this chapter is about quantitative data analysis written by Ahmad zaki ludin who is master of science and statistics

1. Quantitative Data Analysis
Chapter One
Lecturer: Ahmad Zaki Ludin
Master of Science “Statistics”
Bachelor of Science “General Mathematics”

2. INTRODUCTION
What we have in this Course?
This course includes Seven main chapters:
Chapter 1 (The Nature of Probability and Statistics)
Chapter 2 (Frequency Distributions and Graphs)
Chapter 3 (Data Description)
Chapter 4 (Probability and Counting Rules)
Chapter 5 (Discrete Probability Distributions)
Chapter 6 (The Normal Distribution)
Chapter 7 (Confidence Intervals and Sample Size)
2
The Main Text Book for this Course is:
Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, Tenth Edition by Allan G. Bluman

3. OUTLINE
Introduction
1–1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1–2 Variables and Types of Data
1–3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques
1–4 Experimental Design
1–5 Computers and Calculators
Summary
3

4. OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
- Demonstrate knowledge of statistical terms.
- Differentiate between the two branches of statistics.
- Identify types of data.
- Identify the measurement level for each variable.
- Identify the four basic sampling techniques.
- Explain the difference between an observational and an
experimental study.
- Explain how statistics can be used and misused.
- Explain the importance of computers and calculators in statistics.
4

5. 5
The collection and study of data are important in the work of
many professions, so that training in the science of statistics is valuable
preparation for variety of careers. For example economists and financial
advisors, businessmen, engineers, farmers, etc.

6. 6
“Statistics is the and of learning from data.”
“Statistics is the art and science of and
that those studies produce. Its ultimate goal is translating data
into knowledge and understanding of the world around us.”
Whatever else it may be, statistics is, first and foremost, a
used for into to
.
“Statistics is a way to get information from data”
, especially , collected together for reference
or information.
communicated concerning some particular fact.

7. 7
Decision Maker is a person who decides things, especially at a
high level in an organization, like: business executives and Managers.
Administrators of Hospitals, Colleges, and other Organizations.
Much of this information is in the form of numbers.
Numbers which are frequently called statistics or statistical data.

8. 8

9. 9
‫توصیفی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تشریحی‬ ‫احصائیه‬
‫استنباطی‬ ‫احصائیه‬

10. 10

11. 11
Population
Sample
Subset
Populations have Parameters
&
Samples have Statistics.

12. 12

13. 13
Gender Age Toss a Coin
Ahmad Male 23
Khalida Female 26
Walid Male 20
Mahmmod Male 26
Mariam Female 20

14. 14
Qualitative Variables are
variables that can be placed in to
distinct categories, according to
some characteristic or attribute.
For Example:
Gender (Male/Female), Religious
Preference, Geographic
Locations, etc.
Quantitative Variables are
numerical and can be ordered or
ranked. For Example: age, heights,
weights, body temperatures, etc.
- Discrete Variables:
Discrete Variables assume values
that can be counted. For Example:
Number of children in a family,
number of students in a class,
number of calls in one day, etc.
- Continuous Variables:
Continuous Variables can assume all
values between any two specific
values. They are obtained by
measuring. For Example:
Temperatures, length , time , mass
, etc.
‫کیفیتی‬
‫یا‬
‫کیفی‬
‫کمیتی‬
‫یا‬
‫کمی‬
‫مجزا‬
‫یا‬
‫گسسته‬
‫مداوم‬
‫یا‬
‫پیوسته‬

15. 15

16. 16
Definitions and Examples of Measurement Scales
Nominal-level Data Ordinal-level Data Interval-level Data Ratio-level Data
The nominal level of
measurement classifies data
into mutually exclusive
exhausting categories in
which no order or ranking can
be imposed on the data.
The ordinal level of
measurement classifies data
into categories that can be
ranked; however, precise
differences between the
ranks do not exist.
The interval level of
measurement ranks data,
and precise differences
between units of measure
do exist; however, there is
no meaningful zero.
The ratio level measurement possesses
all the characteristics of interval
measurement, and there exists a true
zero. In addition, true ratios exist when
the same variable is measured on two
different members of the population.
Zip code
Gender
Eye Color
Political affiliation
Major field of study
Nationality
Grade(A,B,C,D,F)
Judging (1st, 2nd…)
Rating Scale (poor good,
excellent)
Ranking of games
(Ranking of players)
Exam score (SAT score)
IQ level
Temperature
Passing Grade
Height
Weight
Time
Salary
Age
‫ارقام‬ ‫اسمی‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫سطح‬
‫ارقام‬ ‫ترتیبی‬ ‫ارقام‬ ‫یی‬ ‫فاصله‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫ارقام‬ ‫نسبی‬ ‫سطح‬

17. 17
Determine the measurement level.
Variable Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Level
Hair Color Yes No Nominal
Zip Code Yes No Nominal
Letter Grade Yes Yes No Ordinal
SAT Score Yes Yes Yes No Interval
Height Yes Yes Yes Yes Ratio
Age Yes Yes Yes Yes Ratio
Temperature Yes Yes Yes No Interval

18. 18
Elementary Statistics
A Step by Step Approach
Tenth Edition
Allan G. Bluman

19. 19
Learning Principles For Statistics
- What I Hear I Forget
- What I See I Remember
- What I do I Learn!

