1) The document discusses the evolution of safety considerations in industry from focusing on worker error to engineering improvements to work conditions and environment. 2) It presents a new approach from the 1990s where injuries and near misses are seen not as coincidences but as events that can be avoided through management control and data. 3) The research analyzes using past safety events as a management control tool. It develops a model for calculating the number of safety events in an organization based on past near miss and accident data to help management improve safety.

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Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Faculty of Engineering Sciences
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
Unit of Management and Safety Engineering
Safety Events Report for Safety
Management
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements
for the M.Sc. degree
By: Michael Winkler
ABSTRACT
The industrial revolution led the foundations on safety considerations at work. At the
early foundations the focusing in preventing accidents was in worker's errors. In the fifties
the focusing was on engineering improvements of the machines and equipment. But then,
with the advanced of technology and management the focusing in the seventies was on work
conditions and environment. Just from the nineties, a new approach was developed: the
injury is near miss and an accident is not something coincidental, but event that can be
avoided and controlled by the management. The management has to get all safety data in
order to arrive to the right decision. Safety management is one of the boldest qualities a
manager needs and he has to manage the safety in his organization day by day, hour after
hour. Accidents happen due to our actions, if we hadn't done the actions that caused the
accident in the first place the accident wouldn't have happened. In order to prevent accidents
from happening we need to focus in the "minute before" at the time, short or long, that the
hazard situations and errors are made. Focusing in preventing errors and hazard situations are
the factor that connects both the quality and the safety of performance. Preventing errors
which may cause hazard situation and accidents will improve the overall quality of
performance of the organization's tasks.
Becoming involved with a near miss event is the key to success. Near miss events are the
best way that exists in an organization for safety management. It's because near miss events

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are can provide us better insight than accidents with a price. The organization has to decide
and convince all the employees to be brave and include the near miss events. This approach
applied to all events: the simple, the medium and the hard. All the data should be analyzed on
the same basis and study them. A near miss event is a quality thing, and a quality
organization analyzes the event in order to operate and study from errors, assimilate and give
instructions for correction.
This research analyze the use of a past safety events as a control management tool. The
model which we developed gives management the ability to calculate the number of safety
events that have occurred and can be identified in the organization. The model enables the
management of the organization to get control measurement on the safety. The result shows
that unlike Heinrich or Bird, who found a triangle proportion for near miss and accidents, we
found that every organization requires identifying a different and unique number of safety
events. With the information the management organization can find how many near miss
events are not reported and lost of vital safety data .
The first part of this work deals with proportion analysis for near miss and accidents that
was found in researches. We analyze the near miss reports and accidents that occur at work
during 5 years, since January 2000 until September 2004, in a manufacturing organization
which has 9 factories.
The second part of this work explains the data processing. While the main idea is developing
a model which calculates the number of safety events that have to be identified according to
safety level and the past near miss and accident information. .
The third part of the work discusses the results of data processing. We found that our model
can calculate the required number of safety events and provide the ability to examine safety
events reports on safety events and calculate average events according to past data of every
organization / factory.
The model which we developed is a management control measurement for organization
safety management examination. In this part we show our data processing conclusion in all
the different aspect.
In the last part of this work we will represent the data processing report of the 9 factory for
the 5 years of the research. The reports show the standard division, the control chart and the
safety events average calculations results.
The main conclusion which comes out of this work is that there are not a definite one
number of safety events in all plants. Here we demonstrate a new model that lets the
management the ability to calculate the safety events average and to know how many "no

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near miss reports" there are in the organization. This unknown data is relevant to the
management for making the right decision and take the proper actions that will have positive
affect on safety management improvement.