H

1. Renewable Energy Resources
By
Mr. Ashwni Goyal

2. Introduction
• Any physical activity in this world, whether
carried out by humans or nature is caused due
to flow of energy from one form to another.
• Energy is required to do any kind of work.
• Energy is the most essential commodity for
the overall growth of any country.
• In Pre-industrial era, energy requirements
were met through food intake as people were
dependent only on human or animal labour.

3. • However, the industrialization began in 1785 with the
advent of steam engine by James Watt of Scotland.
• Later on, internal combustion engines came in late 19th
century. These technological advancements gave
further push to energy requirements.
• In 1888, Nicola Tesla invented induction motor. The
advent of electrical machines along with availability of
commercial electricity increased electricity
requirements by leaps and bounds.
• Energy has been lifeblood for continual progress of the
human civilization.

4. Major sectors of energy consumption
and standard of living
• Domestic
• Transport
• Agriculture
• Industry

6. Oil crisis of 1973
• The 1973 energy crisis was an oil shock that
caused energy prices to skyrocket and resulted in
fuel shortages in the United States and world.
• The crisis was the result of Arab oil-producing
countries, known as the Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), refusing
to sell crude to the U.S.
• Arab oil-producing countries launched the
embargo in response to U.S. support of Israel
during the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

7. Oil crisis of 1973 Contd..
• OPEC lifted its embargo in March 1974, but it
left economic damage throughout the U.S.
and around the world.
• Before the embargo, a barrel of oil traded for
around $2.90, quadrupling to $11.65 per
barrel by January 1974.
• Governments all around the world took this
matter seriously and felt a need for exploring
alternative sources of energy.

8. Classification of energy resources
• Based on usability of energy
– Primary resources
Primary resources are available in nature for use
prior to any human made conversions.
Coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, uranium
– Secondary resources
Electricity, hydrogen fuel, thermal energy in form of
steam.

9. • Based on traditional use
– conventional resources
Coal, crude oil, hydro resources
– Non-conventional resources (After 1973 crisis)
Electricity, hydrogen fuel, biomass.
• Based on long term availability
– Non-renewable resources
Coal, crude oil
– Renewable resources
– solar, wind, biomass.

10. • Based on commercial application
– Commercial energy resource
Electricity, petrol, gas, etc.
– Non-commercial energy resource
Wood, animal dung cake, crop residue
• Based on origin
– Solar energy
– Wind energy
– Biomass energy
– Nuclear energy
– Ocean wave energy
– Geothermal energy

11. Consumption trend of India’s primary
energy resources

12. Importance of Non-conventional
energy resources
Merits
• Non-conventional resources are renewable in nature.
• They cause no or little pollution.
• They are available abundantly in nature.
• They are available in nature free of cost.
Demerits
• Energy is available in dilute form from these resources.
• The cost of harnessing energy from these resources is
quite high.
• Difficulty in transporting such forms of energy.

13. Common forms of energy
• Mechanical energy
– It is required in movement of objects, changing shape of the objects, so on.
– It is used in agriculture, handling, transport, processing and other industries.
• Electrical energy
– A top grade form of energy
– Around 30-40% energy distribution in world is through electrical supply
systems.
• Thermal energy
– It is easily converted into mechanical energy through heat engines
– High grade (>500 0C) : It can be efficiently converted into M. energy.
– Medium grade (150-500 0C): It can be converted into M. energy with difficulty.
– Low grade (<150 0C): Mostly used for heating purposes.
• Chemical energy
– Fuel cells, batteries : In these, chemical energy is converted to electrical
energy.