The document provides an overview of several topics related to web development and open source software: - It describes search engine optimization (SEO) techniques including white hat and black hat approaches. - It explains what .htaccess files are and how they are used to configure Apache web servers. - It defines open source software as software with publicly accessible source code that can be modified and shared by anyone. - It discusses ontologies, the semantic web, and key technologies like RDF, SPARQL and OWL that power semantic data linking and querying. - It briefly introduces GNU, an open source operating system, and virtualization which creates virtual computer resources.

1. Presentation on SEO, .htaccess, Open-source,
Ontology, Semantic web, etc.
PRESENTED BY : LULU ROUT

2. 1. Search Engine Optimisation(SEO)
 While preparing a website the designer always want to show the website in the first page of search engine.
Thus he or she uses the met- tag element while coding the website. This meta tag element will searched by
the search engine and retrieved from the database. This facility is called as search engine optimization.
 The SEO are of two types;
A. White Hat SEO
B. Black Hat SEO
White Hat SEO:
This type of SEO provide guidelines for the webmasters or content developers to have better visibility and
ranking of website. For example, Google and Yahoo.
Black Hat SEO:
In this case the webmaster and content developer have no guidelines for giving keywords that’s why they gives
a number of key words for better searching purpose.

3. Htaccess
 htaccess is a configuration file for use on web servers running the Apache Web Server
software. When a htaccess file is placed in a directory which is in turn 'loaded via the
Apache Web Server', then the htaccess file is detected and executed by the Apache
Web Server software. These htaccess files can be used to alter the configuration of
the Apache Web Server software to enable/disable additional functionality and
features that the Apache Web Server software has to offer. These facilities include
basic redirect functionality, for instance if a 404 file not found error occurs, or for more
advanced functions such as content password protection or image hot link prevention.
 CONFIG file is a configuration file used by various applications. It contains plain text
parameters that define settings or preferences for building or running a program.
CONFIG files are often referenced by software development programs to configure
applications.

4. What is Open Source
 The term "open source" refers to something people can modify and share
because its design is publicly accessible.
 Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect,
modify, and enhance.

5. Ontology
 Ontology are generally files which defines the relationship with other things in the
search database.
 Ontologies are basic components of semantic web.

6. Semantic Web
 The semantic web is a knowledge graph where it combine different data and interlink with the data and shows to the user interface.
 It is based on data not in document. When search comes through the search engine the semantic web will interlink with other data and shows to the users.
 It will provide machine to machine interaction means machine will interlink with data.
 The Semantic Web, Web 3.0, the Linked Data Web, the Web of Data…whatever you call it, the Semantic Web represents the next major evolution in connecting
information. It enables data to be linked from a source to any other source and to be understood by computers so that they can perform increasingly sophisticated tasks
on our behalf. The Semantic web consists of the following:
1. RDF (Resource Description Framework): The data modeling language for the Semantic Web. All Semantic Web information is stored and represented in the RDF.
RDF is a standard model for data interchange on the Web.
2. SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language): The query language of the Semantic Web. It is specifically designed to query data across various systems.
SPARQL is an RDF query language(An RDF query language is a computer language, specifically a query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data
stored in RDF format).
3. OWL (Web Ontology Language): The schema language, or knowledge representation (KR) language, of the Semantic Web. OWL enables you to define concepts
compos ably so that these concepts can be reused as much and as often as possible. Composability means that each concept is carefully defined so that it can be
selected and assembled in various combinations with other concepts as needed for many different applications and purposes.

7. GNU's Not Unix (GNU)
 GNU is an operating system distributed by Free Software Development.
 It is available in several different versions, but the most popular is the GNU/Linux
system. In this OS the source code that can be copied, modified, and
redistributed.

8. Virtualization
 Virtualization mean creating something in virtual that means there is no physical
existence.
 It is applicable in computer hardware platforms, storage devices, and computer
network resources.
 Here if we dividing our actual entity in virtual mode then at the time of any
technical problem there is no need to delete the actual entity.