Gases-
o Simple gases- Eg; O2, H2
o Asphyxiating gases (eg; carbon monoxide,
cyanide gas, Chlorine, sulphur dioxide etc)
o Anaesthetic gases- Chloroform, ether,
tricholoethylene etc
iii) Metals & their compounds-
Can enter the body by inhalation as dust
and fumes

C. IngestionC. Ingestion
Ingestion of chemicals like lead, mercury,Ingestion of chemicals like lead, mercury,
arsenic, Zinc, chromium, cadmium,arsenic, Zinc, chromium, cadmium,
phosphorous etcphosphorous etc..

3. Biological Hazards3. Biological Hazards
 Exposure to infective and parasitic agentsExposure to infective and parasitic agents
especially persons working among animalespecially persons working among animal
products and agricultural workers.products and agricultural workers.
Eg; brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus,Eg; brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus,
encephalitis, fungal infections etc.encephalitis, fungal infections etc.

4. Mechanical hazards4. Mechanical hazards
 Protruding and movingProtruding and moving
parts of machines,parts of machines,
sharp edges etcsharp edges etc

5. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS5. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
 Due to failure to adapt with workingDue to failure to adapt with working
environmentenvironment
 Frustration, lack of job satisfaction,Frustration, lack of job satisfaction,
insecurity, poor human relationship,insecurity, poor human relationship,
emotional tensionemotional tension

HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATIONHEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
 Environmental sanitation problems-Environmental sanitation problems- Housing,Housing,
Water pollution, Air pollution, Sewage disposalWater pollution, Air pollution, Sewage disposal
 Communicable diseases-Communicable diseases- tuberculosis, venerealtuberculosis, venereal
diseases and food & water born infectionsdiseases and food & water born infections
 Food sanitationFood sanitation-lowered due to industrialization-lowered due to industrialization
resulting in food born infectionsresulting in food born infections
 Mental Health-Mental Health- failure of adjustment leads tofailure of adjustment leads to
mental illness, psychoneurosis, behaviouralmental illness, psychoneurosis, behavioural
disorders etcdisorders etc
 AccidentsAccidents
 Social problems-Social problems- alcoholism, drug addition,alcoholism, drug addition,
gambling, prostitution, increased divorces, breakinggambling, prostitution, increased divorces, breaking
up of home, juvenile delinquency.up of home, juvenile delinquency.
 Morbidity and mortalityMorbidity and mortality

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
 Diseases arising out of or in the course ofDiseases arising out of or in the course of
employmentemployment

TypesTypes
I.I. Diseases due to physical agentsDiseases due to physical agents
 Heat- heat pyrexia, heat exhaustion,Heat- heat pyrexia, heat exhaustion,
heat syncope, heat cramps, burns andheat syncope, heat cramps, burns and
local effects such as prickly heatlocal effects such as prickly heat
 Cold- Trench foot, frost bite etcCold- Trench foot, frost bite etc
 Light- Occupational cataract, miner’sLight- Occupational cataract, miner’s
nystagmus, air embolism, blastnystagmus, air embolism, blast
(explosion)(explosion)
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

Diseases due to physical agents,Diseases due to physical agents, Contd…Contd…
 Noise-Noise- Occupational deafnessOccupational deafness
 RadiationRadiation-Cancer, leukaemia, aplastic-Cancer, leukaemia, aplastic
anaemia, pancytopeniaanaemia, pancytopenia
 Mechanical factors-Mechanical factors- Injuries, accidentsInjuries, accidents
 ElectricityElectricity-Burns-Burns

II. Diseases due to Chemical agentsII. Diseases due to Chemical agents
1) Gases:1) Gases: COCO22, CO,HCN, NH, CO,HCN, NH33,N,N22, HCl, SO, HCl, SO22 thesethese
cause gas poisoningcause gas poisoning
2)2) Dust (Pneumoconiosis)Dust (Pneumoconiosis)
i) Inorganic dusti) Inorganic dust
A) Coal dust- AnthracosisA) Coal dust- Anthracosis
B) Silica-SilicosisB) Silica-Silicosis
C) Asbestosis-Asbestosis, cancer lungC) Asbestosis-Asbestosis, cancer lung
D) Iron – SiderosisD) Iron – Siderosis
ii) Organic dustsii) Organic dusts
A) Cane fibre- BagassosisA) Cane fibre- Bagassosis
B) Cotton dust- ByssinosisB) Cotton dust- Byssinosis
C) Tobacco-TobacossisC) Tobacco-Tobacossis
D) Hay or grain dust- Farmers’ lungD) Hay or grain dust- Farmers’ lung

