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Classical Europe 800-290 BC in 38 characters
- 2. Classical Europe (800-290 BC)
- 3. • Italic people migrate into central Italy (800 BC) • Greeks colonized southern tip of Italy (800 BC) • Establishment of Rome (753 BC) Roman Republic (590 BC) • Carthage became an empire (575 BC) • Dacians staring to gain power & territory on the Balkan peninsula (513 BC) *Formation of Greece (1000-500 BC) started. • Athens & Sparta; Polis established
- 4. • Greco-Persian Wars Alexander conquered nearly all of Greece and the Persian Empire. He was also able to unify Greek city- states into a single kingdom. Upon his death, the empire was divided amongst his generals.
- 5. Roman Dominance (290 - 235BC)
- 7. Territories conquered: • Anatolia (133BC) • Romania • Crete (69BC) • Syria (64BC) • Germania (58BC) • Gaul (51BC) • Egypt (30BC) • Hispania (19AD) • Britannia (43AD) *Christianity spreads
- 8. Decline of Rome (235 – 490AD)
- 9. 1 2 3 4
- 10. • North Africa lost by Rome (429) • Pannonia/Dalmatia lost by Rome (455) * FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
- 13. Early Dark Ages I (490-600AD)
- 14. • North Africa conquered by Byzantine (534) • Portions of Italy conquered by Byzantine (553) • Southern Iberia conquered by Byzantine (554)
- 15. • Establishing their own kingdom: Franks, Visigoths & Lombards.
- 16. Early Dark Ages II (600-755AD)
- 17. Byzantine losses: • Southern Hispania to the Visigoths • Middle East: Syria, Israel, & Egypt to Arab Muslims • North Africa to Umayyad Caliphate • Adriatic Coast to the Slavs
- 19. Early Dark Ages III (755-840)
- 20. • Franks to help Rome free from the Lombards. • Frankish conquest of Germania • Frankish conquest of Northern Italy.
- 23. Deeper Into the Dark Ages (840 – 967AD)
- 24. • After King Louis I, Frankish empire was divided with his 3 sons.
- 25. After the ruler’s death of the Central Realm, East & West Francia gained more territories. But the strip of land in the South was kept by Louis II, son of the deceased ruler.
- 27. High Middle Ages (967 – 1050AD)
- 28. • Byzantine conquest of Eastern Bulgaria (968) • Byzantine conquest of Anatolia & the Middle East • Conversion to Christianity: Denmark (980), Kievan Rus (988), Hungary (1001), Norway (1030) • Official Inception of France • Kingdom of Poland established (1025) • Muslim Hispania Collapses (1031)
- 31. • Byzantine Empire lost Southern Italy to Normans (1071) • Byzantine territory lost to Turks (1071) • Byzantine loss of Serbia (1086)
- 33. • Normans invaded England • Croatia and Bosnia gained by Hungary from Serbia (1102)
- 34. Europe's Darkest Days (1240 - 1350)
- 37. • Ottomans Enter Europe (1354) • Ottomans Conquer Bulgarian Empire (1362- 95), Albania (1385), Macedonia (1450), Defeated Byzantine Empire (1453), Serbia and Bosnia (1459), Montenegro (1496) • Poland-Lithuanian Merger (1385)
- 38. • Consolidated Scandinavian Kingdom (1397) • Mongol Golden Horde Fragmentation (1440) • Birth of Spain (1469) and the end of Muslim stronghold • Moscow Independence from Mongols (1480)
- 39. Age of Exploration (1505 - 1650)
- 40. • Hungary Conquered by Ottoman Empire (1521) • Dissolution of Kalmar Union (1523) • Eastern Prussia Conquered by Poland (1525) • Latvia Conquered by Poland (1583)
- 41. • Austria Conquers Bohemia & Western Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1526) • France Gains Possession of Brittany (1532) • Wales Absorbed into England (1535)
- 42. • Spain Takes Control of Mediterranean Sea From Ottoman Empire (1571) • Duchy of Prussia (1618) • Polish-Swedish War Ending in Sweden Victory (1625–29)
- 43. Age of Enlightenment & Expansionism (1650 - 1789)
- 44. • Russian-Polish War (1654–57) • Ottomans capture Crete from Venice (1669) • Russian Victory Over Sweden in Northern War (1700-21) • England Becomes Great Britain (1707)
- 45. • Austria Conquers Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1699) • Kingdom of Prussia Formed (1701)
