communication msc first sem

1. Uttam memorial college raigarh (c.g.)
Guided by...
Miss Daya mam
Presented by-
Pratima sidar
Class- M.Sc 1st (zoology)
Subject- animal behaviour
Topic- animal communication

2. Synopsis:- • Introduction
• Defination of communication
• Type of communication
(a) chemical signal/chemical communication
(b) visual communication
(a) Chemical communication :-
(i) use of urine and faeces
(ii) use of special gland
(iii) function of event in vertebrate
(b) visual communication :- (i) badges (ii) Display
• conclusion
• Reference

3. • introduction :-
The study of animal communication is called zoomiotics (defined as the study
sign communication or semiosis in animals.
Chirping of crickets, Roaring of tigers , singing of birds , monkey Calls,
barking of dogs, distinctive smell of urine of cats and dogs. Coloured
Feathers of birds and beautiful wings and fish are all used by animals
For communication. Communication has been defined.
•Defination of communication:-
Transfer of information from one individual
(producer or signaller ) to another (receiver ) that
influence the listeners behaviour.

4. Communication has been as
(i) An action on the part of one animal that Afters
The behaviour of another (Wilson -1975)
(ii) According to schflen (1964) communication
Includes all behaviours by which a group from
Sustains mediates correct and integrated it’s
Relationship.
(iii) mutually beneficial transfer of information
between signaller and the receiver when they
Have the same interests.
•Type of communication :-

5. (i) Auditory communication
(ii) Visual communication
(iii) chemical communication
(iv) tactile communication
• (1) chemical Signal /chemical communication :-
Communication through chemicals falls in the
category substances that can be picked up by the
sense of smell are pheromones they are produced by
special ducted glands and are proteinaceous in
nature found widely in insect and mammals .
Chemicals signals are the primitive form of
communication animals .
This form of communication .Has been well studied
and documented chemicals signals sent and received
by individuals of the same species are called
pheromones .

6. Pheromones are powerful a few molecules released in to the air or water
thori gh urine, seat ,or other bodily secretions are enough to influence
another animals behavior unlike visual sound or tactile signals a long time
.
(I) Use of urime and faeces :-
Urine or faeces of many animals have pheromones or
event through which they can communicate with con
specifics . The most common use of urine and faeces is to
identify or scent mark core area home range or territory
some animals use urine and faeces for identifying
pathways , resting grounds feeding grounds and sleeping
sites .Some animals urinate or defeated on rivals ,
Opponents defeated conspecifics etc.
Ex. Tiger, dogs, coyote and foxes

7. (ii) Used of special gland :-
Many species are not dependent on urine or faeces but have evolved special
glands producing the scent these have the advantage that their use can be
restricted to necessity.
That the animals could use pheromones as and when needed or
Production of pheromones remain under control to prevent it’s automatic.
Unwanted release with urine and faeces.
(a) Anal gland :- the commonest producing gland are anal gland, the used
producre among animals in applying secretion is to evert the anal gland and rub
If on the ground or on abject to be marked marking of this type occurs mainly in
monotreme, marsupials and in few placentals.

8. (b) Salivary gland :- Saliva is a secretion available to all mammals. Which
has been used as a marking agent by bears dogs,pigs and a nu.ber of others
animals. Most marsupials deposit saliva on twigs by chewing them and hence
marking the foliage of their territory .Lesser Hedgehog frist salivates it a feel
rat licks in nipples to scent mark.
(c) Miscellaneous :- there are many other glands via which the scent
marking can be done roe deer of order Artiodactyla found in Europe and
Northen asia live in small group the stag marks it’s territory with secretion
from glands on the forehead, anal and metacarpal glands and
Urine.
Roe deers, black bucks and sambar found in india rub facial glands
found just below the eyes a against trees to mark them red brocket, found
in central and south america are small sized solitary deer.
During breeding season . Males mark territories by strong smelling
substance produced from a gland situated at the base of the anthers, the
femals are altracted to this smell.

9. (iii) Function of scent in vertebrates:-
• Not everything is known about pheromones and their
secret functions
much remins unexplored deconding of chemical messages
has been a difficult task.
More then often the pheromones have
been used as
Marking agents.and for mating purposes in most of the
mammals the
Knowledge about their utility in other functions remain
obscure.

10. Roth – kolar observed that for animals any new
object was a source of unease until it had been
made safe by marking .It gives them
a sense of belonging .In one instance,
A sleeping box of a fox was removed
for cleaning and returned after being thoroughly
washed .
The animal found it
Unfamiliar because all its body scent was
Washed out too. The animal stayed out all
Night and was found dead in the morning due

11. To cold . The familiar smell gives a feeling of
Safety and sense of belonging by receiving its
Own body scent from its dwellings .It gives them a feeling that “
this area belongs to me
And I am safe here.” The scent increases the salf confidence of
the animal kuhme (1963) recorded that the African elephant.
When facing a rival. During the breeding season will
sometime Trun his trunk
Round and smell his own temporals confidence and make him
more likely to attack.

12. (2) Visual communication :-
Light signals detected by the eyes come into this category- like
pasture ,posture, and facial
Expressions raising of hair ,courtship,colour change and
aggressive displays in many birds
Fish amphibians and mammals.are some of the good examples of
visual communication.
•movement
•posture or shape of the body
• facial expression
•colour identification
•light etc

13. There are to type of visual communication
(1) badges:- includes the colour and shape of The
Animals . This involves morphology they are
structural adaptation like fur and feathers
(2) Displays:- this are the thing or acts animals do
to communicate. They are behavioural
adaptations.

14. Displays evolved when an individual having
High quality Eg.beautiful antelers in deer.
And it is not noticed by others it will advertise
It that inferior individual are not able to do is
called handicap principle since 1990 this
principle a generally accepted to explan
Evolution of signal.

15. •Conclusion :-
• animals communication by which the sender
of the information.
• passes from the sender to the receiver.
• animal express their needs desires and
Reaction to the environment through.
• no animals have however evolved the
Sophistication of the human language
Communication system.
• the understanding The animal word in
general .

16. Reference:-
Book – Animal
behaviours
Dr. Reena mathur
By net