Importance of bacteria 🦠

1. BACTERIA

2. •Presented
by:
•Koukab
Yasmeen
•Presented
to :
•Prof Adnan

3. INTRODUCTION
• Bacteria defined as microscopic single celled organism that can penetrate
into healthy tissues and start multiplying Into vast numbers
• These are unicellular , free loving small microorganism which are visible
under light microscope
• Those are belongs to kingdom prokaryotae (Monera)
• The study of bacteria is called bacteriology
• 🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠🦠
•

4. • They occur in Water soil ,air and all natural environments
Morphology of bacteria
The Morphology refers to size, shape, arrangement and structure of
bacterial cells.
Size
Bacteria are unicellular and very small . Most of them are approximately
0.5 to 1.0 um in diameter and from 0.1 to 10 um in length
OCCURANCE

5. SHAPE OF BACTERIA CELL
• On the basis of shape bacteria are classified as follows:
• Cocci
• Bacilli
• Vibrios
• Spirilla
• Spirochetes
• Actinomycetes
• Mycoplasmas

6. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
BACTERIA
• Bacteria are important for their natural role in the biosphere, for example
their role in
• rhizosphere
• Nodulation and
• Nitrogen cycle

7. ROLE OF BACTERIA IN
RHIZOSPHERE
• Soil + Root = Rhizosphere
• Biologically complex region having
bacterial population in and around roots
than root free region.
• Bacterial growth is increased by
releasing nutrients from plants as Amino
acids and vitamins etc.

8. ROLE OF BACTERIA IN NODULATION
_______SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN
FIXATION
• Symbiotic association
• Nodules are swelling in the roots
• Cells containing nitrogen fixing
bacteria
• Leguminose
• Source of fixed nitrogen
• Bacteria provide the fixed nitrogen
• Plant provide carbohydrates and
other organic compounds.

9. ROLE OF BACTERIA IN NITROGEN
CYCLING
• Nitrogen = growth as crop yield
• Plants require nitrogen synthesis of proteins , nucleic acid and other organic
molecules
• Plant unable = fix N²  NH⁴ or NO³-
• Conversion of molecular nitrogen into ammonia or nitrate is called nitrogen
fixation
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria = Rhizobium leguminosarummay present free in soil
or associated with roots of the plant

10. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA MAY BE :
• Symbiotic:
• Live in Roots of plants
• Example : Rhizobium spp
• Non symbiotic :
• Live free in soil
• Independently
• Example : clostridium and Azotobacter spp

12. ROLE OF BACTERIA IN DECOMPOSITION
AND NUTRIENT CYCLE
•Saprotrophic bacteria + fungi -- decomposition
= humus
•Formation of humus us called humification
•Taken up by plants again to build organic
compounds
•This process is known as nutrient recycling

14. GENERAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
OF BACTERIA
• Economic importance of bacteria include both their useful and
harmful aspects
• Useful bacteria:
• Most bacteria are beneficial to mankind and play some economically
important roles. Some of these useful roles are as under

15. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BACTERIA 🦠🦠
• Biotechnology is defined as application of organisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae to the
manufacturing and service industries. These include:
• Fermentation process : baking , brewing, cheese 🧀and butter manufacturing;
• Chemical manufacturing: ethanol, acetone, organic acid’s, enzymes, perfumes etc
• Pharmaceuticals : antibiotics, vaccine and steroids
• Energy in the form of biogas
• Food products: beverages , dairy products, Amino acids and proteins
• Agriculture industry: animal feed, pesticides,. Nitrogen fixation, plant cell and tissue culture
• Microbial mining: copper extraction

16. GENETIC ENGINEERING
AND BACTERIA 🦠🦠
• Genetic engineering is manipulation of genes.
• Also called recombinant DNA 🧬 technology
• Piece of DNA 🧬 are introduced into a host by means of carrier system
• Bacterial cells are transformed and used in production of commercially important
products
• The example are production of human insulin

18. ROLE IN FIBER RETTING
• Bacterial population especially that of clostridium
butyclicum are used to separate fibers of jute, hemp,
flax etc
• The plants are immersed in water and when they swell,
inoculated with bacteria which hydrolyze pectic
substance of the cell walls and separate the fibers,
• These separated fibers are used to make ropes and
sacks

19. Role in digestion
 Some bacteria living in gut of cattle's,
horses 🐎 and other herbivores secrete
enzyme cellulase that help in digestion
cellulose contents of cell wall
 Cellulose is the major source of energy
in these animals
Vitamin synthesis
• E.coli living in human colon synthetize
vitamin B and release it for human use
• Similarly clostridium butyclicum is used
for commercial Preparation of
riboflavin, a vitamin B

20. ROLE IN WASTE DISPOSAL
• Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria 🦠 are used to decompose
sewage wastes
• Break down organic matter to harmless, soluble sludge in
setting tanks
• Methane gas produced is used as energy source
• Pseudomonas putida has been created by using genetic
engineering technique can break down octane, xylene
and camphor

22. HARMFUL BACTERIA
🦠🦠
• Some bacteria are
harmful and act
either as disease
causing agents
(pathogens) both
in plants☘️🌵and
animals, or play a
role in food
spoilage

23. BACTERIA AS PATHOGENS -----
AGENTS OF DISEASE
• Organisms which cause disease are called pathogens
• Some bacteria 🦠 are pathogenic and cause disease both
in animal and plants 🌵
• Pathogenic bacteria more commonly affects animals and
plants

25. PLANT DISEASES
• About 200 spp bacteria are known to cause diseases in plants
• These include crown galls of fruit trees (Agrobacterium
tumefaciens), fire blight of apples 🍎 and pears🍐
(Erwiniaamuylovorum), citrus citrus 🍋 🍊 canker
(Xanthomonascitri), black rot of cabbage 🦠
(Xanthomonascampestris), potato 🥔 scab (Streptomyces scrabies),
and leaf 🍀 blight of rice 🌾 (Xanthomonasoryzae)
• .

26. • .

31. ANIMAL DISEASES
• Important disease of animals include food poisoning of pigs 🐖and
poultry (Salmonella), anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) and black leg
(Clostridium chauvel)
• Human bacterial diseases include Penumonia (Diplococcuspehumonie)
wound infections (Streptomyces scabies), stomach trouble
(Pseudomonas coli), food poisoning (Clostridium spp) , influenza
(Hemophilous influenza) , typhoid (Eberthellaspp), tuberculosis (
Mycobacterium tuberculosis) etc

32. BACTERIA AND FOOD SPOILAGE
• Saprotrophic bacteria attack and decompose organic
matter
•This characteristics has posed problem to mankind as
food such as stored grains 🌾, meat 🍖, fish 🐟🐠,
vegetables 🍅 and fruits 🍓 are attacked by saprotrophic
bacteria and spoiled
•Similarly milk 🧬 and milk products are easily
contaminated by bacteria and spoiled