20. How much Basic Mathematics we need?
Ever wonder how you are doing in Basic Arithmetic? Or are you
wondering if you remember Basic Arithmetic?
I have designed two Basic Practice Tests that will not only help you to
practice your test taking skills, but they will also help you to identify
your strengths in Basic Arithmetic and Algebra and the areas where
you need help. Take the tests below and then check your answers
with the answer keys. This will surely help you to understand what
you remember and what areas you need to review.
20

21. Pre-test 1
Pre-test 1 is all about Real Numbers.
It has three main objectives:
1. Identifying real numbers
2. Comparing real numbers
3. Calculating real numbers
Note: A word format of the test is available in the portal.
21

22. Pre-test 1 …
-8,
2
3
, 3.45, 25,
1
4
, 0.024, -4, 9, 2, -8
3
, 2
1
5
,
ì
í
ï
î
ï
ü
ý
ï
þ
ï
22

23. 7, 1
2
3
, -3.45, - 36, -
1
2
, 0.326, 8, -1, - 3, 9
3
,
1
6
ì
í
ï
î
ï
ü
ý
ï
þ
ï
… Pre-test 1 …
23

24. a. 8 7
b. -8 -7
c. -8 7
d. 0.8 0.7
e. 0.3 0.287
k. 9 | -9 |
l. 4 8
3
m. - 25 - | -64
3
|
n. | -0.5| | -0.9 |
… Pre-test 1 …
f. 2.1 1.998
g. -0.5 -0.9
h. -7 7
i. | -8| | -7 |
j. | -8 | 7
24

25. a.
8
9
7
8
b. -
1
2
-
1
3
c. -
1
2
7
10
g. -0.9 -
7
10
h.
-2
3
-0.7
d.
2
3
0.7
e. -
8
9
-
7
8
f. | -
1
2
| | -
1
3
|
… Pre-test 1 …
25

26. a. 34 +18´ 27 ¸ 6 -11 =
b. 3.5 -18 ¸ 5+11´ 0.04 =
c. 13´1.3+ (3¸ 5-12) -10 =
… Pre-test 1 …
d. 34 +18´ 27 ¸ 6 -11 =
e. (-4) - (2 + 0.5´8) + 25 =
f. 15+[30 - 5´ (7 - 24 ¸ 5)]-100 =
g. 100 ¸(-8)+30.1´ 29 - 41´(11¸ 25)- 0.004 =
26

27. a. 2
3
5
+
2
8
´1
1
3
-
1
15
+ 4 =
b. 3.5+
4
5
- 50 + (-9)+ 3.3 =
c.
2
5
´1
1
4
+ 2
2
3
¸1
1
6
+
2
15
=
d.
2.5
4
-
2
0.05
¸1
1
2
+10 =
i.
3
4
´1
2
5
¸1
2
3
- 20 =
j.
1-8¸ 5
3
+
2
0.8
´
3
8
¸ 20 =
… Pre-test 1
e.
2 - 7 ¸ 4
0.005
´
0.3
8
+
3
5
- 20 =
f.
2
7
+
1
8
¸
1
4
-
1
12
´ 4 =
g. 3+
2
7
-10 + (-
1
4
)+ 0.5 =
h. 1
1
2
¸
2
5
+ 2
2
3
´
1
6
-
2
15
=
27

28. 28

29. Pre-test 2
Pre-test 2 is all about Basic Algebra.
It has four main objectives:
1. Solving Linear Equations in one Variable
2. Solving linear Inequalities in one Variable
3. Solving a Formula for a given variable
4. Translating Statements to Algebra
Note: A word format of the test is available in the portal.
29

30. Pre-test 2 …
i. 2x - 6 =10
ii. 4x = 3x + 5
iii. -4x +10 = 6x
iv. 15 - 3x = 4x - 2x
v. 2x - 4 = 3x - 6
vi. 3- 2y = 9 - 8y
vii. 4 - 0.6x = 2.4x -8.48
xiv. 2(x + 4) = 4x + 3- 2x + 5
xv. 9(-y + 3) = -6y +15 - 3y +12
xvi. -(x + 4)+ 5 = 4x +1- 5x
xvii.
2
3
x +1
2
5
= 8
xviii.
3- y
8
- 6 = 8.5
viii. 5x = 2(x + 6)
ix. x - 25 =12x + 9 + 3x
x. 2(y + 2) = 4y +1- 2y
xi. -(w + 2) = -6w + 32
xii. 4 - (2x + 5) = 6x -1
xiii. 0.1(x +10) = 0.3x - 4
30