3) Metals and their compounds3) Metals and their compounds
Toxic hazards from lead, mercury,Toxic hazards from lead, mercury,
cadmium, manganese, beryllium,cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,arsenic,
chromium etcchromium etc
4) Chemicals4) Chemicals
Acids, alkalis, pesticidesAcids, alkalis, pesticides
5) Solvents5) Solvents
Carbon bisulphide, benzene,Carbon bisulphide, benzene,
trichloroethylene, chloroform etctrichloroethylene, chloroform etc
Diseases due to Chemical agentsDiseases due to Chemical agents,, contd…contd…

III Diseases due to biological agentsIII Diseases due to biological agents
Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax,Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax,
actinomycosis, tetanus, encephalitis,actinomycosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungalfungal
infections, etcinfections, etc
IV. Occupational CancersIV. Occupational Cancers
Cancer of skin, lungs, bladderCancer of skin, lungs, bladder
V. Occupational dermatosisV. Occupational dermatosis
Dermatitis, eczemaDermatitis, eczema
VI. Diseases of psychological originVI. Diseases of psychological origin
Industrial neurosis, hypertension, pepticIndustrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic
ulcer etc.ulcer etc.

PNEUMOCONIOSISPNEUMOCONIOSIS
 Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron ,isDust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron ,is
a health hazard producing, after a variablea health hazard producing, after a variable
period of exposure, a lung disease known asperiod of exposure, a lung disease known as
pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripplepneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple
a man by reducing his working capacity duea man by reducing his working capacity due
to lung fibrosis and other complicationsto lung fibrosis and other complications

The hazardous effects of dusts on the lungsThe hazardous effects of dusts on the lungs
depends upon a number of factors likedepends upon a number of factors like
 Chemical compositionChemical composition
 FinenessFineness
 Concentration of dust in the airConcentration of dust in the air
 Period of exposure andPeriod of exposure and
 Health status of the person exposed.Health status of the person exposed.
PNEUMOCONIOSISPNEUMOCONIOSIS, contd…, contd…

TypesTypes
 SilicosisSilicosis
 AnthracosisAnthracosis
 ByssinosisByssinosis
 BagassosisBagassosis
 Asbestosis andAsbestosis and
 Farmer’s lung|Farmer’s lung|
PNEUMOCONIOSIS,PNEUMOCONIOSIS, contd…contd…

SilicosisSilicosis
 Caused by inhalation of dust containing freeCaused by inhalation of dust containing free
silica or silicon dioxide.silica or silicon dioxide.
 First reported in India from Kola Gold MinesFirst reported in India from Kola Gold Mines
(Mysore) in 1947.(Mysore) in 1947.
 The incidence of silicosis depends upon theThe incidence of silicosis depends upon the
chemical composition of the dust, size of thechemical composition of the dust, size of the
particles, duration of exposure and individualparticles, duration of exposure and individual
susceptibilitysusceptibility

Chest X-ray shows “snow-storm” appearanceChest X-ray shows “snow-storm” appearance
Silicosis,Silicosis, contd…contd…

2. ANTHRACOSIS2. ANTHRACOSIS
 Coal miners pneumoconiosisCoal miners pneumoconiosis
 I Phase- simple pneumoconiosis with littleI Phase- simple pneumoconiosis with little
ventilatory impairmentventilatory impairment
 This phase require about 12 years of workThis phase require about 12 years of work
exposure for its development.exposure for its development.
 II Phase- Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)II Phase- Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)
causes severe respiratory disability and resultscauses severe respiratory disability and results
in premature death.in premature death.

3. BYSSINOSIS3. BYSSINOSIS
 Due to inhalation of cotton fibre dust over longDue to inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long
periods of time.periods of time.
 Incidence is reported to be 7-8% in Mumbai,Incidence is reported to be 7-8% in Mumbai,
Ahmedabad and Delhi.Ahmedabad and Delhi.
SymptomsSymptoms
 Chronic cough and progressive dyspnoeaChronic cough and progressive dyspnoea
ending in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.ending in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

4. BAGASSOSIS4. BAGASSOSIS
 Occupational disease of the lung causedOccupational disease of the lung caused
by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-caneby inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane
dust.dust.
SymptomsSymptoms
 Breathlessness, cough, haemoptysis andBreathlessness, cough, haemoptysis and
slight fever.slight fever.
 Impairment of lung functionImpairment of lung function
 If treated early resolution of acuteIf treated early resolution of acute
inflammatory conditions and if leftinflammatory conditions and if left
untreated causes diffuse fibrosis,untreated causes diffuse fibrosis,
emphysema and bronchiectasis.emphysema and bronchiectasis.

