This report, prepared on behalf of the International Magnesium Association (IMA), presents the findings of a comprehensive material flow analysis of magnesium (metal) in the EU for 2012. This study’s findings supersede those presented for magnesium (metal) in the 2015 Material System Analysis (MSA) study produced for DG-GROW

1. Magnesium-­‐Recycling-­‐Studie:
Materialflussanalyse von
Magnesium
(Metall)
in
der
EU
Material
flow
analysis
of
magnesium
(metal)
in
the
EU
Dr. Ing.
Martin
Tauber/President
Critical
Raw
Material
(CRM)
Alliance;
European
Chairman
International
Magnesium
Association
(IMA)
Research
commissioned
by
theJanuary
2018

2. Science-­‐led
research
Value-­‐driven
consulting
Material
flow
analysis
of
magnesium
(metal)
in
the
EU
Research
conducted
by
Nia
Bell,
Rachel
Waugh
and
David
Parker
Research
commissioned
by
the
June
2017

3. Agenda
• Introduction
• Project
description
• Background
and
motivation
• Methodology
• Key
findings
• Recycling
rate
• Conclusions

4. Introduction
Overall
objective:
Enable
Mg
(metal)
to
be
part
in
the
circular
economy
priority
(EU)
Slides:
CM
Group/Australia

5. Project
overview
Objective:
“..to
map
and
quantify
all
magnesium
(metal)
flows
inside
the
EU
for
2012..”
Purpose:
-­‐ To
better
understand
the
supply
and
demand
profile
of
Mg
in
the
EU
-­‐ To
better
understand
the
environmental
credentials
of
Mg
use
in
the
EU
including
its
landfill
and
End
of
Life
-­‐ Recycling
Input
Rate
-­‐ To
produce
materials
to
help
communicate
a
realistic
view
of
Mg
in
the
EU
to
policy
makers
and
other
stakeholders
Mg
=
magnesium
(metal)
as
found
in
magnesium
alloys,
aluminium
alloys,
pig
iron
desulphurisation
agents
and
other
applications

6. Background
and
motivation
The
commissioning
of
this
study
was
spurred
on
by
the
publication
of
this
concerning
figure
Reference:
Study
on
Data
for
a
Raw
Material
System
Analysis:
Roadmap
and
Test
of
the
Fully
Operational
MSA
for
Raw
Materials
(Final
report),
Published
in
Nov
2015
by
the
European
Commission
(DG-­‐GROW)

7. Methodology
In
order
to
supplant
the
evidence
base
behind
the
offending
figure
the
methodology
was
kept
as
similar
as
possible,
i.e.:
-­‐ Full
material
flow
analysis
conducted
-­‐ Flows
and
stages
dealt
with
similarly
-­‐ Same
sources
of
official
statistics
used
…but
was
augmented
with…
-­‐ In-­‐depth
interviews
with
industry
stakeholders
-­‐ Input
and
guidance
from
the
IMA
steering
board
Steel
desulphurisation
and
other
powder
applications
-­‐ Almamet,
-­‐ Tata
Steel,
-­‐ MPIUK,
-­‐ non
ferrum
Mg
foundries
and
recyclers
-­‐ Magnesium
Elektron,
-­‐ CAEF,
-­‐ Meridian
Lightweight
Technologies,
-­‐ Magontec,
-­‐ Stihl,
-­‐ Husqvarna
Al
alloy
specialists
and
other
-­‐ Avon
Metals,
-­‐ BMRA,
-­‐ FEDEREC,
-­‐ EAA
-­‐ Innoval,
-­‐ Realalloy,
-­‐ Pilling
Interviews
&
data
analysis
Spreadsheets Flow
diagrams
Sankey
diagrams
Report

8. Overall
situation
for
Mg
in
the
EU
No
primary
Mg
production
in
the
EU:
100%
reliant
on
imports
(196
kT)
‘Other’
includes
nodular
cast
iron
and
applications
for
magnesium
powder
including
Grignard
reagents,
pyrotechnics
and
refractory
materials
Re-­‐export
(9.5
kT)
For
use
in
the
EU
De-­‐stocking
in
the
EU
(2.8
kT)

9. Key
flow:
Automotive
Typical
car
built
in
2012
Contains:
140
kg
Al
alloys
-­‐ of
which
1.44
kg
is
Mg
&
2.7
kg
of
Mg
in
cast
Mg
alloy
components
Total
=
4.14
kg
of
Mg/car
≈
16
million
cars
produced
of
which
6
million
exported
&
2
million
imported
in
2012
Typical
car
at
EoL in
2012
Contains:
116
kg
Al
alloys
-­‐ of
which
0.93
kg
is
Mg
&
2.2
kg
of
Mg
in
cast
Mg
alloy
components
Total
=
3.13
kg
of
Mg/car
≈
11.4
million
cars
reaching
EoL in
2012
Significant
in-­‐use
accumulation
of
Mg
in
vehicles
≈
14
kT
of
Mg