- 48. Napoleonic Wars (1789 - 1816)
- 49. • Beginning of French Revolutionary Wars (1792) *France Conquers: • Spain (1792) • Netherlands(1795) • Northern Italy from Austria. Thus establishing the Kingdom of Italy (1796) • France Annexes the Papal States (1796) • Egypt & Syria (1798-1801) • Switzerland, setting it up as the Helvetic Republic (1798) • France Dissolves Holy Roman Empire (1806) • France Establishes the Kingdom of Naples (1806)
- 50. • United Kingdom Absorbs Ireland (1801) • Finland Territory Conquered by Russia from Sweden (1809) • Ottoman Empire Loses Bessarabia to Russia(1812) • Battle of Waterloo - Final Defeat of Napoleon (1815) • Papal States Restored
- 52. Build-Up to World War I (1816 - 1914)
- 53. • Greek War of Independence - Greece Gains Independence from Ottoman Empire(1821-29) • Belgium & Luxembourg gains independence from Netherlands (1830) • Romania Formed (1859) • Austro-Prussian War Won by Prussia (1866) • Formation of Austria-Hungary Empire (1867) • German Empire Established (1871)
- 56. Great War/World War I (1914 - 1919)
- 57. Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Czechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks Unite for Form Czechoslovakia (1918) split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Estonia: independence from the Russian Empire Finland: independence from the Russian Empire Hungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Ireland: independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire) Latvia: independence from the Russian Empire Lithuania: independence from the Russian Empire Montenegro: was annexed by Yugoslavia Poland: recreated from parts of the Austro- Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires United Kingdom: gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle East Yugoslavia, as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia Territorial gains and losses
- 60. Inter-War Period (1919 - 1939)
- 61. • Escalation of the War of Turkish Independence (1920) • Ireland Gains Independence from the United Kingdom(1922 • Vatican City Sovereignty (1929): • German Annexation of Austria (1938): • German Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939
- 62. World War II (1939 - 1945)
- 64. • End of Winter War Between USSR and Finland (Mar. 12, 1940)
- 68. • Allied Invasion and Conquest of Mainland Italy (Sept 3-16, 1943
- 70. • Soviets Drive Germans Out of Russia (1944) • Allies Storm Normandy in Northern France (June, 1944) • Allied Invasion and Liberation of Southern France (August, 1944) • Soviets Captures: Romania(August, 1944), Bulgaria (Sept, 1944), East Poland from Germany (Sep-Dec, 1944), Capture Yugoslavia (Oct, 1944)
- 71. • The Germans surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7.
- 72. • Denmark and Norway Liberated from Germans (1945) • Nazi Germany Surrender (May 2, 1945) • Czechoslovakia Liberated (1945) • Loss of East Germany to Poland (1945)
- 74. • Marshall Plan Implemented to Rebuild European Economies (1947-51) • Yugoslavia Breaks Away from Soviet Union (1948) • USSR Partitions East Germany (1949). • NATO Established (1949). • Warsaw Pact Established by USSR (1955). • End of Allied Occupation of Austria (1955). • Berlin Wall Erected by USSR (1961) Post-World War II Era (1945 - 1989)
- 75. • Break-Away Soviet Republics (1990) • Official Dissolution of the USSR (1991) Recent History in Europe (1989 - 2008)
Editor's Notes
- How these european states became what they are today. On how europe was divided along many historical line/borders, nor4mally corresponding to thoe parts that were Inside or outside a particular cultural phenomenon, empire, or political division How europe was divided and how it changes within a particular period of time under a certain cultural phenomenon, empire, or political divion
- At first, Tribes were still nomadic EG. celts, germanics, slavs… until they formed themselves in a more organized way, w/ organized militaries to carry out syatematic conquest of other people.
