Presented by Dr.Sudhir Kochhar.

1. Day 2: Session V: Biodiversity
Scalability of biodiversity management
for resilience and sustainability
- A viewpoint
MSSRF@30
Multi-Stakeholder Consultation meeting
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Strengthening Science of Climate Resilience
M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai
7- 9 August, 2019
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar
ARS (Retd.)
Agrobiodiversity and IPR Expert
<kochhar.sudhir@gmail.com>
+91-9810809255 (Mobile)
Science and Education Require Men and Women of Integrity,
Dedication, and an Attitude of Mind where Work and Recreation are

2. genetic resources cannot
sustainably thrive but on
BIO-SOCIAL ECOSYSTEMS*
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2019
* c.f. Artificial Intelligence , Internet of Things; Physics & Chemistry, etc.

3. Agriculture personifies karmayoga and
farmer is always innocently closer to divinity
The Book Release Ceremony
“M.S.Swaminathan: In conversation with Nitya Rao”

4. FAR-SIGHT, HARD-WORK, DETERMINATION
are vital to nurture sustainable development
1954: Entered research arena @ IARI in cytogenetics to sustainably rise
’60-70s: Planned and Steered from Green Revolution to Lab-to-Land
1976: Agricultural Research Services to provide Human Resource Cadre
1980s: History of Agriculture in India (4 vols. 1980-1986), MSR, ICAR
1979: Chair, Commission II of FAO General Conference
Compared the irony: “poverty of primary conservers co-existing vis-à-vis prosperity of
commercial breeders”
1981-85: Independent Chairman of FAO Council
Chaired 8 successive sessions 81st to 88th of FAO Council; crucial for IUPGR
1981: Resolution for equity in benefit sharing moved at FAO General Conference
Emphasized need for equity in sharing benefits from a nation's agrobiodiversity heritage
1983: Setting up of FAO Commission on PGR
CPGR enhanced to CGRFA and then multiplied to cover AnGR and FGR
1996: at 3rd Extraordinary Session of CPGR as President NAAS
CPGR enhanced to CGRFA and then multiplied to cover AnGR and FGR
1987: First World Food Prize leading to the Birth of MSSRF
2019: Here we are, consulting to move on ….

5. विद्या ददाति विनयं विनयाद्याति पात्रिाम्।
पात्रत्िाद्धनमाप्नोति धनाद्धमं ििः सुखम्॥
[knowledge gives prudence, from prudence comes worthiness,
from worthiness one gets wealth, from wealth righteousness,
from that well-being]
 One may argue that the shloka portrays self-less concern for the
well being of all yet, essentially, it tells power of knowledge
in materialistic world
Nemo dat Rule on IPR
Modern law relating to equitable priorities - Qui prior est Maxim
FAO Council Resolution 4/89: Free does not mean free of charge
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2019
Education Enlightens - Knowledge Empowers

6. Spirit of International law on Biodiversity/GRFA
boosts attainment of SDGs and Climate Resilience
 @CBD: Sovereign rights and authority of countries to
determine access: Art. 3, Art. 15
 Rights of indigenous and local communities: Art. 8(j)
 ABS & IPR matters supportive to the objectives of CBD:
Art. 15(2), Art. 16(5)
 Recognition to IPR in ABS matters: Art. 16(2)
 Recognition to PPP for R&D: Art. 16(4)
 Handling of biotechnology and biosafety: Art. 19
 @ITPGRFA: Multilateral ABS to PGRFA: Art.12, Art.13
 Farmers’ Rights: Art.9
 @ABBNJ: Yet to be negotiated <FAO CCGCT, 1994>

7. INVENTION INVENTOR YEAR
Seed Dril (Horse drawn)
For sowing in Rows
Jethro Tull 1701
Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves 1770
Cotton Gin Eli Whitney 1793/1807
Reaper Cyrus McCormick 1831
Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden 1873
Peanut Agricultural Science For
digging & cleaning of soil
George
Washington Carver
1894
Making peanut butter from
raw peanuts
J.H.Kellog 1895
[Santa Rosa] Plum (Plant Patent) Luther Burbank (Lt.) 1932
Genetic Engineering of Cotton Agracetus (Assignee) 1991/1986
EXCLUSIVE HUMAN INTERVENTION too successfully
revolutionized agriculture in industrially advance world
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2017/2019

