2. The First World War,Khilafat&Non-
Cooperation Movement
India faced many problems during war period :
Increase in defenceman expenditure which was financed by war loans
& increasing taxes.
Prices increased 1913&1918 leading to extreme hardship for common
people.
Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
1918-19 & 1920-21 crops failure leading to acute shortages of food &
was also accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over
but it did not happen.At this stage, a new leader, Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi or Mahatma Gandhi , appeared & suggested a
new mode of struggle.
3.
4. The Idea of Satyagarha
In 1917 Gandhiji traveled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the
peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantationsystem. Then
in 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the
Kheda district of Gujarat .
5. The Rowlatt Act
Gandhiji in 1919 decidedto launch a nationwide satyagraha
against the proposed RowlattAct (1919).
On 13th April the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September1920, he
convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation
movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.
6. Why Non-Cooperation
Gandhiji believed, if Indians refused to coopercooperate, British rule
in India would collapse within a year, &, swaraj would come.
At the Congress session at Nagpur in December1920,a compromise
was worked out & the Non-cooperationprogramme was adopted.
8. The Movement in the Towns.
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.
Thousands of students left government-controlled schools &
colleges, headmaster& teachers M resigned, & lawyersgave up
their legal practices.
9. Chauri Chaura 1922
At Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a
bazaar turned into a violent clash with the police.
Hearing of the incident , Mahatma Gandhi called a Halt to the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
10. Rebellion in the Countryside
In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who
had earlier been to Fiji as an Indentured Laborer.
12. The Salt March & the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Mahatma Gandhi started Salt March accompanied by 78 of his
trusted volunteers.
On 6 April, he reached Dandi & ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
13. How participants saw the
Movement.
In the countryside,rich peasant communitieswere deeply
disappointed when the Movementwas called off in 1931 without
the revenue rates being revised.
14. Appointment of Simon Commission
In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided towithdraw the Non-
cooperationMovement.
Tory governmentin Britain constituteda Statutory Commissionunder
Sir John Simon .
Simon Commissionarrived in India in 1928.
Simon, Go Back!
15. The Limits of Civil Disobedience
Dr Br.R. Ambedkar clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second
Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorate for
dalits.
Some of the Muslim political organizations in India were also
lukewarm in their response to the CivilDisobedience Movement.
British rules India because we let them to….MahatmaGandhi
16. The Sense of Collective Belonging
The Folklore of Southern India :
Ideas of nationalism developed through a movementto revive
Indian folklore.
In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massivefour-volume collection
of Tamil folk tales, the Folklore of Southern India.