5. ASBESTOSIS5. ASBESTOSIS
Asbestos is a type ofAsbestos is a type of
fibrous material. Theyfibrous material. They
are silicates of varyingare silicates of varying
composition.composition.

 Asbestos enters the body by inhalationAsbestos enters the body by inhalation
and fine dust may be deposited in theand fine dust may be deposited in the
alveoli.alveoli.
 The fibers are insolubleThe fibers are insoluble
 The dust deposited in the lung causesThe dust deposited in the lung causes
pulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratorypulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratory
insufficiency and death, carcinoma ofinsufficiency and death, carcinoma of
the bronchus and GIT etc.the bronchus and GIT etc.
5. ASBESTOSIS5. ASBESTOSIS, contd…, contd…

6. FARMER’S LUNG6. FARMER’S LUNG
 Due to inhalation of grain dust.Due to inhalation of grain dust.
 Grain dust or hay with a moistureGrain dust or hay with a moisture
content of over 30% enhances growth ofcontent of over 30% enhances growth of
bacteria and fungi causing a rise ofbacteria and fungi causing a rise of
temp to 40-50temp to 40-5000
C.C.
 This heat enhances the growth ofThis heat enhances the growth of
thermophilic actinomycetes-thermophilic actinomycetes-
micropolyspora faeni is the main causemicropolyspora faeni is the main cause
of farmers lungof farmers lung

SymptomsSymptoms
General and respiratory symptomsGeneral and respiratory symptoms
Repeated attack cause pulmonary fibrosisRepeated attack cause pulmonary fibrosis
6. FARMER’S LUNG, contd…6. FARMER’S LUNG, contd…

LEAD POISONINGLEAD POISONING
 Lead is the major toxic metal exposedLead is the major toxic metal exposed
by industrial workersby industrial workers
 Lead is commonly used in industriesLead is commonly used in industries
because of its low boiling point, mixesbecause of its low boiling point, mixes
with other metals easily to form alloys ,with other metals easily to form alloys ,
easily oxidized and anticorrosive.easily oxidized and anticorrosive.
 All lead compounds are toxic-leadAll lead compounds are toxic-lead
arsenate, lead oxide, lead carbonatearsenate, lead oxide, lead carbonate
etcetc

OCCUPATIONAL CANCEROCCUPATIONAL CANCER
 Commonly affected sites areCommonly affected sites are
Skin, lungs, bladder andSkin, lungs, bladder and
blood forming organs.blood forming organs.
 Skin cancer –exposure withSkin cancer –exposure with
mineral oil, tar, etcmineral oil, tar, etc
 Lung Cancer- exposure withLung Cancer- exposure with
asbestos, nickel & chromiumasbestos, nickel & chromium
workwork
 Cancer bladder- exposure with aniline, rubber,Cancer bladder- exposure with aniline, rubber,
aromatic aminesaromatic amines
 Leukaemia-exposure with benzol, roentgen rays andLeukaemia-exposure with benzol, roentgen rays and
radioactive substancesradioactive substances

OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITISOCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
CausesCauses
 Physical-Physical- heat, cold, moisture, friction,heat, cold, moisture, friction,
pressure, x-rays and other rayspressure, x-rays and other rays
 Chemical-Chemical- acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents,acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents,
grease, tar, chlorinated phenolgrease, tar, chlorinated phenol
 Biological-Biological- viruses, bacteria, fungi and otherviruses, bacteria, fungi and other
parasitesparasites

Plant products-Plant products- leaves,leaves,
vegetables, fruits,vegetables, fruits,
flowers, vegetable dustflowers, vegetable dust
etc.etc.

Causative agentsCausative agents
 Primary irritants-acids, alkalies, dyes, solventsPrimary irritants-acids, alkalies, dyes, solvents
 Sensitizing substances- allergiesSensitizing substances- allergies
OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS,OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS, contd..contd..