31. … Pre-test 2 …
31

32. … Pre-test 2 …
32
i. 2x - 6 <10
ii. 4x > 3x + 5
iii. -4x +10 > 6x
iv. 15 - 3x < 4x - 2x
v. 2x - 4 £ 3x - 6
vi. 3- 2y £ 9 -8y
vii. 4 - 0.6x > 2.4x - 8.48
xiv. 2(x + 4) £ 4x + 3- 2x + 5
xv. 9(-y + 3) £ -6y +15- 3y +12
xvi. -(x + 4)+ 5 £ 4x +1- 5x
xvii.
2
3
x +1
2
5
³ 8
xviii.
3- y
8
- 6 < 8.5
viii. 5x ³ 2(x + 6)
ix. x - 25 ³12x + 9 + 3x
x. 2(y + 2) ³ 4y +1- 2y
xi. -(w + 2) > -6w + 32
xii. 4 - (2x + 5) ³ 6x -1
xiii. 0.1(x +10) < 0.3x - 4

33. … Pre-test 2 …
33
i. A = 2(l + w) - 5 for w
ii. 4p - (2q + 5) = 2q -1 for q
iii. 0.1(z +10y) = 0.3z - 4 for y
iv. 3x2
- 5y = 9 for x
v. 3a3
- 5b3
= 3 for b
vi. 3.5p4
- 2w = 3w for p
vii.
5x - 2
3
+
2y +1
5
= 3(x - 8) for x
viii.
3- y2
8
- 6w = 8.5bx for y

34. … Pre-test 2 …
34

35. … Pre-test 2
35

36. 36

37. Key of Pre-test 1
37
1. a. Natural = { 25,9}
b. Whole = { 25,9}
c. Rational = {-8,
2
3
,3.45, 25,
1
4
,0.024,9, -8
3
,2
1
5
}
d. Irrational = { 2}
e. Integers = {-8, 25,9, -8
3
}
f. Real = {-8,
2
3
,3.45, 25,
1
4
,0.024,9, 2, -8
3
,2
1
5
}
g. Imaginary = { -4}
2. a. Natural = {7}
b. Whole = {7}
c. Rational = {7,1
2
3
,-3.45,- 36,-
1
2
,-0.326,-1,
1
6
}
d. Irrational = { 8,- 3, 9
3
}
e. Integers = {7,- 36,-1}
f. Real = All of them.
g. Imaginary = Non.
3. a. > h. <
b. < i. >
c. < j. >
d. > k. =
e. > l. =
f. > m. <
g. > n. <
4. a. > e. <
b. < f. >
c. < g. <
d. < h. >
5. a. 104 e. 15
b. 0.34 f. -66
c. -4.5 g. 842.356
d. 104
6. a. 6
13
15
f.
19
42
b. -51
2
5
g. -6
13
26
c. 2
193
210
h. 4
11
180
d. -16
1
24
i. -19
37
100
e. -17
21
40
j. -
49
320

38. Key of Pre-test 2
38
1. i. 8
ii. 5
iii. 1
iv. 3
v. 2
vi. 1
vii. 4.16
viii. 4
ix. -
17
7
x. No Real Solution.
xi. 6.8
xii. 0
xiii. 25
xiv. All Real Numbers.
xv. All Real Numbers.
xvi. All Real Numbers.
xvii. 9.9
xviii. -113
5. i. (-¥,8)
ii. (5,+¥)
iii. (-¥,1)
iv. (3,+¥)
v. [2,+¥)
vi. (-¥,1]
vii. (-¥, 4.16)
viii. [4,+¥)
ix. (-¥,-17
7
]
x. (-¥,+¥)
xi. (6.8,+¥)
xii. (-¥,0]
xiii. (25,+¥)
xiv. Æ
xv. (-¥,+¥)
xvi. (-¥,+¥)
xvii. [9.9,+¥)
xviii. (-113,+¥)
2. 1.26 feet
3. $1004.67
4. 260inches
6. i. w =
A + 5
2
-l
ii. q = p -1
iii. y = 0.2z - 4
iv. x =
9 + 5y
3
v. b =
3a3
- 9
5
3
vi. p =
10w
7
4
vii. x =
6y +353
35
viii. y = 3- 68bx - 48w
7. i. 7+ 3
4
x ii. 17- x
iii. 30t m
h
iv. 25x +10y
v. 20b vi. 0.7x vii. 0.1c
viii. xy ix. 6(x -3)
x. 5x -3 xi. 12x + y
8. i.
Martin`s salary = x
Eileen`s salary = x+45
ii.
Age of his brother = x
Age of the boy = x+15
iii.
First Integer = x
Second Integer = x+1
iv.
First odd Integer = x
Second odd Integer = x+2
v.
First even Integer = x
Second even Integer = x+2
vi.
Share of the 1st person = x
Share of the 2nd person = 100-x
vii.
Lenght of the 1st Piece = x
Lenght of the 2nd Piece = 80-x
viii.
First Number = x
Second Number = x+12
ix.
Price of Ford = x
Price of Cadilac = 1.7x
x.
The Cost = x
Sale Tax = 0.7x
Total = x + 0.7x

39. 39
References
In case you need to review and practice Basic
Arithmetic and Algebra, I have added two high rating
books in your LMS portal.
1. Applied basic mathematics, Second Edition by William Clark
and Robert Brechner.
2. Intermediate Algebra, Ninth Edition by Charles P. McKeague

40. ThankYou