The document discusses causes of death in the UK in 2010, statistics about the heart's function, coronary artery disease, diabetes prevalence in the UK, cholesterol and its effects, investigations for cardiovascular disease, treatments, hypertension definitions and background, epidemiology, risk factors, and complications and treatments for hypertension. It provides data on leading causes of death, heart rate and pumping statistics, prevalence of conditions, dietary information on cholesterol and fatty acids, and lifestyle recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk.

1. Heart to Heart

3. Deaths by cause in women, United Kingdom 2010
Coronary heart disease (12%)
Stroke (10%)
Other cardiovascular disease (9%)
Respiratory disease (14%)
Breast cancer (4%)
Lung cancer (5%)
Colo-rectal cancer (3%)
Other cancers (14%)
Injuries and poisoning (3%)
Diabetes (1%)
All other causes (24%)

4. Deaths by cause in men, United Kingdom 2010
Coronary heart disease (17%)
Other cardiovascular disease (8%)
Stroke (7%)
Lung cancer (7%)
Colo-rectal cancer (3%)
Diabetes (1%)
Other cancers (21%)
Respiratory disease (13%)
Injuries and poisoning (5%)
All other causes (18%)

5. Your amazing heart!
Your heart beats:
Approximately 72 beats a minute!
100,000 times per day!
38 million times a year!
2.5 billion times by the time you’re 70!

6. Your heart pumps:
70 mls per heartbeat!
5 litres per minute.
7,200 litres per day! almost 700,000 gallons
2,628,000 litres per year
184,086,000 litres by the time someone is 70 years old

8. Coronary artery disease
Most common cause of death in Western countries
Angina, heart attack
Atherosclerosis starts in childhood and is progressive
Symptoms usually later life
Symptoms related to area of blockage, eg PVD

9. Country Prevalence No. of People
England 6.0 2 703 044
Northern Ireland 5.3 79 072
Scotland 5.6 252 599
Wales 6.7 173 299
Prevalence of Diabetes in UK
Total in UK 3.2 million

17. Cholesterol
Found ONLY in animal foods
None in fruits, grains, buts, vegetables
Synthesized by the liver
Cholesterol unnecessary in human diet
Dietary consumption raises blood levels
Increased blood levels increases risk of CAD, CVA

23. Investigations
Blood tests
ECG
Exercise test

24. Treatments - CAD
Blood pressure control
Reduce lipids
Stop smoking
Eat less fat
Exercise
Medication

25. Cholesterol in Foods
(in mg/3oz)
Fruit 0 Chicken 82
Nuts 0 Beef 80
Grains 0 Sardines 120
Ice cream 29 Shrimp 165
Whole milk 33 Egg 213
Tuna 26 Beef liver 410

26. P/S ratio in foods
Fish 1.80 Walnut (b) 10.33
Turkey 0.87 Pecan 3.08
Chicken 0.76 Almond 2.21
Butter 0.11 Cashew 0.86
Cheese 0.09 Palm oil 0.20
Beef 0.09 Coconut 0.01

27. Effectiveness of preventive
measures
Preventive Measure Risk Reduction
Stop smoking 50-75% in 5 yrs
Reduce cholesterol 2-3% each 1%
Regular exercise 45%
Maintain ideal weight 35-55% if 20%o/w
Reduce blood pressure 2-3% each 1mm

28. Definitions
Stage 1 hypertension:
• Clinic blood pressure (BP) is 140/90 mmHg or
higher and
• ABPM or HBPM average is 135/85 mmHg or higher.
Stage 2 hypertension:
• Clinic BP 160/100 mmHg is or higher and
• ABPM or HBPM daytime average is 150/95 mmHg
or higher.
Severe hypertension:
• Clinic BP is 180 mmHg or higher or
• Clinic diastolic BP is 110 mmHg or higher.

29. Background
High Blood Pressure:
• Major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, heart
failure, chronic kidney disease, cognitive decline and
premature death.
• Untreated hypertension can cause vascular and renal
damage leading to a treatment-resistant state.
• Each 2 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure
associated with increased risk of mortality:
– 7% from heart disease
– 10% from stroke.

30. Epidemiology
• Hypertension is common in the UK population.
• Prevalence influenced by age and lifestyle factors.
• 25% of the adult population in the UK have
hypertension.
• 50% of those over 60 years have hypertension.
• With an ageing population, the prevalence of
hypertension and requirement for treatment will
continue to increase.

33. Hypertension Risk factors
Age Kidney disease
Family history Endocrine
Obesity Alcohol
Lack of exercise Medications
Diet

34. Hypertension complications
Stroke Kidney disease
Congestive heart failure Disease of retina
AMI Sudden death
Atheroclerosis Cognitive
Aneurysm rupture

37. Treatment - HTN
Lifestyle Stop smoking
Plant based diet Alcohol elimination
Reducing stress Prayer
Weight loss Reducing salt intake

38. Benefits of total vegetarian diet
No Cholesterol
Low saturated fat
No animal protein
Rich in antioxidants
Promotes weight loss
Rich in fibre and omega-3