RADIATION HAZARDSRADIATION HAZARDS
 Exposure to UV radiation-arc andExposure to UV radiation-arc and
electrical welding processes.electrical welding processes.
 Infrared rays in welding, glassInfrared rays in welding, glass
blowing etcblowing etc
Effects of radiationEffects of radiation
 Acute burns, dermatitis and bloodAcute burns, dermatitis and blood
dyscrasiasdyscrasias
 Chronic exposure causes malignanciesChronic exposure causes malignancies
and genetic effects.and genetic effects.

OCCUPATION HAZARDS OFOCCUPATION HAZARDS OF
AGRICULTURAL WORKERSAGRICULTURAL WORKERS
1.1. Zoonotic diseasesZoonotic diseases
Eg; brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, tetanus,Eg; brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, tetanus,
tuberculosis etctuberculosis etc
2. Accidents2. Accidents
Due to agricultural machinery & Insects andDue to agricultural machinery & Insects and
snake bitessnake bites
3. Toxic hazards3. Toxic hazards
Fertilizers, insecticides orFertilizers, insecticides or
pesticides etcpesticides etc

OCCUPATION HAZARDS OFOCCUPATION HAZARDS OF
AGRICULTURAL WORKERS,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, contd..contd..
4.Physical hazards4.Physical hazards
Extremes of temperature exposure,Extremes of temperature exposure,
excessive noise, inadequateexcessive noise, inadequate
ventillation etcventillation etc
5. Respiratory diseases5. Respiratory diseases
Exposure to dusts of grains, tea,Exposure to dusts of grains, tea,
tobacco, cotton, etctobacco, cotton, etc

ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRYACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY
CausesCauses
1.1. Human factorsHuman factors
2. Psychological2. Psychological
3. Environmental factors3. Environmental factors

ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRYACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY
CausesCauses
1.1. Human factorsHuman factors
 Physical factorsPhysical factors
physical defects (vision, hearing etc)physical defects (vision, hearing etc)
 Physiological factorsPhysiological factors
 Sex-women have less accident than menSex-women have less accident than men
 Age- younger ages more proneAge- younger ages more prone
 Time- minimum at beginning of the dayTime- minimum at beginning of the day
 Experience-50% of accidents occur in firstExperience-50% of accidents occur in first
6 months6 months

2) Psychological2) Psychological
 carelessnesscarelessness
 inattentivenessinattentiveness
 overconfidenceoverconfidence
 ignoranceignorance
 inexperienceinexperience
 emotional stress etc.emotional stress etc.
ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY,ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY, contd…contd…

ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY,ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY, contd…contd…
33) Environmental factors) Environmental factors
 Temperature,Temperature,
 poor illumination,poor illumination,
 humidity,humidity,
 noise andnoise and
 unsafe machines.unsafe machines.

SICKNESS ABSENTEEISMSICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
 Important Health problem in industryImportant Health problem in industry
 Incidence:Incidence: 15-20 %15-20 %
 Rate of absentees- 8-10 days per head perRate of absentees- 8-10 days per head per
yearyear

CausesCauses
1. Economic causes1. Economic causes
Utilizing sick leave with payUtilizing sick leave with pay
Workers declare themselves fit or unfit forWorkers declare themselves fit or unfit for
work.work.
2. Social causes2. Social causes
Social and family obligations like wedding,Social and family obligations like wedding,
festival , repair and maintenance of housefestival , repair and maintenance of house
etcetc
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM,SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM, contd…contd…

3. Medical causes3. Medical causes
Occupational accidents, respiratory andOccupational accidents, respiratory and
alimentary illness etcalimentary illness etc
4. Non occupational causes4. Non occupational causes
Alcoholism, drug addition, nutritionalAlcoholism, drug addition, nutritional
disorders etcdisorders etc
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM, contd…SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM, contd…

PreventionPrevention
Result in better utilization of resources andResult in better utilization of resources and
maximizing the production.maximizing the production.
 Good factory management and practicesGood factory management and practices
 Adequate pre-placement examinationAdequate pre-placement examination
 Good human relationsGood human relations
 Application of ergonomicsApplication of ergonomics
SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM, contd…SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM, contd…

PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASESPREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
 Medical MeasuresMedical Measures
 Engineering Measures andEngineering Measures and
 Statutory or legislativeStatutory or legislative
MeasuresMeasures