10. Automotive
(cont.)
Assumptions:
-­‐ Split
between
ELV
processing
in
the
EU
and
export
for
reuse
is
81:19.1
-­‐ ‘Export
of
vehicle
scrap
at
EoL’
derived
using
statistic
that
44%
of
Al
scrap
originates
from
vehicles
and
trade
data.2
-­‐ 80%
of
the
Mg
in
vehicles
ends
up
in
the
shredded
non-­‐ferrous
fraction,
and
20%
in
dismantled
Al
components.3
-­‐ All
shredded
Al
scrap
is
refined,
whilst
2/3
of
the
dismantled
Al
alloys
are
refined
and
1/3
remelted.3
-­‐ Mg
melt
losses
associated
with
Al
alloy
remelting are
1/3.3
-­‐ The
Mg
in
Al
salt
slags
can
be
non-­‐
functionally
recycled
and
used
in
cement
and
mineral
wool
production.3
1Based
on
Öko-­‐Institut analysis
of
Eurostat
data
for
2013
2End-­‐of-­‐waste
Criteria
for
Aluminium
and
Aluminium
Alloy
Scrap,
JRC,
2010
3Based
on
estimates
and
information
from
various
industry
sources
Available
Mg
from
EoL
automotive
vehicles
37.1
kT
Sent
for
EU
processing
at
EoL
16.0
kT
In
use
accumulation
of
Mg
in
the
Al
alloys
of
motor
vehicles
14.2
kT
Sent
for
disposal
in
the
EU
at
EoL
5.5
kT
5.5
kT
(G.1.5)
Non-­‐functional
recycling
at
EoL
9.1
kT
Functional
recycling
at
EoL
1.4
kT
9.1
kT
(G.1.4)
Mg
in
new
vehicles
in
the
EU
49.9
kT
Export
of
automotive
vehicles
(for
reuse)
6.8
kT
14.2
kT
(E.1.1)
6.8
kT
(E.1.3)
Export
of
vehicle
scrap
at
EoL
14.3
kT
14.3
kT
(F.1.1)
16.0
kT
(F.1.4)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ Break
1.4
kT
(G.1.1)
Al
scrap
imports
New
vehicles
imports
EU
produced
vehicles
1.4
kT
(F.1.2)
41.7
kT
(D.1.1)
8.2
kT
(E.1.4)
To
2ary
Al
applications
in
the
EU
1.4
kT
(G.1.2)

11. Functional versus
Non-­‐
Functional
Mg
recycling
Functional
recycling
– Mg’s
value
and
functionality
retained
Non-­‐functional
recycling
of
slags
– Mg’s
value
and
functionality
lost
…
...
but
landfill
avoided
EoL or
new
scrap
Mg
or
Al
alloys
Alloy
sorting
Remelting
EoL Al
alloys
Refining
Salt
(and
other)
slags
Pig
iron
desulphurisation
slags
Salt
slags:
recycled
to
recover
Al
content.
Metal
oxide
residue
(containing
Mg)
used
to
produce
cement,
mineral
wool
and
aggregates.
Other
Mg-­‐containing
slags:
used
in
aggregates,
backfilling
and
cement

12. Key
flow:
Al
packaging
Beverage
cans
Average
Mg
content
of
1.6%
Weighted
average
of
83%
Al
Alloy
3004
(1.04%
Mg)
used
for
the
body
and
17%
Al
Alloy
5182
(4.5%
Mg)
used
for
the
ends.
EU
production
of
cans
in
2012
≈
1.3
Mt
of
Al
(20
kT of
Mg)
Average
EU
collection
rate
in
2012
=
70%
Other Al
packaging
Average
Mg
content
of
0.5%
EU
production
of
other
Al
packaging
in
2012
≈
1.0
Mt
of
Al
(5
kT of
Mg)
Average
EU
collection
rate
in
2012
=
45%
Sources
include
World
Aluminium,
the
EAA,
Alupro
and
Industry
stakeholders
Mg
melt
losses
associated
with
Al
packaging
recycling
assumed
to
be
1/3.1
1Market
dynamics,
recycling
and
recovery
of
magnesium
from
aluminium
alloy
scrap:
A.J.
Gesing and
S.K.
Das
Al
packaging
is
the
most
important
EoL functional
recycling
flow
for
Mg
=
9.0
kT

13. High
level
Sankey diagram
Revised
high-­‐level
Sanky
diagram
to
go
here
Functional
recycling
New-­‐scrap
recycling
=
51.7
kT
Old-­‐scrap
recycling
=
11.7
kT
Total
=
63.3
kT
Exports
Processed
material
=
12.1
kT
New
products
=
39.6
kT
Products
for
reuse
=
7.5
kT
Waste:
30.0
kT
Total
=
89.2
kT
Addition
to
landfill
and
tailings
Total
=
35.0
kT
Losses
In
use
dissipation
=
12.3
kT
Non-­‐functional
recycling
=
28.9
kT
Total
=
41.2
kT
In-­‐use
accumulation
Total
=
34.3
kT
Imports
Primary
material
=
65.8
kT
Processed
material
=
87.5
kT
Product
=
37.8
kT
Waste
=
5.8
kT
Total
=
196.9
kT
EU
de-­‐stocking
=
2.8
kT
This
study

