Epistemology and Education

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PHILO AND SOCIO FOUNDATION

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Ma. Milva A. Jimenez
Reporter
PHILO AND SOCIO FOUNDATION
Section 6: Epistemology and Education
 Justified True Belief
 Foundationalism
 Truth
 Nonfoundational Theories of
knowledge
 Epistemology and Education
 Constructivism

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 Epistemology- is the branch
of philosophy which studies
the relationship between
acquisition of knowledge and
the knowledge thus acquired.
Section 6: Epistemology and Education
 What is the relation between knower
and known?
 Is the content of knowledge identical
with the external object or is it different
from it?
 How can we know that our knowledge is
a real knowledge of the object?
 What are the limits of knowledge?

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 Epistemology- is the motor of
education in a sense because
it drives the educational
process. Whatever educational
theories and practices one
employs will be consistent with
his or her theories and
practices of epistemology.
Therefore, as we discuss
epistemology, we are
essentially discussing
education.
Section 6: Epistemology and Education

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 Knowledge- is a familiarity,
awareness or understanding
of some one or something,
such as facts, information,
descriptions or skills, which is
acquired through experience
or education, by perceiving,
discovering and learning.
Skill- refers to the ability of
using that information and
applying it in a context.
Section 6: Epistemology and Education

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The 7 types of Knowledge
1. Explicit knowledge- is knowledge
covering topics that are easy to
systematically document (in writing), and
share out at scale what we think of as
structured.
2. Implicit knowledge- is essentially
learned skills or know-how. It is gained by
taking explicit knowledge and applying it
to a specific situation.
3. Tacit knowledge- is intangible
information that can be difficult to explain
in a straightforward way, such as things
that are often “understand” without
necessarily being said, and are often
personal or cultural.

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The 7 types of Knowledge
4. Declarative knowledge- which can be
also understood as proportional knowledge,
refers to static information and facts that
are specific to a given topic, which can be
easily accessed and retrieved.
5. Procedural knowledge- focuses on the
‘how’ behind which things operate, and is
demonstrated through one’s ability to do
something.
6. A Posteriori knowledge- is a subjective
type of knowledge that is gained from
individual experience.
7. A Priori knowledge- is the opposite of
posteriori knowledge, and is gained
independent of experience or evidence.

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Justified True Belief (JTB)
The JTB theory- is an attempt to give
an analysis of the concept of
knowledge. It tries to “break the
concept down” by giving necessary
and sufficient conditions for
knowledge.
JTB account holds that knowledge is
equivalent to justified true belief; if all
three conditions (justification, truth,
and belief) are met of a given claim,
then we have knowledge of that claim.

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Three Epistemological factors that
contribute to knowledge acquisition:
1. Truth- is an occurrence in
which there are no false
propositions
2. Belief- is the acceptance in
something as being true.
3. Justification- is an action of
demonstrating that something
is right and reasonable.

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Knowledge as justified true belief
According to Edmund Gettier
 We have knowledge only when a
proposition is believed to be true
 We have knowledge only when the
believed proposition is in fact true
 We have knowledge only when we have
justification (or warrant) for our belief
The JTB analysis of knowledge is known as
tripartite and can be demonstrated through
the use of schematic letters: for any subject
of experience (S), S knows a fact (p) if:
i. p is true;
ii. S believes that p;
iii. S is justified in believing that p.

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FOUNDATIONALISM
Foundationalism- is a theory
of knowledge that holds that
all knowledge and inferential
knowledge (justified belief)
rest ultimately on a certain
foundation of no inferential
knowledge.

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There are three different branches within
foundationalism worth distinguishing more clearly:
Descartes, who had a more internal approach to
foundationalism, was a rationalist. He held the
belief that the only way to prove anything about the
world is to first prove his own existence: ‘I think
therefore I am’. Rationalists generally believed that
the so-called truths of reason are the most
important epistemologically basic propositions.
1. Platonism is more mathematical in nature. Plato
believed that mathematics is not created but
discovered in some undescribed realm.
2. Positivism is the view that scientific inquiry
should not search for ultimate causes deriving
from some outside source, but must restrict
itself to the study of relations existing between
facts which are directly accessible to
observation.

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There are three different branches within
foundationalism worth distinguishing more
clearly:
3. The idea of ‘scientific
naturalism’ follows and holds that
the foundation of knowledge and
truth is the basic observations we
make about the world (see
naturalism). All other knowledge
can be derived from simple sense
perceptions.

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Two types of foundationalism
1. Simple foundationalism- a
belief can be immediately justified
without the subject having to be
aware of this fact.
2. Iterative foundationalism- the
subject of an immediately justified
belief must be immediately justified
in believing that he is immediately
justified.

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TRUTH
Truth, in metaphysics and the
philosophy of language, the
property of sentences,
assertions, beliefs, thoughts,
or propositions that are said,
in ordinary discourse, to
agree with the facts or to
state what is the case.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH
 The truth, unlike an opinion, is
not open to reasonable debate.
 The truth will encounter great
opposition.
 The truth is appropriate
everywhere.
 The truth does not require
verification through reliable
sources.
 The truth is best communicated
through repetition.

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Theories of truth in philosophy
1. Correspondence Theory- The theory
says that a proposition is true provided
there exists a fact corresponding to it.
2. Coherence Theories- (of which there
are a number), in contrast, account for
the truth of a proposition as arising out of
a relationship between that proposition
and other propositions.
3. Pragmatic Theories- A pragmatic
Theory of truth holds useful to believe.
Peirce and James were its principal
advocates. Utility is the essential mark of
truth. Beliefs that lead to the best
“payoff”, that are the best justification of
our actions, that promote success, are
truths, according to the pragmatists.

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Theories of truth in philosophy
4. Redundancy- The principal deflationary
theory is Redundancy Theory advocated ng
by Frege, Ramsey, and Horwich. What all the
theories of truth discussed so far have in
common is the assumption that a proposition
is true just in case the proposition has some
property or other correspondence with the
facts, satisfaction, coherence, utility, etc.
5. Semantic Theory- is theory which assigns
semantic contents to expressions of a
language. The task of explaining the main
approaches to semantic theory in
contemporary philosophy of language might
seem to face an in principle stumbling block.

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“ Never be afraid to raise your voice for
honesty and truth and compassion against
injustice and lying and greed. If people all
over the world….would do this, it would
change the earth.”
- William Faulkner

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References:
https://www.google.com
https://en.m.Wikipedia.org
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
https://www.britanica.com
https://www.getguru.com
https://iep.utm.edu/gettier/