3.
Visual complaints
88% of the complaints in old age is visual
problems like
Cataract
Glaucoma
Retinopathy
Physical problems
4.
Physiological
changes
Consequences Effects
Denaturation of lens
protein
Cataract Blindness
Loss of
accommodation
Presbyopia
Corneal clouding Arcus senilis
Lax eyelids and
reduced lacrimation
Ptosis and dry eyes Xerosis
Retinal degeneration Defective colour
vision
Blindness
Degeneration of
cochlear hair cells
Presbycusis Deafness
Eye /Ear
5.
It forms 40% of the old age complaints
They are:
Fibrositis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Myositis
Neuritis
Gout
Spondilitis of spine
Locomotor system
disorders
6.
Physiological changes Consequences Effects
Irreversible loss of motor
units and fibres
Reduced muscle strength Reduced muscle strength
Deposition of fat
Loss of mineralisation Osteoporosis Pathological fractures
tear of articular cartilage OA and RA Mobility problems
MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
7.
Neurological problems form 18.7% of the
old age complaints
These are:
Dementia
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Neurological complaints
9.
CVS disorders for 17.4% of the different
old age complaints
These include:
Atherosclerosis
Thrombus formation
Myocardial Infarction
Hypertension
Cardiovascular
complaints
13.
Skin conditions form a major part of old age
complaints
Skin conditions include:
Senile wrinkles
Scaly lesions
Scaly dermatosis
Blistering diseases
Neoplastic disorders
Skin conditions
14.
Loss of elasticity of skin (Wrinkling)
Loss of hair (Alopecia and baldness)
Brittleness of fingernails
Slurred speech
Skin and its appendages
15.
GI disorders for about 9% of the old age
complaints
These are:
Peptic ulcer
Constipation
Ulcerative colitis
Carcinoma of GIT
Gastrointestinal
complaints
16.
Physiological
changes
Consequences Effects
Reduced gastric
acidity and
intestinal motility
Non-ulcer
dyspepsia and
constipation
Poor absorption
and deficiency
states
Reduced
regenerative
capacity of
hepatocytes
Impairment of
metabolism and
detoxification
Hepatic failure
Gastro-intestinal tract
18.
Hearing complaints form about 8.2%
of the old age complaints
These include
Nerve deafness
Conductive hearing loss
Hearing loss
19.
These form about 3.5% of the old age
complaints
They are:
Enlargement of prostate
Dysuria
Nocturia
Frequency and urgency of micturation
Genito-urinary
complaints
20.
Physiological changes Consequences Effects
Reduced no. of
nephrons
Impaired
excretion
Accumulation
of toxins in the
Body
Reduced renal
blood flow and
reduced GFR
Impaired
excretion
Accumulation
of toxins in the
Body
Reduced
bladder
capacity
Urinary
incontinence
UTI
Prostatic
hyperplasia in
men
BHP Frequency
Genito-urinary tract
23. These form 8.5% of the old age complaints
These include
Alzheimer’s disease
Depression
Anxiety
Delirium
Schizophrenia
Personality disorder
Suicide and deliberate self harm
Psychiatric complaints
24.
Physiological changes Consequences Effects
Atrophy of
mucous
membrane of
mouth
Reduced food
intake and change
of taste and smell
Nutritional
deficiency
states
Loss of teeth
Decreased no. of
taste buds
Decreased
Salivation & Decreased
sensation of
smell
others
25.
More reliable and are independent of age
But, elderly patients less willing to talk about
psychological problems
Pay attention to:
anxiety
physical discomfort
adaptation to a new lifestyle
Psychological problems
30.
Abuse of the old
Mistreatment of older people – referred to as
‘‘elder abuse’’ – was first described in British
scientific journals in 1975 under the term ‘‘granny
battering’’
The abuse may be of a physical nature, it may be
psychological (involving emotional or verbal
aggression), or it may involve financial or other
material maltreatment.
Abuse
31.
It refers to ill-treatment of an elderly person.
It can be-physical abuse
-psychological abuse
-financial abuse
-sexual abuse.
It is a very sensitive issue and requires a high
index of suspicion.
Elder Abuse
32.
Abuse is generally divided into the
following categories:
Physical abuse – The infliction of pain or
injury, or physical or drug induced restraint.
Psychological or emotional abuse .
33.
Financial or material abuse – The illegal or improper
exploitation or use of funds or resources of the older
person.
Sexual abuse – Non-consensual sexual contact of any
kind with the older person.
Neglect – The refusal or failure to fulfill a care giving
obligation. This may or may not involve a conscious and
intentional attempt to inflict physical or emotional distress
on the older person.
34.
