The document discusses cognitive radio architecture. It describes 5 perspectives of cognitive radio architecture: 1) Functions, components and design rules 2) The cognition cycle of observe, orient, plan, decide, and act 3) The inference hierarchy from atomic stimuli to context clusters 4) Architecture maps that show behaviors 5) Building cognitive radio architecture on software-defined radio architectures by adding computational intelligence and learning capabilities.

1. RMK College of Engineering and Technology
EC6014
Cognitive Radios
Department
of
Electronics and Communication Engineering

2. Unit 4
Cognitive Radio
Architecture

3. Syllabus
• Cognitive Radio Architecture
• Functions, components and design rules,
• Cognition cycle – Orient, Plan, Decide and Act phases.
• Inference Hierarchy.
• Architecture maps.
• Building the Cognitive Radio Architecture on Software defined Radio Architecture.

4. Architecture
Architecture is a comprehensive, consistent set of design rules by
which a specified set of components achieves a specified set of
functions in products and services that evolve through multiple
design points over time

5. Building Some thing from the Scratch

6. Perspectives of CR Architecture
CRA 1 Defines the functions components and design
rules
CRA 2 The Cognition Cycle
CRA 3 The inference Hierarchy
CRA 4 Architecture Maps
CRA 5 Building CRA on SDR Architectures
Defines Six Functional
Components and
important Interfaces
Examines the flow of
inference through
cognition cycle
Examines the levels of
abstraction to sense the
environment and maintains
the Quality of Information
Examines the
mathematical structure
of the architecture
Reviews the SDR arct. And
sketches the evolutionary
path for Cognitive Radio
Architecture

7. CRA 1: Functions Components and Design Rules
• The functions of CR are exceeding to those of SDR.
• Some additional functions are added to the SDR so that the architecture can
sense the information autonomously and tailor the information according the
needs of the user.
• The figure shows the added functionalities.

8. CRA Augments SDR with computational intelligence and learning
capabilities

9. Functional components of Cognitive Radio
• User Sensory Perception
• Haptic , Acoustic and Video Sensing Functions
• Local Environment Sensors
• Location, Temperature, Accelerometer, Compass Etc.,
• The System Applications
• Media Independent Services (GPS)
• SDR Functions
• RF Sensing and SDR Applications
• Cognition Functions
• System Control, Planning and Learning
• Local Effector Functions
• Speech Synthesis, Text, Graphics and Multimedia Displays

10. Minimal CR Node Architecture

11. Interfaces among 6 functions

18. The Cognition Components
• The Three computational Intelligence aspects of CR are as follows:
• Radio Knowledge
• User Knowledge
• The Capacity to Learn

19. Radio Knowledge - Understanding

20. Radio Knowledge
• Radio knowledge has to be translated into a body of computationally
accessible, structured technical knowledge about radio.
RXML : RF– Radio Extensible Markup Language
• RXML is the primary enabler and product which helps the formalization of radio knowledge.
• RXML will enable the structuring of sufficient RF and user world knowledge to build advanced wireless-enabled or enhanced
information services.
• These information should meet the levels of accuracy defined by the international bodies like ITU.

21. Radio Knowledge
• Not only must radio knowledge be precise, it must be stated at a useful level of
abstraction
• The capabilities required for an AACR node to be a cognitive entity are to sense,
perceive, orient, plan, decide, act, and learn.
• To relate ITU standards to these required capabilities is a process of extracting
content from highly formalized knowledge bases that exist in a unique place

23. 2. User Knowledge
• User knowledge is formalized at the level of abstraction and degree
of detail necessary to give the CR the ability to acquire, from its
owner and other designated users, the user knowledge relevant to
information services incrementally
MACHINE
LEARNING
RXML : USER

24. Benefits of Cross Layer Design
• Do I need a rain coat today?
• The radio should able to interpret the meaning from the information given by the user
and it should display the weather information.
• What’s on one oh one four?
• From the given information the radio should understand that the user is requesting the
program that is telecasted on FM operating at 101.4 Mhz (Rainbow FM). Especially
when the user is in Chennai.

25. Cross Layer Design for Additional Functionalities

26. Functions of Component Architecture
• Cognition functions of radio
• Monitoring and structuring knowledge of the behavior patterns of the Radio, the User and Environment
• Adaptation functions of radio
• Makes the radio to Respond to a changing environment
• Awareness Function of radio
• Extract usable information from a sensor domain. This helps in adaptation function of radio, But not guarantee adaptation .
• Ex: Embedding a GPS in Mobile make it location aware but not location adaptive.
• Perception Functions of radio
• Continuously identify and track knowns , unknowns and backgrounds in a given domain.
• Sensory functions of radio
• Entails the software and hardware capabilities that enables the radio to measure the sensory domain like audio, video, vibration ,time, temperature, Fuel
Level, light Level. Etc.,

27. CRA 2: The Cognition Cycle
• The cognition cycle developed for CR1 is illustrated in Figure.
• This cycle implements the capabilities required of iCR in a reactive sequence
• Stimuli enter the CR as sensory interrupts, dispatched to the cognition cycle for a response.
• iCR continually observes (senses and perceives) the environment, orients itself, creates plans,
decides, and then acts.

