3. Spinnaker sail sign
The spinnaker sign (also known as the angel wing
sign) is a sign of pneumomediastinum seen on
neonatal chest radiographs.
It refers to the thymus being outlined by air with
each lobe displaced laterally and appearing like
spinnaker sails
Pneumomediastinum
In trauma, If pneumomediastinum is visible on
chest x ray then it is termed as overt
pneumomediastinum, where if it is occult
pnemomediastinum
5. NUTCRACKER SYNDROME
It is a condition arising secondary to the compression of
the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior
mesenteric artery, with resultant hematuria, varicocele,
and hypertension.
This compression results in an enlarged left renal vein
and may sometimes result in the formation of collateral
veins that can mimic an arterio-venous malformation.
Hematuria occurs secondary to left renal vein
hypertension as a result of the compression, which may
then result in rupture of thin-walled veins into the
collecting system.
Nutcracker syndrome must be differentiated from
nutcracker phenomenon, which is an asymptomatic
compression of the left renal vein.
The syndrome can also lead to formation of scrotal or
vulvar varices
7. URETHRAL DIVERTICULUM
Described as an out pouching of tissue from the posterior wall
of the urethra (usually) into the urethrovaginal potential space
Lining of diverticulum is identical to urethral mucosa
Relatively common in women, especially with recurrent
genitourinary infections, post-void dribbling
IMAGING FINDINGS
a. MCU is the imaging study of first choice (About 65% accurate)
b. Sometimes, diverticulum fills during voiding phase and is best
visualized on post-void film
c. Diverticulum will appear as a contrast-containing structure
attached to the urethra
d. Positive-pressure urethrography (double balloon catheter
studies) generally reserved for cases where findings onVCUG
are negative but a diverticulum is strongly suspected
9. Kartagener’s Syndrome
Classic triad consists of :Situs inversus, Sinusitis , Bronchiectasis
Other associations :Transposition of great vessels, Pyloric
stenosis, Post cricoid web , Marfan’s syndrome, Polysplenia,
Hydrocephalus
All have ciliary dyskinesia in common
Incidence : 1:12,500-40,000, Autosomal recessive inheritance
IMAGING FINDINGS : Bronchial wall thickening,
Hyperinflation, Segmental atelectasis or bronchiectasis
Situs inversus is present in half of patients with Dyskinetic
Cilia Syndrome
Bronchiectasis (50% occurs in lower lobes )
11. HUMMINGBIRD SIGN
The hummingbird sign, also known as
the penguin sign, refers to the appearance of
the brainstem in patients with progressive
supranuclear palsy.
The atrophy of the midbrain results in a
profile of the brainstem in which
the persevered pons forms the body of the
bird, and the atrophic midbrain the head,
with beak extending anteriorly towards the
optic chiasm
13. Chauffeur fracture
An intra-articular fracture of the radial
styloid process.
Also known as backfire / hutchinson fracture
MECHANISM:
Direct blow to wrist/ forced dorsiflexion &
abduction
Associated fractures- scapholunate fracture, ulnar
styloid fracture.
15. Ranula
Cystic lesion in the floor of mouth due to obstruction of
submandibular / minor salivary gland duct. It is retention
cyst.
Simple type –confined to sublingual space
Plunging type – extends into the submandibular space
On CT- thin walled cystic lesion with central fluid
attenuation(10-20 HU).
Rupture can cause encapsulated mucus-containing
infection in deep tissues of neck
DDx: dermoid, lymphatic malformation
Tx: intraoral (simple) vs. cervical (plunging) surgical
approach
16.
17. Total Colonic Aganglionosis—Long
Segment Hirschsprung Disease
Hirschsprung disease ---
It can be anatomically divided into 4 types according to the
length of the aganglionic segment:
• Short segment disease : ~ 75%
rectal and distal sigmoid colonic involvement only
• Long segment : ~ 15%
typically extends to splenic flexure / transverse colon
• Total colonic aganglionosis : 2 - 13%
also known as Zuezler-Wilson syndrome
occasional extension of aganglionosis into small bowel
• Ultrashort segment disease
3 - 4 cm of internal anal sphincter only
19. Bunionette (Tailor's Bunion)
Painful prominence at 5th metatarsal head laterally
Originally described in tailors who sat cross-legged resulting
in chronic pain and swelling over lateral aspect of
5th metatarsal head
Clinical Findings: Chronic pain, Redness of little toe, Ill-
fitting shoes,Callous formation
Imaging Findings
Enlarged and inflamed bursa over metatarsal head
Increased angulation between the 4th and 5th metatarsals
Normal angle between 4th and 5th MTs is <8°; in
bunionettes, it is >10°
Enlargement of the head (dumbbell-shaped)
Lateral bowing of the 5th metatarsal shaft &Medial
deviation of phalanges of 5th toe
22. Infectious esophagitis is an increasingly common problem in
patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, malignancy,
chronic immunosuppression for organ transplantation, or other
illnesses that compromise the patient's immune status.
Though various etiologic agents may be implicated in infectious
esophagitis, the most common offending organism is C. albicans.
The radiographic appearance of Candida esophagitis is that of
irregular, plaque like filling defects that tend to be oriented along the
long axis of the esophagus.
With severe involvement, the plaques become coalescent and
produce a “shaggy esophagus.”Though this appearance is
characteristic of Candida esophagitis, advanced herpetic esophagitis
may have a similar appearance.
The compromised immune status of these patients places them at
increased risk for other infections that may be superimposed on the
Candida esophagitis.
Axial CECT shows large horseshoe-shaped ranula filling both sublingual spaces with narrowing at anterior SLS isthmus. Component in right SMS makes this lesion a diving ranula.
StatDx