Basic Concept Elements Features Types Effect of using landscapes A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features. A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysical defined land forms such as: (ice-capped) mountains, hills, Water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, Living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, Human elements including different forms of land use, Buildings, and structures, Transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions. Main Types Of landscapes are: Natural Landscapes A natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture.The natural landscape and the cultural landscape are separate parts of the landscape. Man-Made Landscapes These include human activities, like construction of buildings, flyovers, dams and reservoirs. Landscapes, like mountain farming systems and national parks, new townships, deforestation and mining are some examples of man-made landscapes. Exposure to pesticides and other toxic chemicals with risks of cancer and disease. Exposure to infectious human and animal waste. Irritation or allergic reaction from plants or from insect bites or stings. West Nile virus, Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Histoplasmosis from bird droppings. Hantavirus from mouse droppings. Injury from working in awkward positions, lifting and carrying heavy objects. Exposure to extreme temperatures with resultant heat stress and frostbite risks. Injuries from work with heavy machinery, manual and power tools, and ladders. Risk of electrical shock and electrocution from working near electrical lines. Increased risks of injury from stress and from working alone.

1. Environmental Sciences
Memoona Khalil
BS Environmental Sciences
5th Semester

2. Landscapes
Available Features of Area

3. Road Map
Landscapes
 Concept
 Elements
 Types
Natural
Man Made
 Features
 Effects of Using Landscapes

5. Basic Concept
A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they
integrate with natural or man-made features.
A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysical defined landforms such as:
 (ice-capped) mountains, hills,
 Water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea,
 Living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation,
 Human elements including different forms of land use,
 Buildings, and structures,
 Transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.

6. Elements:
 Animals
 Plants
 Buildings
 Microorganisms
 Crust
 Minerals
 Nutrients

8. Types
Main Types Of landscapes are:
 Natural Landscapes
A natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture.The
natural landscape and the cultural landscape are separate parts of the landscape.
 Man-Made Landscapes
These include human activities, like construction of buildings, flyovers, dams and reservoirs.
Landscapes, like mountain farming systems and national parks, new townships, deforestation and mining are
some examples of man-made landscapes.

9. Natural Landscapes
Includes
 Meadows
 Forest
 Mountains
 Desserts
 Tropics
 Polar Landscapes

10. Natural Landscapes

11. Man-Made Landscapes

12. Features of Landscapes
A landscape is characterized by:
 A structure (composition)
 A function
 Changes (dynamics)
Structure:
 Vertical Structure
 Horizontal Structure

13.  Vertical structure is determined by geomorphology
and topography of a relief.
 It is the result of natural influences. Such
a landscape is made up of the landscape components
(air, water, soil, natural vegetation).
 But there are not only natural influences that affect
the landscape; there is also a man who is changing
the nature and landscape.

Vertical Structure
scape patterns
Land Use
Fauna
Vegetation
soils
Hydrology
Geomorphology
Climatology
Abioti
c
BioticCultural
Landscape Character as a functional hierarchy of abiotic, biotic and cultural phenomena
IncreasingDependency

14. Horizontal structure
Horizontal structure expresses the relationships between different parts of the landscape mosaic. From
this perspective, we can distinguish three basic compositional part of the landscape - the landscape
matrix, patches and corridors (Forman, Godron, 2003).
 The landscape matrix, the dominant component in the landscape, is the most extensive and
connected landscape type, and it plays the dominant role in landscape functioning. For example, if
we try to manage a habitat without considering the matrix, we will likely fail to provide what wildlife
need in that area.
 Patches are nonlinear surface areas that differ in vegetation and landscape from their surroundings.
They are units of land or habitat that are heterogeneous when compared to the whole. They include
four different types: disturbance, remnant, environmental resource, and introduced.

15. Layers
These three landscape substructures represent layers into which we divide the real landscape (most
often on the example of a small area).
 Primary structure – the original, unaffected by man (geological substrate, topography, soils, waters,
air). Here we can include the potential natural vegetation but it can not practically be found in the
Czech Republic.
 Secondary structure –influenced by man or completely modified ecosystems and newly created man-
made elements in the landscape (land use and technical objects = LANDCOVER).
 Tertiary structure – selected elements of socio-economic systems (immaterial relations, limits with
the relationship to and influence on the material elements).

16. Effects Of Using Landscapes
• Exposure to pesticides and other toxic chemicals with risks of cancer and disease.
• Exposure to infectious human and animal waste.
• Irritation or allergic reaction from plants or from insect bites or stings.
• West Nile virus, Lyme disease or Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• Histoplasmosis from bird droppings.
• Hantavirus from mouse droppings.
• Injury from working in awkward positions, lifting and carrying heavy objects.
• Exposure to extreme temperatures with resultant heat stress and frostbite risks.
• Injuries from work with heavy machinery, manual and power tools, and ladders.
• Risk of electrical shock and electrocution from working near electrical lines.
• Increased risks of injury from stress and from working alone.

17. Adaptations To Save Landscapes
• Support Clean Air and Water
• Support Wild Life
• Eco-Friend Human Activities

18. Methods To Save Landscapes
Terrace
Farming
Inter
Cropping
Crop
Rotation
Shelter Belts Mulching
Contour
Barrier
Rock Dam
Rain Water
Harvesting
Grey Water
Recycling
Water Shed
Management
Land use
Planning

19. Thank You