28. Cognition Cycle

29. 5 Periods of Cognition Cycle
• Wake Epoch : all the sensors will be active and busy with sensing the environment.
• Sleep Epoch : all the power levels are lowered down.
• Dream Epoch : performing computational activities and learning
• Prayer Epoch : interacting with the higher levels of hierarchy in the infrastructure.

30. 1. Observe
• The iCR senses and perceives the environment (via “observation phase”
code) by accepting multiple stimuli in many dimensions simultaneously
• By binding these stimuli—all together it can subsequently detect time-
sensitive stimuli and ultimately generate plans for action.
• The observe phase comprises both the user SP and the environment (RF
and physical) sensor subsystems.

31. 2. Orient
• The orient phase determines the significance of an observation by
binding the observation to a previously known set of stimuli of a “scene.”
• The recorded stimuli are recorded in short term memory or long term
memory.
• Matching of current stimuli to stored experience may be achieved by
“stimulus recognition” or by “binding.”

32. StimulusRecognition
• Stimulus recognition occurs when there is an exact match between a
current stimulus and a prior experience.
Binding
• Binding occurs when there is a nearly exact match between a current
stimulus and a prior experience

33. 3. Plan
• Based on the incoming stimuli several plans are generated. This is
referred to as plan generation.
• The plan phase should also include reasoning about time.
• Certain responses are preprogramed and few are planned instantly.
• There may be several parameters contributing towards plan
generation

34. 4. Decide
• The decide phase selects among the candidate plans.
• The radio might have the choice
• to alert the user to an incoming message (e.g., behave like a pager)
or
• to defer the interruption until later (e.g., behave like a secretary who is screening calls during an important
meeting).

35. 5. Act
• Acting initiates the selected processes using effector modules.
• Effectors may access the external world or the CR’s internal states.
• Action can be in two forms
• Externally Oriented Action
• Internally Oriented Action

36. CRA 3 : The Inference Hierarchy
Activity for understanding the concept

37. Test 1

38. Test 2

39. CRA 3 : The Inference Hierarchy
• The phases of inference from observation to action show the flow of
inference
• A top-down view of how cognition is implemented algorithmically.
• The inference hierarchy is the part of the algorithm architecture that
organizes the data structures.

40. Layers of Inference Hierarchy

41. Atomic stimuli & Atomic Symbols
• Atomic stimuli originate in the external environment including RF,
acoustic, image, and location domains, among others
• The atomic symbols may be the individual picture elements
(pixels) or they may be small groups of pixels with similar
hue, intensity, texture, and so forth.

42. Primitive Sequence and Basic Sequence
• A related set of atomic symbols forms a primitive sequence
• Ex: Identifying objects in image
• A Basic sequence are the primitive sequence that are decided to transmit
(only required sequence)

43. Sequence Cluster and Context Cluster
• The group of basic sequences form the sequence clusters.
• The group of sequence Clusters related with a particular scene is referred to as
the context cluster.
• They are most suitable in the video inference.

44. Natural Language Processing in CRA
• Isolate a basic sequence (phrase) from background and noise by using an acoustic analysis to determine
speech versus background.
• Analyze the basic sequence to identify candidate primitive sequence boundaries (words).
• Analyze the primitive sequences statistically for e.g. Hidden Marko Sequence.
• Evaluate primitive and basic sequence hypotheses based on a statistical model of language to rank-order
alternative interpretations of the basic sequence.

45. NLencapsulationintheobservationhierarchy

46. Observe–OrientLinksforScene
Interpretation
• CR may use an algorithm-generating language with which one may define self similar inference processes.
• Proc1
• Partitions characters into words, detecting novel characters and phrase boundaries as well.
• Proc2
• detects novel words and aggregates known words into phrases.
• Proc3
• detects novel phrases, aggregating known phrases into dialogs.
• Proc4
• Aggregates dialogs into scenes,
• Proc5
• detects known scenes.

47. TheinferencehierarchysupportslateralKS

48. Some example applications for understanding – Speech Processing

49. Challenges

50. Some example applications for understanding – Text Processing

51. Some example applications for understanding – Text Processing

52. Some example applications for understanding – Text Processing

53. Some example applications for understanding – Image Processing

54. Some example applications for understanding – Image Processing

55. CRA 4 : Architecture Maps

58. Behaviors in Architecture Maps

59. CRA5:BuildingtheCRAonSDR
Architectures
SEMINAR TOPIC

60. Over view of SDR to CR Transition
• Understand the principles of SCR
• Make radio flexible
• Understand the principles of SDR
• Integrate with ML
• Define RKRL (Region Based)
• CDMA accepted by US but not in Europe
• Create models with various functions
• Migrate to Cognitive radio with given SDR architecture via cognition cycle
• Understand the evolution and needs for migration

61. Understanding Over all Cognitive Radio
Just A Rather Very Intelligent System
http://marvel-movies.wikia.com/wiki/J.A.R.V.I.S.

62. End
of
UNIT 4