This ppt file is make for the study purpose on the topic of "Major Protocol & Treaties to save the environment". All of the data of this slide were collected from online resources. This slide shows the impact & results of some protocols & Treaties that is used to save our Ozone Layer, Our Environment.

1. International Environmental Agreement.
Major Protocols &Treaties
Submitted by,
Name ID
Tamjid Haider Bhuiyan 191-023-651
Shuhaieb Al Sakib 191-029-651
Mahie Islam 191-030-651
Syed Kayum Hossain 191-031-651
Rahim Haque Bishal 191-032-651
Mehedi Hasan Sagor 191-036-651
Submitted To,
Md. Sajib Milki,
Lecturer,
Department of Industrial Engineering
BGMEA University of Fashion &
Technology

2. Contents
Introduction
Montreal Protocol
Effect of Montreal Protocol
Ozone Depletion
CFC & Ozone Depletion
Environment effects of O3
Health Effects
Policies & Responses
Results from Montreal
Kyoto Protocol
Objective of Kyoto
Kyoto on Climate change
Montreal vs. Kyoto
Berlin Mandate Geneva Meeting
Status of the Agreement
Details of the agreement
Financial Commitments Enforcement
Suggestion Reference

3. Introduction:
Subsidiary or auxiliary to a convention and
prepared by the same negotiators.
Supporting to a convention, but independent in
operation and subject to independent
ratification.
Convention:
Convention is a formal multilateral agreement or consensus. It includes the legislative
instruments adopt by the international institution.
Treaty:
Treaty is an agreement established between two or a few more countries to abide by
certain rules & regulation.
Protocols:
A protocol is an agreement that diplomatic negotiators formulate and sign as the basis
for a final convention or treaty. Protocols are less formal agreements than a treaty or
convention. They are derived extensions of treaties or conventions. Thus these are:

4. Montreal Protocol

5. Montrel Protocol
CFC
Halons
Carbon
Tetrachloride
Methyl
Chloroform
Compounds can deplete the
Stratospheric Ozone layer:
The Montrel Protocol finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the
stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-
depleting substances (ODS). ODS are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the
radiative forcing of climate change.

6. Effect of Montreal Protocol

7. Ozone Depletion
It also can damage terrestrial plant life including crops & aquatic eco systems.
Elevated ultraviolated radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major
impacts on life & nature, including skin cancer & weakened immunue system.
The Ozone layer is destroyed by ODS when those chemicals are released into atmosphere and then
react with ozone molecules.

8. CFC & Ozone Depletion
In 16 September,1987 an international agreement were signed by most of the industrialized country to reduce the CFC production
which is known as The famous “MONTREAL PROTOCOL”
In 1987 it was ban in aerosol production but still used as a refrigerants.
In March,1985 scientific initiative was taken to discover Ozone depletion process and called for freezing the production of
Chlorinated Carbon.
Conclusive evidence were found in 1984 from TOMS(Total Ozone Monitoring Mapping Spectrometer) and found a downward trends
of ozone in all the altitude.
Removes the odd oxygen and leaving the chlorine unaffected causes the depletion.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) along with other Chlorine and Bromine containing compounds have been implicated in the accelerated
depletion of the atmosphere. It creates an hole in stratosphere.

9. The chart below shows the decreasing consumption of ozone-depleting
substances covered by the Montreal Protocol.

10. Environmental effects of Ozone Depletion
Ozone layer depletion causes increased UV
radiation levels at the Earth's surface, which is
damaging to human health.
Increases in certain types of skin cancers.
Eye cataracts and immune deficiency disorders.
UV radiation also affects terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, altering growth, food chains and
biochemical cycles.
UV rays also affect plant growth, reducing
agricultural productivity.

11. Health Effects
i. Skin
Cancer
ii. Immune
System
Disorder
iii.
Cataracts
and other
eye
damage.
iv.
Premature
aging and
other skin
damage.

12. Policies & Responses
The principal international policy instrument for protecting the stratospheric
ozone layer is the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer.
Protecting the stratospheric ozone layer by controlling the production and use of
ozone-depleting compounds has been an environmental concern since the mid-
1970s, when it was discovered that chlorine could potentially deplete the ozone
layer.

