1. Newsome 1
Matthew Newsome
Geography of Energy
Professor Okey
Hybrid vehicles are becoming immensely popular in our economy today.
With higher gas prices, many people are resorting to other means of mobility
instead of the typical gasoline powered vehicle. Hybrid vehicles have the benefits of
gasoline engines and electrical motors that improve fuel economy, provide more
power as well as more auxiliary power for personal and non-personal electronic
devices (Taymaz, Merthan). Power sources for hybrid vehicles include wind, solar,
hydrogen, electric vehicle battery, coal, wood, and any other solid combustibles
(Taymaz, Merthan).
Hybrid automobiles can help the environment for the better by replacing
gasoline-powered automobile. Toxic byproducts and greenhouse gases are released
in the atmosphere when cars that burns fossil fuels run. In addition, these toxins or
greenhouse gases are an immense problem because they are believed to be the main
reason in global warming (Chen, Tri-Vien, Chih-Wei). Hybrid automobiles cause less
damage to the environment and atmosphere than normal gasoline powered cars.
Hybrid vehicles are an alternative to driving gasoline-powered vehicles. They don’t
need much fuel because they can rely on electricity for power. In addition, hybrid
vehicles have the potential to reduce our country’s dependency on oil (Chen, Tri-
Vien, Chih-Wei).

2. Newsome 2
The majority of the destruction that has been done to the environment comes
specifically from transportation (Lian, Hu, Linhui, Yafu, Jian). The reason for that is
because the automobiles on the road today emit harmful pollutants (Lian, Hu,
Linhui, Yafu, Jian). These harmful pollutants that are released into the atmosphere
are nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. To control this problem,
automakers are releasing more hybrid vehicles because they release fewer and
significantly cleaner wastes. In the end, this will result in less pollution in the
atmosphere (Lian, Hu, Linhui, Yafu, Jian).
There are many different types of hybrid engines. First, there are the hybrid
electric-petroleum vehicles. Vehicles such as the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, and the
Toyota Camry are examples of cars that have this engine (Hannan, Azidin,
Mohamed). A hybrid electric petroleum vehicle uses an internal combustion engine
and electric batteries to give the vehicle power. Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
consist of full hybrids and mild hybrids (Hannan, Azidin, Mohamed). The next
engine type would be the Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle
(COREV). This engine can be recharged while a person operates the vehicle. The
COREV engine usually consists of locomotives that use overhead wiring and
electrified rails (Hannan, Azidin, Mohamed). Following the COREV engine type is the
Hybrid fuel engine, also known as a dual mode engine. This hybrid engine type uses
energy sources that are different than that of a regular hybrid vehicle (Hannan,
Azidin, Mohamed).
Vehicles such as electric trolley buses can switch their power sources. For
example, they can switch from a diesel engine to overhead electrical power (Ahmed,

3. Newsome 3
Hadeed, Addoweesh). Flexible-fuel vehicles use gasoline and ethanol and in some
cases methanol. Flexible-fuel vehicles use an internal combustion engine. These
engines are designed to run on more than one fuel (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh).
The Ford Escape hybrid run on E85 flex fuel and is a great example of a flexible-fuel
vehicle that uses more than one power source (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh).
Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles are fluid powered hybrids. The engine is
usually detached from the drivetrain to change its energy accumulation and source.
Within the fluid powered hybrids, there are Petro-air hybrids and Petro-hydraulic
hybrids (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). The Petro-air hybrid uses a mixture of
compressed gasoline compressed air. The Petro-hydraulic hybrid is usually common
in large vehicles such as trains and heave cars (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). An
example of a petro-hydraulic hybrid is the Chrysler Town and Country hybrid.
Electric-human powered vehicles are vehicles that are powered by humans (Ahmed,
Hadeed, Addoweesh). For example, electric bicycles and electric skateboards are
types of electric-human powered hybrid vehicles (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh).
There are different configurations in hybrid vehicles. For example, parallel
hybrid consists of an electric motor and internal combustion engine in which they
can power the vehicle together or individually (Rizzoni, Peng). A good example of
this type of hybrid would be the first generation Honda Insight (Rizzoni, Peng). The
mid parallel hybrid uses a small and compact electrical motor to provide extra
power assist when accelerating (Rizzoni, Peng). The Honda Civic hybrid, Honda
Insight second generation, Honda Accord, and BMW 7-series hybrids are examples
of the mild Hybrid vehicle (Rizzoni, Peng). The Power-split hybrid consists of the