- Beforre that, formation of greece started, polis was…, athen and sparta arises So the conquest started with the italic people…..
- Greco-persian wars occurred. Which persian gained territories from the greeks.
- So from here, Rome started waging wars/ engaging into wars thus gaining more territories
- 1st war: which theyre up with carthagians. siciliy, ssardinia, corsica Iberian costal territories Nort african territories
- Egypt octavian killed marc antony *CHRISTIANITY SPREADS
- -Series of catastrophes. assasination of Emp. Severus which NEGOTIATED with the germanic tribes political stifes and civil wars 50 YRS within this era, they’ve lost territories
- -Germania lost by rome because of germanic invasions -romania because of ongoing germanic invasions/ german tribes -followed by north black sea due to the the hun invasions -HUNS migrate into Europe begin conquering territory (361) -visigothic invasion of italy….kicked out the vandals *ROMAN EMP. DIVIDED (292)– EAST(greek speaking) & WEST (latin) 330 RE ESTABLISHED AS ONe 395 RE DIVIDED
- -NORTH AFRICA:Vandals driven out from hispania migrated and conquered Western half of N.African provinces -Gaul abandoned by rome when he was reinforcing italy which was under seige of germanic tribes P&D – (MODERN SLOVENIA, CROATIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOBINA & MONTENEGRO)
- Most territories in the west wre lost to the germanic tribes
- ONLY THE EASTERN ROMEN EMP LIVES ON
- After all the terrible things that befall on the roman empire, byzantine gradually making big step on re claiming these lost territories.
- Frankish, Visigothic, & Lombard Conversion to Christianity: to gain the support of catholic church & stabilising their power
- Byzantine starting to lose again its territories
- Byzantine became small again
- Frankish kingdom becoming more powerful Free from lombards establishing independent Papal State in central Italy.
- Still, at the end of this period, Byzantine still lost Crete and some Mediterranean Islands to Muslims from N.Africa
- -Slovak kingdom of Great Moravia was formed.
- -German Kingdom (919): East Francia throne overtaken by Duke of Saxony, who is typically considered the first King of Germany. -byzantin recaptures Crete and cyprus from the muslims and lands of the bulgarian empire -Great Moravia collapses: because of the Magyar invasions -Kingdom of croatia was formed -polish king baptized as christian gaining papal recognition
- Middle EAST Syria, lebanon, much of palestine area KIEVAN RUS- established by swedish kingdom
- Conversion to Christianity: Denmark (980), Kievan Rus (988), Hungary (1001), Norway (1030) Official Inception of France Muslim Hispania Collapses (1031)
- -kievan rus nation collapses (1050-1150) because of 100 yrs of civil war -independent Portugal (1095) --muslims rapidly retreat in hispania (1170) -bulgaria regain independence 1185 breaks away because of the weaking byzantine empire -Southern italy conquered by holy roman empire (1189) end of norman rule, entails additional territory to papal states
- -Mongol Conquest in the west: thus conquering some kievan rus tribes. ..:Sweden launches crusades against the Finnish people (modern Finland), sanctioned by the pope due to the region’s rebellion against the church’s authority. Establishment of Grand Duchy of Lithuania(1253 - 1350): The first officially unified Lithuanian government Greenland (1261) & iceland (1262) is settled and added to the Kingdom of Norway Hungary Gives Territory to Serbia (1282): due to the dowry of dynastic marriage Ottoman Conquests of Asia Minor (1299-1350): ottoman turks nearly sweep off byzantine out of asia minor
- Ottomans Enter Europe (1354): Ottomans capture Gallipoli, Byzantine city, marking their first advance into Europe Poland-Lithuanian Merger (1385: formed for a defensive alliance against the teutonic knights and moscow