1. MEDICAL MEASURES1. MEDICAL MEASURES
1.1. Pre-placement ExaminationPre-placement Examination
List of occupations in which it is risky to employ menList of occupations in which it is risky to employ men
suffering from certain diseasessuffering from certain diseases
HazardHazard Undesirable conditionsUndesirable conditions
1. Lead1. Lead Anaemia, hypertension,Anaemia, hypertension,
nephritis, peptic ulcernephritis, peptic ulcer
2. Dyes2. Dyes Asthma, Skin, bladderAsthma, Skin, bladder
and kidney diseasesand kidney diseases
3. Solvents3. Solvents liver and Kidney diseases,liver and Kidney diseases,
dermatitis, alcoholismdermatitis, alcoholism
4. Silica4. Silica Healed & active tuberculosis,Healed & active tuberculosis,
chronic lungchronic lung
5. Radium & X-rays5. Radium & X-rays Signs of ill health, especiallySigns of ill health, especially
any blood diseaseany blood disease

2.2. Periodic ExaminationPeriodic Examination
Depends upon the type of occupationalDepends upon the type of occupational
exposureexposure
Eg: Lead, toxic dyes & radiumEg: Lead, toxic dyes & radium
3. Medical and Health care services3. Medical and Health care services
For the worker and to the familyFor the worker and to the family
4. Notification4. Notification
For taking measures for prevention andFor taking measures for prevention and
protection and ensuring their effectiveprotection and ensuring their effective
applicationapplication
MEDICAL MEASURES, contd..MEDICAL MEASURES, contd..

5. Supervision of working environment5. Supervision of working environment
Whether it is conducive to the workersWhether it is conducive to the workers
6. Maintenance and analysis of records6. Maintenance and analysis of records
For planning, development and efficientFor planning, development and efficient
operation of occupational health service.operation of occupational health service.
7. Health education and counselling7. Health education and counselling
regarding all kinds of risks involved, correctregarding all kinds of risks involved, correct
use of protective devices, hand washing etc.use of protective devices, hand washing etc.
MEDICAL MEASURES, contd..MEDICAL MEASURES, contd..

II. ENGINEERING MEASURESII. ENGINEERING MEASURES
1. Design of building1. Design of building
The type of floor, walls, heights, ceiling, roof,The type of floor, walls, heights, ceiling, roof,
doors and windows should be idealdoors and windows should be ideal
2. Good Housekeeping2. Good Housekeeping
General cleanliness, ventilation, lighting,General cleanliness, ventilation, lighting,
washing, food arrangements and generalwashing, food arrangements and general
maintenancemaintenance
3. General ventilation3. General ventilation
4. Mechanization-4. Mechanization- reduces hazard of contact withreduces hazard of contact with
harmful substancesharmful substances
5. Substitution-5. Substitution- replacement of a harmful materialreplacement of a harmful material
by a harmless oneby a harmless one

6. Dusts6. Dusts
Using water sprays Eg: wet drilling of rocksUsing water sprays Eg: wet drilling of rocks
7. Enclosure7. Enclosure
Enclosing the harmful materials and processesEnclosing the harmful materials and processes
prevent escape of dust and fumes into theprevent escape of dust and fumes into the
factory atmosphere.factory atmosphere.
8. Isolation8. Isolation
Isolate offensive process in a separate buildingIsolate offensive process in a separate building
9. Local exhaust ventilation9. Local exhaust ventilation
Dusts, fumes and other injurious substances canDusts, fumes and other injurious substances can
be trapped and extracted at sourcebe trapped and extracted at source
II. ENGINEERING MEASURES.II. ENGINEERING MEASURES. Contd…Contd…

10. Protection Devices10. Protection Devices
Eg; Gas mask gloves, gowns etcEg; Gas mask gloves, gowns etc
11. Environmental monitoring11. Environmental monitoring
Eg; sampling the factory atmoshereEg; sampling the factory atmoshere
12. Statistical monitoring12. Statistical monitoring
Collecting data on health and analyzingCollecting data on health and analyzing
13.Research13.Research
II. ENGINEERING MEASURES,II. ENGINEERING MEASURES, Contd…Contd…

III. LEGISLATIONIII. LEGISLATION
 Society has an obligation to protectSociety has an obligation to protect
the health of the worker engaged inthe health of the worker engaged in
diverse occupationsdiverse occupations
 Since workers are more important thanSince workers are more important than
the machine which he operates.the machine which he operates.