4. Newsome 4
Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion and Escape, and various Lexus models are powered by his
type of hybrid engine (Rizzoni, Peng). The series hybrid is for extended range
vehicles. For example, the Chevy Volt is a series plug-in hybrid vehicle that has an
electric range of 40 miles (Rizzoni, Peng).
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are general fuel-electric hybrids with
more energy storage capacity (Rizzoni, Peng). These vehicles can drive on an all-
electric mode, which depends on the size of the battery and the mechanical layout of
the engine. The fuel cell electric hybrid configuration is an electric vehicle that has a
fuel cell installed (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). These vehicles have two power
sources, which are the electric battery and the fuel cell. Hydrogen is the key
component in fuel cells because that is how their power is generated (Ahmed,
Hadeed, Addoweesh).
Hybrid vehicles have much better fuel economy than regular internal
combustion engine vehicles (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). This means that there
are fewer emissions. Hybrid emissions are becoming lower than the level set by the
Environmental
protection Agency
(Ahmed, Hadeed,
Addoweesh). The level
for an ordinary vehicle
should be around 5.5
metric tons of carbon
dioxide. Certain hybrid vehicles produced by Honda and Toyota has levels such as

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4.1 and 3.5 metric tons of carbon dioxide, which is much lower than the
Environmental Protection Agency’s standards (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). In
addition to hybrid vehicles reduced emissions, they can cut carbon dioxide
pollutants and emissions in half (Ahmed, Hadeed, Addoweesh). The United States
Department of Energy stated that if all vehicles were replaced with hybrid cars, it
would eliminate the need for 6.5 billion barrels of oil per day (Rizzoni, Peng). Hybrid
vehicles have better carbon footprints. They emit lower toxic emissions such as
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They burn less fossil fuels because of they are
powered by gas and electricity (Rizzoni, Peng).
The United States is one of the leading nations that contribute to global
warming because of how much we rely on the automobile (Rizzoni, Peng). The
United States alone produces over 300 million tons of carbon dioxide every year. In
the United States, around 60 percent of transportation emissions come from cars
and light vehicles (Rizzoni, Peng). In addition, every gallon of gas you buy at a
station emits around 25 pounds of carbon dioxide into the impaired atmosphere
(Rizzoni, Peng). By using hybrid vehicles, we could eliminate the amount of carbon
dioxide that is released in the atmosphere. A typical car (non-hybrid) can release
seven tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (Rizzoni, Peng). If we begin to use
fuel-efficient vehicles such as hybrids and electric cars, the pace of global warming
slows down since there would be less fuel burned. We can go the distance and
produce fewer emissions as a result (Taymaz, Merthan).

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Global warming is the rise of the temperature of the atmosphere (Taymaz,
Merthan). There are numerous amounts of reasons for the increase of the earth’s
atmosphere but it specifically relates to the greenhouse gases produced by human
activities such as the production of automobiles and their ability to release harmful
toxins in the atmosphere (Taymaz, Merthan). The United States put in forty-eight
percent of the world’s automotive carbon dioxide emissions. In order to have a
healthier atmosphere, we have to cut down automobile emissions (Taymaz,
Merthan). The hybrid car cuts down on carbon dioxide released by the burning of
gasoline (Taymaz, Merthan). Specifically, hybrid vehicles are constructed to
decrease the build up of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming
(Taymaz, Merthan).
Hybrid vehicles not only save money in the long haul, they also help reduce
the amount of harmful toxins that are released into our atmosphere every year

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(Taymaz, Merthan). By developing more energy and fuel-efficient vehicles, we could
cut the amount of green house gases and toxins that are released in the atmosphere
in half (Taymaz, Merthan).

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Works Cited
"Clean Vehicles." Union of Concerned Statistics. N.p., 05 Sept. 2013. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.
Hennig, Benjamin D. "Views of the World." Views of the World. Creative Commons, 27
Nov. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2013.
Chen, Chih-Keng, Tri-Vien Vu, and Chih-Wei Hung. "Control Strategy Development and
Optimization for a Series Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle." EBSCOhost 21.2 (n.d.): 101-07.
EBSCOhost. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
Lian, Jing, Hu Han, Linhui Li, Yafu Zhou, and Jian Feng. "Research on Optimal Control
Method of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Simulation 9th ser. 89.9 (n.d.): 1137-146.
EBSCOhost. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
Hannan, M.A, F.A Azidin, and A. Mohamed. "Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their
Challenges: A Review." Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16th ser. 29.29 (2013):
135-50. EBSCOhost. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.

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Ahmed, Hadeed Sher, and E. Khaled Addoweesh. "Power Storage Options for Hybrid
Electric Vehicles-A Survey." Journal of Renewable & Sustainable Energy 4.5 (2012): n.
pag. EBSCOhost. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
Rizzoni, Giorgio, and Peng Huei. "Hybrid and Electrified Vehicles: THE ROLE OF
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL." Mechanical Engeneering 135.3 (2013): 10-17. EBSCOhost.
Web. 13 Nov. 2013.
Taymaz, Imdat, and Merthan Benli. "Emissions and Fuel Economy for a Hybrid Vehicle."
Emissions and Fuel Economy for a Hybrid Vehicle. 115 (2012): 812-17. EBSCOhost. Web.
16 Nov. 2013.