8. Search Keyword: Fitness
Result: US Patent 7,308,392 Dated December 11, 2007
Title: Processes & systems for predicting biological species invasions
Grant: U.S. Govt.; National Science Foundation;
Ownership: Govt. has certain rights in the invention
Claims:A Method (computer-implemented) of predicting species invasions:
• receiving native species occurrence information (1)
• receiving native environmental information (2)
• formulating ecological niche model based on (1) & (2)
• receiving target environmental information corresponding to an alternative
geography
• projecting the ecological niche model onto the alternative
geography to predict characteristics of an invasion of the species
But how Research on ‘Fitness’ in proprietary domain
would be effectively harnessed to attain SDGs and climate resilience

9. Must Look beyond ‘two sides of a coin’ to reinvent the wheel
Implementation of all plans,
policies/ Strategies/ actions
to sustain evolutionary
dynamics of agrobiodiversity
and development is subject
to VOLUNTARY, MUTUAL or
LEGAL/JUDICIAL controls and
reviews
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar,
On the dark side, say Biopiracy, …
Innovation violates tradition;
attacks it in public and steals
from it in private - Mason Cooley

10. Principal Staples Rice, maize, yams/taro
Bankable TEA, Bamboo,
Industrial crops Rattan, Orchids, M&APs
Major economic Ginger, turmeric, large
crops cardamom, rapeseed & mustard
citrus fruits, pineapple , banana
Citrus gene sanctuary in Garo Hills, Meghalaya
Bamboo collections in Basar Chessa AP, Jorhat Asam
Orchidaria in Tippi, Sasa, Dirang; W.Kameng
M&AP collections Arunachal Pradesh
Mithun and Yak breeding centres in AP, Nagaland

11. © Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2016 Photos courtesy: @ Yahoo/Google Search
Wet Rice Cultivation System at Basar, West Siang, Arunachal Pradesh
Dominant Farmers’ Variety: MIPUN

12. Upland (Jhum) Rice Cultivation System in Siang, Arunachal Pradesh
Dominant Farmers’ Variety: BALI (Abor Red)
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2016 Photos courtesy: @ Yahoo/Google Search

13. Toko Patta and Tahuk Bamboo are close friends of Adi Households
NAHU (Paddy Granary)
© Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2016 Photos courtesy: @ Yahoo/Google Search

14. © Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, 2016 Photos courtesy: @ Yahoo/Google Search

15.  Community Rights u/s 41 of PPV&FR Act : - Genome Savior Awards
 Registration and protection of the Geographical Indications (GI) of
Agricultural Goods (Ethnic Products)
 Certification - Organic Products / GAP / Collective Marks
 Any special Registration and Certification, say u/s 36(5)(b) of
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
36(5)(b): the central government shall endeavor to respect and protect the
knowledge of local people relating to biological diversity, as recommended by
the NBA through such measures, which may include registration of such
knowledge [including products] at the local, State or national levels, and
other measures for protection, including sui generis system.
This provision has a direct reference to in situ (on-farm) conservation
of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings
where they have developed their distinctive properties
Incentives for PRAGMATIC on-farm conservation

16.  Learn lessons from Benefit-Sharing Case Studies
@ CBD: :India
• Sanjevani (Aarogypacha) – Kani Tribe : : TBGRI
• 1800 soil microbes – Biocon (India) : : Zenca Astra! (Australia)
 Strengthen PGR jurisprudence to sharpen ABS
Must fetch more implementation clarity w.r.t.:-
 Access Check-Points
 Indicators of benefits accrued
 Trait and Trade values
 Case-specific benefit sharing agreements or models
on a scale
 Nurture the knowledge domain and do engage
with farmers vis-à-vis …

17. 1. There is need to innovatively scale up and expand
• pioneering and ever-greening contributions by the master-
craftsman and living-legend MSS inter-alia to
 green-revolution,
 equitable farmers’ rights,
 eco-technology for resilience in agriculture, and
 Sustainability for development
2. International Law needs to be developed on
• further explorations into the unexplored and discoveries
therefrom
 aimed at building resilience and sustainability
3. Also, must enhance and mainstream
• research-and-education realm in agro-eco-technology
 to achieve growth in biotech-led solutions to applied
genetics and plant breeding

18. @ Agriculture Today
<kochhar.sudhir@gmail.com>
+91-9810809255 (M)