- Consolidated Scandinavian Kingdom (1397): Denmark, Norway and Sweden unite under a single monarch (Kalmar Union) through strategic marriages. Mongol Golden Horde Fragmentation (1440): Golden Horde breaks up into several Turkish-dominated Khanates (Muslim petty kingdoms) due to civil war Birth of Spain (1469): Union of the two dominant kingdoms in Hispania (Castile & Aragon) results in the creation of the Kingdom of Spain Moscow Independence from Mongols (1480): Grand Duchy of Moscow breaks free from Turkic control
- Dissolution of Kalmar Union (1523) - due to sweden’s dissatifaction over denmark’s domination Eastern Prussia Conquered by Poland (1525): Poland captured it from Teutonic Knights in 1525
- France Gains Possession of Brittany (1532: finally annexed into France, after years of fighting to resist annexation. Brittany was settled by Bretons (ancient Britain inhabitants) Wales Absorbed into England (1535):
- : Spain defeats the Ottoman navy, ending its dominance of the Med. Sea. Duchy of Prussia (1618): breaks away with polish rule Polish-Swedish War Ending in Sweden Victory (1625–29): Battle for supremacy along the southern Baltic coast. Sweden captures Baltic territories, including large parts of Latvia and Estonia.
- Russian-Polish War (1654–57): Russia gains control over Ukraine. Russian Victory Over Sweden in Northern War (1700-21): Battle for supremacy of the Baltic Sea. Sweden was up against the alliance of Denmark-Norway, Russia, Poland and Prussia. Since sweden has a dominant power in the north, these countries has either lost some of their territories to sweden or lost contact in terms of trade. After the war, Sweden lost continental Baltic territories (Latvia and Estonia) & russia became powerful England Becomes Great Britain (1707): Great Britain formed when Scotland and Ireland are annexed into the new England-dominated kingdom, known as the Acts of the Union.
- Austria Conquers Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1699): Austria takes full control over all of Hungary from the Ottoman Turks. “This includes Slovakia, Transylvania, and Slovenia (eastern Croatia). “
- So then in Spain, it starting lose its territories with austria, thus austria gaining more territories
- So ottoman empire starting to lose some territories too,
- France Invades Spain (1792): thus gaining control of nearly the entire kingdom by 1796 France Conquers the Netherlands(1795): bacause Napoleon overruns the Austrian Netherlands (south) and the sovereign nation of the Dutch Netherlands (north). France conquers Northern Italy from Austria (1796). -Kingdom of Italy Established by France (1796): Milan & Venice Republic are conquered from Austria, reorganized into a France puppet state. France Annexes the Papal States (1796): France conquers the Papal States and subjects them to direct rule under Napoleon.
- United Kingdom Absorbs Ireland (1801): it is under Act of Unions of 1801. lead to the Formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK). While russia also gains: Finland Territory Conquered by Russia from Sweden (1809): Russia gains Finland from weakened Sweden in Finnish War. Ottoman Empire Loses Bessarabia to Russia(1812): Battle of Waterloo - Final Defeat of Napoleon (1815): retreating from russians, they’ve faced attacks from different directions, then later on, they;ve surrenderred Papal States Restored (1814): The Papal States are restored with the defeat of Napoleon.
- After napoleonic wars, some states were turned back into their normal borders, which some states reclaimed their lost territories
- Romania Formed (1859): Moldavia and Wallachia combine to form Romania, while remaining a client to the Ottoman Empire. AUSTRO_PRUSSIAN WAR: this A result of the rivalry between Prussia and Austria to become the dominant German state within the German Confederation. -prussia won and thus considered the dominant german state -leaving austria, devastated, it didn’t any choice but to be under the orders of hungary FORMATION OF AUTRIA-HUNGARY EMP German Empire Established (1871- because the territory was now dominated by prussians and other germans, they formed as a single state leaving austria alone
- As italians were now tired of serving as the battleground and pawns for continental powers, nationalism rises and then it formed revolutionary movements . Thru that, they’ve gained independence.