13. Results from Montreal Protocol
As a result of the Montreal Protocol, the total volume of ozone-depleting gases in
the atmosphere has begun to decrease in recent years. If all countries that have
signed the protocol maintain their commitments, the decrease of ODS es in the
atmosphere will continue throughout the 21st century. Ozone layer recovery is being
slowed down due to the continued release of CFCs used by nations that have not
banned them, and due to gases that are already in the stratosphere. Scientists
continue to study the possible relationships between ozone layer depletion and
climate change.

14. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto protocol is the
international framework
convention on climate change
with the objective of
Greenhouse Gases that cause
climate change. It is an
agreement made under the
(UNFCC). Countries that
ratify this protocol commit to
ratify their emissions of
Carbon-di-oxide & five other
green house gases.

15. Objectives of Kyoto Protocol
Stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate
system.
IPCC has predicted an average
global rise in temperature 1.4℃,
whereas if successfully and
completely implemented, the
Kyoto Protocol will reduce that
increase by 0.02℃ in the year
2050.
The
objective is

16. Kyoto Protocol on climate change & Carbon emissions
Kyoto includes “ flexible mechanisms” which allow
Annex 1 economics to meet to meet their GHG targets
by purchasing GHG emission reductions from
elsewhere.
Any Annex 1 country that fails to meet its Kyoto
target will be penalized by having its reduction targets
decreased by 30% in the next period.
Governments are separated into two general
categories: Development countries, referred to as
Annex 1 & Non - development countries, referred to
as Non-Annex 1.
Kyoto is underwritten by governments and is
governed by global legislation.

17. Montreal Protocol vs. Kyoto Protocol
Montreal protocol
was established to
phase out substances
that deplete ozone. It
put limits on CFC,
which were harming
the ozone layer.
Kyoto protocol was
set in place to
reduce the emissions
of Greenhouse
gases. It sought to
limit carbon
emissions, which
lead to enhanced
greenhouse
warming.

18. Berlin Mandate
The UNFCC conference of parties met for the first time in Berlin. There was
widespread concern that Annex I parties would not be able to achieve even the
general emissions reduction goal in the UNFCC. After contentious debate Berlin
Mandate was passed. It established a 2-year Analytical & Assesment phase to
negotiate a “Comprehensive menu of Actions”, for countries to pick from & choose
future options to address climate change which for them, individually, make best
economic and environmental phase.
Calling on Annex I parties to establish
specific, legally binding targets &
timetables to reduce emissions.

19. Geneva Meeting
Acccepted the scientific
findings on climate
change proffered by the
IPCC in its second
assesment.
Rejected uniform
“harmonized policies” in
favor of flexibility.
Called for, “Legally
binding mid-term
targets”.
The second conference of parties to the UNFCC met in July 1996 in Geneva. The
outcomes from the meeting was,

20. Status of the agreement
Countries like India and China whom are ratified the agreement doesn’t
require to reduce the carbon emission under the present agreement despite of
their large population.
Notable exceptions were USA and Australia.
As of 166 countries have signed the agreement.
Came into force in February 16 ,2005.
The treaty was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan, 1997.

21. Details of the agreement:
The industrialized country will
reduced their emission of
green house gases by 5.2%
compared to the year 1990.
The main goal is to
reduce the emission of
total six green house
gases.
The target were selected for
5 year basis where the
target for European &
Australia is 8%, USA 7%,
Japan 6%, Russia 0%,
Iceland 10%
Targets
European Union & Australia USA Japan Russia Iceland

22. Financial
Commitments
The protocol also reffirms the
principle that developes
countries have to pay, and
supply technology to other
countries for climate relate
studies & projects. This was
originally agreed in UNFCC.

23. Enforcement
That country is required to
make up the difference plus
an additional 30%.
That country will be
suspendend from making
transfer’s under an emmision
trading program.
If the enforcement branch determines that an Annex I country is not compliance with
its emissions targets then,

24. Suggestions
Need to create more protocol to save the environment.
Need more & more meetings on this existing protocols & finds the best
possible solution.
Need to create more funding opportunity for research in this topic.
Need to develop a system that all the protocols may sustain.

25. References:
1) https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-environmental-quality-and-
transboundary-issues/the-montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-
ozone-layer
2) https://images.app.goo.gl/BvBgtNKEYShYXjCW8
3) https://images.app.goo.gl/eW9VSKRQX2HfT6Wt5

26. Thank’s for Attention.
Your opinion matters.