PHYSICAL, FINANCIAL, FUNCTIONAL and other
dependency has a major affect on the self esteem of
the old.
Insecurity
Insecurity of being abandoned by their children.
Rehabilitation
This is one of the main problem of old age.
DEPENDENCY
35.
Economical problems
No or inadequate source of income
Total economical dependence on children
for their daily needs
36.
Elderly population will keep on rising due to
advancing medical technology.
Diseases present atypically and at an earlier stage.
Often a multi-organ system involvement.
Worsening of pre-existing diseases are frequent.
Burden over the health care system.
Burden over the nations economy.
Need for geriatrics
37.
One of the most important measure of how
civilized we are is how we treat our elderly.
According to Sir James Sterling Ross “you
do not heal old age, you protect it, you
promote it and you extend it.”
PREVENTION AND
MANAGEMENT
39.
AIMS –
Cost effective use of services.
Maintaining the elderly active.
Providing quality care up to the max. satisfaction
of the user.
Assessment of the
elderly
40.
The role of prevention in geriatrics is to delay the
onset of age-related decompensatory problems of
body functions.
It includes-
Primary prevention.
Secondary prevention.
Tertiary prevention
PREVENTIVE HEALTH
CARE
41. Health habits-
Inadequate nutrition
Addiction to smoking & alcohol
Lack of exercise
Inadequate sleep
Predisposing factor for coronary heart disease
Modifiable-
smoking, obesity, HT, DM, hyperlipidemia,
hypercholesterolemia, etc.
Non-modifiable-
age, sex, genetic factors, etc.
Primary prevention
43.
Injury prevention
Burns accidents and falls should be prevented by;-
Removal of obstacles
Keep the floor dry
Bright lighting
Flat shoes
Railing/holding bars in bathrooms
Low level switches
Easy and safe access to water.
44.
Screening
Screening helps in early detection of modifiable risk
factors and their adequate management.
Hyper/hypotension, diabetes mellitus
Dental problems
Drug adverse effects
Cancers
Infections
Nutritional deficiency states
Eyes /ears
Secondary prevention
45.
Early detection and treatment is an
important step in secondary prevention of
disease and disability.
46.
It deals with rehabilitation and caregiver support.
Rehabilitation is a problem solving process
focused on the patients functional abilities.
Rehabilitation team includes; a physician, a
physiotherapist, an occupational therapist, a
speech and language therapist, a psychiatrist, a
dietitian, a nurse and a social worker.
Tertiary prevention
47. Hard interventions-
drugs.
physiotherapy.
occupational therapy.
aids and adaptation.
speech and language therapist.
Soft interventions-
advice.
education.
counseling.
encouragement.
listening.
INTERVENTIONS IN
REHABILITATION
50.
PROSTHESIS: Prosthesis is an artificial device
used to replace a missing body part such as a
limb, tooth, eye or heart valve.
or
Prosthesis refers to the replacement of the missing
body part with such a device. In medicine,
prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a
missing body part.
USE OF SENSORY AIDS AND
PROSTHESIS
51.
DENTAL PROSTHESIS: is an artificial
appliance which is used as a substitution for the
replacement of teeth. In certain conditions of
missing teeth empty space between teeth can lead
to teeth shifts to compensate for the space.
52. Mastication: chewing ability is improved by replacing
edentulous areas with denture teeth.
Aesthestics: the presence of teeth provide a natural facial
appearance, and wearing a denture to replace missing teeth
provides support for the lips and cheeks and corrects the
collapsed appearance that occur after losing the teeth.
Phonetics: by replacing missing teeth, especially the
anteriors patients are better able to speak by improving
pronunciation of those words containing siblints or
fricatives.
Self esteem: patients feel better about themselves.
ADVANTAGES
53.
A hearing aid is an electroacoustic body worn
apparatus which typically fits in or behind the
wearer’s ear and is designated to amplify and
modulate sound for the wearer. Earlier devices,
known as an “ear trumpet’ or “ear horn”.
HEARING AIDS
54.
POCKET MODEL
BEHIND THE EAR(BTE)
IN THE EAR(ITE)
IN THE CANAL, (ITC)MINI CANAL(
MIC),COMPLETELY IN THE
CANAL(CIC)
SPECIAL TYPE
REMOTE MICROPHONE
BONE CONDUCTION HEARING AIDS
TYPES OF HEARING
AIDS
56.
Prevent it from falling down
Don’t spill liquids on the hearing aids
The hearing aids should be fitted well
Cords should not be twisted or knotted
Protect it from dust, dirt &heat
Remove the battery from hearing aids when it is not in use
The receiver should not come in contact
with water
Care And Maintenance Of
Hearing Aids