- Russo-Turkish War Effect on the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire is defeated In the final of a series of wars with Russia over mutual expansionist ambitions. The devastating defeat further weakened the Ottomans, and their ability to maintain their longstanding hold onto the Balkans.
- Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Czechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks Unite for Form Czechoslovakia (1918) split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Estonia: independence from the Russian Empire Finland: independence from the Russian Empire Hungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian Empire Ireland: independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire) Latvia: independence from the Russian Empire Montenegro: was annexed by Yugoslavia Lithuania: independence from the Russian Empire Poland: recreated from parts of the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires United Kingdom: gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle East Yugoslavia, as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia
- Irish War of Independence (vs United Kingdom) Begins(1919): which the independence would be attained in 1921
- Escalation of the War of Turkish Independence (1920): In 1920, the Ottoman government signs treaty with Allies drastically reducing its territory to where it covered only part of modern Turkey, but also giving most of the control of the Ottoman nation over to the Allies. As a condition, the Sultan and his government were allowed to stay in power, but subservient (willing to do everything what ever the allies would order them to do) to the Allies. This provokes the Turkish revolutionaries to begin their armed campaign against the Allies and the Ottoman forces still loyal to the sultan. Vatican City Sovereignty (1929): Treaty ratified guaranteeing sovereignty of Vatican City, a walled, Catholic Church-ruled section within Rome. German Annexation of Austria (1938): Hitler annexes Austria, which voted 99% in favor of being absorbed into Germany. This consolidation blatantly violates the peace treaty ending WWI, but the Allies lack the will to prevent it. German Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939):
- So to start this year, Germany and Italy both conquered territories which they felt were rightfully theirs, in Czechoslovakia (for Germany) and Albania (Italy) German Invasion of Poland, Start of WWII (Sept. 1, 1939): Germany invades Poland, officially beginning World War II in Europe Soviets Take Control of Eastern Poland (1939): Baltic Nations of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia Accept USSR Control (1939): The German-USSR Non-Aggression Pact assigned the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Russia. The USSR had a guarantee that Germany would not intervene.
- Axis powers also dominated the balkans Hungary Awarded Romanian Territory by Nazis (1941)= As part of the Nazi's promise to Hungary for joining the Axis Powers,
- Germany Begins Invasion of USSR (June 22, 1941) Germany Takes Baltic Nations from USSR (1941)
- so far, this these are the states gained.
- German Retreat Out of USSR Begins (1943) the Germans begin to fall back, since their supply lines were constantly attacked, spreading them thin despite their large numbers. Plus, with the resulting lack of supplies, they were suffering from an increasingly high death toll
- Allies Defeat Germans in Battle of the Bulge (Jan, 1945
- Denmark and Norway Liberated from Germans (1945)
- USSR Partitions East Germany (1949): The USSR refuses to allow East Germany to be combined with West Germany (as previously agreed among Allied victors), establishing a communist East Germany state. NATO Established (1949): The U.S. and its Western European allies establish NATO, as essentially an anti-Soviet military alliance. Warsaw Pact Established by USSR (1955): The USSR establishes its own military alliance in response to NATO, known as the Warsaw Pact, which includes Eastern/Central European nations under its influence, such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and East Germany. End of Allied Occupation of Austria (1955): The Allied occupation of Austria ends, allowing Austria to become a fully sovereign republic once again
- Break-Away Soviet Republics (1990): The central Soviet Union government was forced to allow more autonomy to the individual republics. Republics such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia assert independence from the USSR. Official Dissolution of the USSR (1991= dissolution of the Soviet Union in December
- So the last division of the european states occurred when yugoslavia collapses.