III. LEGISLATIONIII. LEGISLATION
Important factory LawsImportant factory Laws
1.1. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948The Minimum Wages Act, 1948
2.2. The dangerous Machine (Regulation)The dangerous Machine (Regulation)
Act, 1983Act, 1983
3.3. The Plantation Labour Act, 1951The Plantation Labour Act, 1951
4.4. The Factories Act, 1948The Factories Act, 1948
5.5. The Mines Act, 1952The Mines Act, 1952
6.6. The Employees’ State Insurance Act,The Employees’ State Insurance Act,
19481948
7.7. The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923

Important factory Laws, contd…Important factory Laws, contd…
 The Bonded Labour System (Abolition)The Bonded Labour System (Abolition)
ActAct
 The Trade Union Act, 1926The Trade Union Act, 1926
 The mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972The mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972
 The Bidi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1972The Bidi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1972
 The Contract Labour (regulation &The Contract Labour (regulation &
abolition) Act, 1970abolition) Act, 1970

THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948
 Scope:Scope: The act defines factory as anThe act defines factory as an
establishment employing 10 or more workersestablishment employing 10 or more workers
when power is used and 20 or more workerswhen power is used and 20 or more workers
when power is not used.when power is not used.
 Health, safety and welfare:Health, safety and welfare: act prescribesact prescribes
precautions which should be taken forprecautions which should be taken for
ensuring the safety of workersensuring the safety of workers
 Employment of Young persons:Employment of Young persons: act prohibitsact prohibits
employment of children below the age of 14employment of children below the age of 14
yearsyears

 Hours of work:Hours of work: Act prescribes aAct prescribes a
maximum of 48 working hours per week,maximum of 48 working hours per week,
not exceeding 9 hours per day with restnot exceeding 9 hours per day with rest
for at least ½ hour after 5 hours offor at least ½ hour after 5 hours of
continuous work.continuous work.
 Leave with wages:Leave with wages: Besides weeklyBesides weekly
holidays every worker will be entitled toholidays every worker will be entitled to
leave with wages after 12 month’sleave with wages after 12 month’s
continous service like one day for everycontinous service like one day for every
20 days of work20 days of work
THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948,THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948, contd…contd…

Occupational DiseasesOccupational Diseases
Information should be given regardingInformation should be given regarding
accidents, serious bodily injury andaccidents, serious bodily injury and
major occupational diseasesmajor occupational diseases
Employment in Hazardous processesEmployment in Hazardous processes
safety precautions given to the workerssafety precautions given to the workers
should be specified.should be specified.
THETHE FACTORIESFACTORIES ACT, 1948,ACT, 1948, contd…contd…

THE EMPLOYEES’ STATETHE EMPLOYEES’ STATE
INSURANCE (ESI) ACT, 1948INSURANCE (ESI) ACT, 1948
‘‘Employee’ means any personEmployee’ means any person
employed for wages in or inemployed for wages in or in
connection with the work of a factoryconnection with the work of a factory
or in an established department.or in an established department.

THE EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCETHE EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCE
(ESI) ACT, 1948(ESI) ACT, 1948
 It provides for certain cash and medicalIt provides for certain cash and medical
benefits to industrial employees in case ofbenefits to industrial employees in case of
sickness, maternity and employment injury.sickness, maternity and employment injury.
AdministrationAdministration

Autonomous body-ESI CorporationAutonomous body-ESI Corporation
 Chairman-Union minister for labourChairman-Union minister for labour
FinanceFinance
The scheme is run by contributions byThe scheme is run by contributions by
employees and employers and grants fromemployees and employers and grants from
central and state governmentcentral and state government

Benefits to EmployeesBenefits to Employees
 Medical benefitMedical benefit
 Sickness benefitSickness benefit
 Maternity benefitMaternity benefit
 Disablement benefitDisablement benefit
 Dependant’s benefitDependant’s benefit
 Funeral expensesFuneral expenses
 Rehabilitation allowanceRehabilitation allowance
THE EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCE ACT, 1948THE EMPLOYEES’ STATE INSURANCE ACT, 1948
Regulations, 1950Regulations, 1950

ESI Act,ESI Act, contd…contd…
1. Medical benefit1. Medical benefit
 Out patient careOut patient care
 Supply of drug and dressingsSupply of drug and dressings
 Specialist services in all branches of medicineSpecialist services in all branches of medicine
 Pathological and radiological investigationsPathological and radiological investigations
 Antenatal, natal and postnatal servicesAntenatal, natal and postnatal services
 Emergency servicesEmergency services
 Ambulance servicesAmbulance services
 Health educationHealth education
 In-patient treatmentIn-patient treatment