14. Recycling
rate
derivation:
EoL-­‐RIR
“The
end-­‐of-­‐life recycling
input
rate
(EoL-­‐RIR)
quantifies
the
ratio
of
recycling
from
old
scrap
to
the
EU
supply
of
raw
material.”
Source:
MSA
methodology
for
deriving
EoL-­‐RIR
Output
from
the
value
chain
at
the
manufacturing
step
Stock
of
manufactured
products
in
use
in
EU
Stock
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
Exports
from
EU
of
manufactured
products
for
reuse
Imports
to
EU
of
manufactured
products
In
use
dissipation
in
EU
Products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
collected
for
treatment
Annual
Addition
to
in-­‐use
stock
of
manufactured
products
in
EU
Annual
addition
to
end-­‐of-­‐life
stock
of
manufactured
products
in
Exports
from
EU
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
Imports
to
EU
of
manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
Manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
sent
for
disposal
in
EU
Manufactured
products
at
end
of
life
in
EU
sent
for
recycling
in
EU
Stock
in
landfill
in
EU
Annual
addition
to
stock
in
landfill
in
EU
In
use
stock
End-­‐of-­‐life
stock
Stock
in
tailings
Processing
from
primary
material
Manufacture Use Collection
Primary
material
as
main
product
Processed
material Product
Product
at
end
of
life
collectedEU
Reserve
Extraction
Primary
material
ROW
Reserve
Extraction
Processed
material
Product Product
for
reuse
Primary
material
Secondary
material
Extraction
waste
/
tailings
Processed
material
Product Product
at
end-­‐of-­‐life
Product
at
end
of
life
Product
at
end
of
life
for
disposal
Product
at
end
of
life
for
recycling
Manufacture
waste
for
disposal
Manufacture
waste
for
reprocessing
=
Secondary
material
from
manufacture
(new
scrap)
Processing
waste
for
disposal
Manufacture
waste
In
use
dissipation
Processing
waste
Secondary
material
from
post
consumer
functional
recycling
(old
scrap)
sent
to
processing/manufacturing
Arrow
color
A.1.1
A.1.2
B.1.1
B.1.3
B.1.4
C.1.1
C.1.2
C.1.3
C.1.4
D.1.5
C.1.5
C.1.6
D.1.4
D.1.6
D.1.3
D.1.2
D.1.1
E.1.5
E.1.6
E.1.4
E.1.3 F.1.2
E.1.2
F.1.1
F.1.3
F.1.4
Secondary
material
from
post
consumer
non
functional
recycling
G.1.5
Processing
from
secondary
materials
Recycling
Primary
material
as
by-­‐product
B.1.2
Secondary
Material
from
post
consumer
recycling
G.1.3
Recycling
waste
for
disposal G.1.4
G.1.1/2
EU-­‐27
boundary
Stock
in
landfill
E.1.1
B.1.5 F.1.5
𝐸𝑜𝐿 − 𝑅𝐼𝑅'( =
𝐺. 1.2
𝐶. 1.3 + 𝐷. 1.3 + 𝐶. 1.4 + 𝐺. 1.2
=
11.7
52.7 + 105.2 + 3.6 + 11.7
= 𝟕%
Using
same
methodology
Aluminium’s
global
EoL-­‐RIR
was
12%*
*Global
Aluminium
Flow
2012,
World
Aluminium

15. Conclusions
• Original
material
flow
analysis
identified
114
kT (or
67%
of
Mg
imports)
going
to
landfill
or
tailings
in
the
EU.
This
study
only
identified
35
kT (or
18%
of
Mg
imports).
• An
important
caveat
is
that
this
study
also
identified
30
kT of
Mg
in
waste
exported
from
the
EU
in
2012.
Of
which:
o 50%
is
old
scrap
o 63%
is
in
predominantly
Al
scrap
• The
EOL-­‐RIR
of
Mg
in
the
EU
in
2012
was
determined
to
be
7%.
• We
hope
that
these
results
will
help
shift
the
focus
of
R&D,
funding
and
investment in
the
EU
away
from
Mg
substitution
(because
of
the
high
landfill
rate
reported
previously)
and
towards
more
Mg
utilisation.

16. Methodology
(cont.)
Interviews
&
data
analysis
Spreadsheets Flow
diagrams
Sankey
diagrams
Report
Open
download:
IMA
website:
http://www.intlmag.org/page/sustain_
eu_study

17. Get
in
touch
Main
contact
at
the
IMA:
Christian
Payn
Tel +33
(0)6
79
91
44
37
Email christian.payn@gmail.com
Twitter @INTLMagOrg
Website www.intlmag.org
Main
contact
at
Oakdene Hollins:
David
Parker
Tel +44
(0)1296
423915
ext.
104
Email david.parker@oakdenehollins.com
Twitter @OakdeneHollins
Website www.oakdenehollins.com