growth and development by Micheal Mohab Nady Mikael

1. Growth and Development
by
Micheal Mikael

2. Growth: it means increase in size of
the body as a whole or its
individual parts.
Development: means maturation of systems
and organs as well as achievement of skills
and abilities whether motor, mental,
emotional or social.

3. Factors affecting growth and development
1-Genetic: genetic factors may set limits to biologic potential,
but these intimately react with environment.
2-Nutritional : decreased proteins, minerals or vitamins
quantitatively or qualitatively may cause retarded growth
and development. Debilitating diseases interfere with
adequate nutrition e.g. chronic diarrhea, parasitic
infestation and tuberculosis. Over nutrition may cause
obesity.
3-Socio-economic: poverty is associated with poor growth.
4-Chronic diseases: if starting early in life may cause
retarded growth e.g. chronic asthma, chronic renal failure
and liver cirrhosis.

4. 5-Endocrinal disorders: e.g. hypothyroidism.
6-Intrauterine infections: e.g. congenital
rubella, toxoplasmosis and
cytomegalovirus diseases.
7-Exposure to environmental pollutants: e.g
lead and mercury.
8-Emotional deprivation: Emotional
deprivation can lead to impaired growth
and development.

5. Assessment of growth
Anthropometric measurements
(A) Weight
In the first 4 months of life, the weight increases by
¾ Kg/ month, next 4 months the weight increases
½Kg/ month and in the last 4 months, it increases
by about ¼Kg/month. The infant doubles his birth
weight by 5 months and triples it at the end of the
first year. During the preschool period (2-5yr), the
child gains about 2Kg; while during the early
school years the child gains about 3-3.5Kg/year.

6. Age Average weight, Kg
At birth 3.25
3-12 mo age(mo)+9
2
1-6 years age (yr)x2+8
7-12years (age(yr)x7)-5
2
(B) Height/ length
Age Average, cm
At birth 50
At year 75
At 2 years 87.5
3-12 years (age (yr)x6)+77=…..
or
(age(yr)x5)+80=…..

7. © Head circumference (HC)
Age
Average HC, cm
At birth 35
At 6 mo 44
At 1 yr 47
At 2 yr 49
2- 7 yr: increases by ½ cm / yr.
8-12 yr: increases by ⅓ cm / yr.

8. (D) Chest circumference
Age Average, com
At birth 33
1 year 47
6 years 58
15 years 78
(E)Teeth
The first deciduous tooth appears between 5 and 9
months (average 7 months), Usually the lower
central incisors.

9. Tooth eruption may be delayed up to one year
of age.
Deciduous (primary ) Average age of
eruption
Central incisors 6th month
Lateral incisors 9th month
First molars 12th month
Canines 18th month
Second molars 24th month

10. Permanent ( Secondary) Average age of
eruption
First molar 6th year
Central incisors 6th year
Lateral incisors 7th year
Canines 10th year
First premolars 10th year
Second premolars 11th year
Second molars 11th to 12th year
Third molar 20th year

11. n.b Drooling and sleep disturbances are common at
the time of tooth eruption.
Motor development during infancy and
childhood
• At birth: lies in flexed attitude and turns head from
side to side.
• 3 mo: there is some head control (head support).
• 5 mo sits with trunkal support and takes objects to
the mouth.
• 6 mo: sits without support.
• 9 mo: crawls.
• 10 mo: stands with support.
• 12mo: walks, with one hand held.

12. • 18 mo: runs stiffly and can climb stairs with
one hand held.
• 3 years: ascends the stairs with alteration of
feet, can stand on one foot, can help in
dressing and can ride tricycle.
• 4years: descends the stairs with alteration of
feet.
• 5 years :the child skips.

13. Mental and social development during infancy and
childhood
• 4 wk: watches persons or bright object.
• 2mo: follows a moving object, the infant smiles on social
contact, listens to voice.
• 3mo: sustained social contact, listens to music and says(
aah, ngah).
• 4mo: Laughs, may show displeasure if social contact is
broken, excited at sight of food.
• 7mo : prefers mother, enjoys mirror and responds to
changes in emotional content of social contact.
• 10 mo: repetitive consonant sounds (mama, dada)
responds to sound of name and waves bye-bye.
• 12mo:a few words besides "mama, dada" He plays simple
ball game and makes postural adjustment to dressing.

14. 15 mo: points to major body parts, uses 4 to 6
words, makes tower of 3 cubes.
18 mo: the child can make a tower of 4 cubes,
can verbalize the toilet needs uses 10-15
words.
2y: the child acquires 100 words and begins to
combine them to make simple sentences.
3y: the child can put short sentences, can
state his age and sex and may by able to
imitate crudely the drawing of a cross.

15. • 4y: the cross figure may be copied without prior
demonstration, draws a circle.
• 5y: draws triangle from copy and names 4 colors.
• 6y: the child begins to develop the ability to
translate abstract conception into figures and
structures ( e.g. the sound of T into the letter T, the
idea of two into the figure2).
• The rate and quality of development of language
depend heavily on the quality and quantity of the
language used within the home.

16. Children in the later preschool periods begin
to seek adequate models from whom to
learn( parents and other members of the
family).
At early school years (6-12 years), higher
order motor skills as a result of both
maturation and training occur with the
ability to perform complex-pattern
movements such as shooting basketballs.
With the removal of a large portion of the
child”s life from the home to the school

17. Environment, the children begin increasingly
to live independently and look outside the
home for goals and standars of behavior.
The first two years of elmentary school are
devoted to acquiring the fundamentals;
reading, writing and basic mathematic
skills. Children' s intellectual activity
extends beyond the classroom.

18. Causes of delayed motor development
without mental retardation
• familial and emotional disturbances
• mild protein energy malnutrition
• rickets
• poliomyelitis
• chronic diseases
• muscle, bone and joint diseases

19. causes of delayed motor development with
mental retardation
• cerebral palsy often associated with abnormality of
intellect
• chromosomal abnormality e.g. trisomy 21
syndrome
• hypothyroidism
• inborn error of metabolism such as galactosemia,
phenylketonuria and lipid storage diseases.
• CNS infection
• Intrauterine infections.

20. Thank you