2. Sickness benefit2. Sickness benefit
 Cash payment for an insured personCash payment for an insured person
 Benefit is payable for maximum period of 91Benefit is payable for maximum period of 91
days, 50% of the average daily wages.days, 50% of the average daily wages.
 Extended Sickness benefit for a maximumExtended Sickness benefit for a maximum
period of 2 yearsperiod of 2 years

Extended Sickness benefitExtended Sickness benefit
34 diseases for which Extended Sickness34 diseases for which Extended Sickness
Benefit with effect from 01.01.2000 isBenefit with effect from 01.01.2000 is
payable, in case where the insuredpayable, in case where the insured
person has been in continuousperson has been in continuous
employmentemployment
1.1. Infectious diseases- Tuberculosis,Infectious diseases- Tuberculosis,
leprosy, Chronic emphyema, AIDSleprosy, Chronic emphyema, AIDS
2.2. NeoplasmsNeoplasms
3.3. Endocrine, Nutritional and MetabolicEndocrine, Nutritional and Metabolic
DisordersDisorders

4. Disorders of Nervous System4. Disorders of Nervous System
5. Diseases of Cardiovascular System5. Diseases of Cardiovascular System
6. Chest Diseases6. Chest Diseases
7. Diseases of Digestive System7. Diseases of Digestive System
8. Orthopaedic Diseases8. Orthopaedic Diseases
9. Psychosis9. Psychosis
10. Others- more than 20% burns, chronic10. Others- more than 20% burns, chronic
renal failure etcrenal failure etc
Extended Sickness benefitExtended Sickness benefit

3. Maternity benefit3. Maternity benefit
 For confinement duration of benefit is 12For confinement duration of benefit is 12
weeksweeks
 For miscarriage 6 weeksFor miscarriage 6 weeks
4. Disablement benefit4. Disablement benefit
 70 % of the wages as long as temporary70 % of the wages as long as temporary
disablement lastsdisablement lasts

5. Dependant’s benefit5. Dependant’s benefit
Death due to employment injury dependent ofDeath due to employment injury dependent of
an insured person are eligible for periodicalan insured person are eligible for periodical
payment, 70% of the wagespayment, 70% of the wages
6. Funeral expenses6. Funeral expenses
Amount not exceeding Rs. 2500Amount not exceeding Rs. 2500
7. Rehabilitation allowance7. Rehabilitation allowance
Monthly payment of Rs.10 after retirementMonthly payment of Rs.10 after retirement

Administration of occupational healthAdministration of occupational health
servicesservices
 At the central levelAt the central level
 Directorate general for factory inspectionDirectorate general for factory inspection
and advisory servicesand advisory services
 Deals with administration of the FactoryDeals with administration of the Factory
Act (1948), ESI Act (1948 and coal MinesAct (1948), ESI Act (1948 and coal Mines
Labour Welfare Act (1947)Labour Welfare Act (1947)
 Govt departments of labour and healthGovt departments of labour and health
and board of Mines maintain vigilanceand board of Mines maintain vigilance
over health and working conditionsover health and working conditions
– Central labour institute at MumbaiCentral labour institute at Mumbai
– 3 Regional Labour Institute at Kanpur,3 Regional Labour Institute at Kanpur,
Kolkotta and ChennaiKolkotta and Chennai

 At the state LevelAt the state Level

No industrial health division in theNo industrial health division in the
state health directorate except in UP.state health directorate except in UP.
Under Factories Act stateUnder Factories Act state
responsibilities have been vested inresponsibilities have been vested in
the Chief Inspector of Factories.the Chief Inspector of Factories.
Voluntary Organization in India forVoluntary Organization in India for
promoting Occupational health- Tatapromoting Occupational health- Tata
Institute of Industrial HygieneInstitute of Industrial Hygiene
Administration of occupational healthAdministration of occupational health
services,services, contd…contd…

AssignmentAssignment
Identify the Occupational problems encounter inIdentify the Occupational problems encounter in
your working place and suggest the possibleyour working place and suggest the possible
remedial measures which can be adopted.remedial measures which can be adopted.

Its time to stop … Thank you………Its time to stop … Thank you………

Occupational health

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