gender

1. INTRODUCTION TO GENDER
MAINSTREAMING
Gender, Women and Politics
The National Democratic Institute

2. INTRODUCTIONS/
GROUND RULES
• Introductions
• Ground Rules
• Ice Breaker Exercise
Image: Khandro Leia Organa

3. INTRODUCTION TO GENDER
MAINSTREAMING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the basis for/approaches to
promoting gender equality
• Become familiar with the entry points
for/objectives of gender mainstreaming
and strategies and tools
• Practice developing mainstreaming
strategies

4. INTRODUCTION TO GENDER
MAINSTREAMING TOPICS
• Equality and gender
• Evolution of gender mainstreaming
• Definition
• Strategies/tools
• Compensating for inequities

5. KEY TERMS
• Gender
• Mainstream
• Gender equality
• Inequity
• Other terms?
Image: European Institute for Gender Equality

6. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS
• United Nations international human
rights declarations/covenants
“All human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights.”
Photo: UN

7. RATIONALE FOR GENDER
EQUALITY
• Human rights rationale
• Economic rationale

8. APPROACHES TO EQUALITY
Formal Equality
• View: Women and men are the same so
treat them the same
• Goal: To achieve equal treatment

9. APPROACHES TO EQUALITY
Protectionism
• View: Women and men are different so
should be treated differently
• Goal: To protect women

10. APPROACHES TO EQUALITY
Substantive equality
• View: There are differences in how
women and men experience life and we
should minimize negative effects of this
• Goal: Promote equality of outcomes

11. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY
• Corrective approach
• Equal treatment can reinforce
inequality
• Discrimination and inequality are social
constructs
• Requires proactive measures
• Equality of opportunity, access and
results

12. Realization that:
• Men and women have different
priorities/constraints and can
contribute to, and be affected
differently by projects
• Failure to address gender issues leads
to inefficient and unsustainable results
and exacerbates inequities
EVOLUTION OF GENDER
MAINSTREAMING

13. EXAMPLE: WATER PUMPS AND
ICT IN TANZANIA
• Encourage citizens to report broken
water pumps to authorities using SMS
• Anticipated 3,000 SMS but only got 53
• Why?
Photo: Taco Anema, IUCN

14. • Women IN Development
• Analysis focused on women only
• Programs exclusively for women
EVOLUTION OF GENDER
MAINSTREAMING
Photo: NDI

15. • Gender AND Development
–Analysis focuses on gender division of
labor, roles and relations
–Aim to reduce gender inequalities
EVOLUTION OF GENDER
MAINSTREAMING

16. EVOLUTION OF GENDER
MAINSTREAMING
• 1985: Concept first introduced
• 1995: Further developed at UN Fourth
World Conference on Women
• Beijing Platform: “Promote an active
and visible policy of mainstreaming a
gender perspective”
• Gender integration

17. WHAT IS GENDER
MAINSTREAMING?
• Strategy to ensure women’s and
men’s concerns and experiences are
included in the design,
implementation and evaluation of
policies and programs
• Goal: achieving gender equality

18. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
ENTRY POINTS
• Institution
• Policy
• Program
Photo: NDI

19. WHAT IS GENDER
MAINSTREAMING?
– Every policy and activity has a gender
perspective or implication
– Gender analysis improves the
effectiveness of policies and programs
– Needs and rights of all stakeholders are
addressed

20. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
OBJECTIVES
• Make gender more visible
• Transform institutions
• Ensure that power and resources are
deployed equitably
Photo: NDI

21. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
MYTHS
• Favors women over men
• Women and men already equal
• Only for policies related to women and
women’s issues

22. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
CONTINUUM
Transformative
Accommodating
Exploitative
Gender Blind
Gender Aware

23. GENDER MAINSTREAMING AND
THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
1. Design
3.
Implementation
4. M&E 2. Start-up
Gender
analysis/needs
assessment
Gender
planning
Gender-specific
action/capacity
building
Gender-
sensitive M&E
Knowledge
sharing
Gender expertise
Adequate resources

24. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
STRATEGIES/TOOLS
• Involve women and men in
consultations
• Include sex-disaggregated data
• Formulate gender-sensitive and/or
specific objectives, indicators and
activities

25. GENDER MAINSTREAMING
STRATEGIES/TOOLS
• Strive for gender balance in
staff/experts
• Enable women and men to participate
equally and benefit equally
• Include gender in evaluations

26. GENDER ANALYSIS
• Can be undertaken at any stage but
most effective if included in design
• Systematic way of analyzing
different roles and impacts
• Asks the “who” questions
• How will this affect women and
men?

27. GENDER RESPONSIVE
BUDGETING
• Budgeting to account for differing
needs of women and men
• Ensure that resources aren’t being
spent in a discriminatory manner
Photo: Sanja Gjenero for rgbstock.com

28. COMPENSATING FOR
INEQUITIES
Image: Iris de Caluwe

29. COMPENSATING FOR
INEQUITIES
• Affirmative action to level the
playing field and compensate for
discrimination
• Additional
resources/training/access
• Gender differences may be
influenced by other structural
differences

30. Select an institution and develop strategy
• Areas/methodology for assessment
• Recommended actions
–Policy revisions
–Resources – financial and human
–Training
• M&E
EXERCISE: INSTITUTIONAL
MAINSTREAMING
Photo: Amy Hamelin, NDI

31. EXERCISE: POLICY
MAINSTREAMING
Select a policy and develop strategy
• Areas/methodology for assessment
• Recommended actions
–New/revised policy
–Resources – financial and human
–Training
• M&E

32. Select a program and develop strategy
• Areas/methodology for assessment
• Program designs
–Activities
–Resources – financial and human
–Training
• M&E
EXERCISE: PROGRAM
MAINSTREAMING
Photo: NDI

33. INTRO TO GENDER
MAINSTREAMING REVIEW
• “All humans born free and equal”-- yet
women struggle
• Substantive equality
• NOT gender blind
• Mainstream gender throughout project
cycle
• Tools: gender analysis and budgeting