1 5 Annotated Bibliography Wendy Reina Kean University June 6, 2022 Annotated Bibliography Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime rates in America." Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work: Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative. According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf, 2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and the general community may have been caused by the high number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable group in the general population. When it comes to former inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization. Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20. According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail. There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are disproportionately black, because of structural inequities. Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal justice, 49, 32-44. This study aims to determine whether or not the wider environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive research that spans several years and includes many cities in America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with a big population and those located near a major population county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade, communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings, cities with advanced reg ...

1. 1
5
Annotated Bibliography
Wendy Reina
Kean University
June 6, 2022
Annotated Bibliography
Topic: “Race and ethnicity in unemployment and high crime
rates in America."
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work:
Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison

2. Policy Initiative.
According to Couloute, L., & Kopf, in the overall population in
America, people of color are more probable to be unemployed
than how white people are to be employed (Couloute & Kopf,
2018). However, male unemployment rates are often lower than
those faced by females. As a result, the discrepancies the
authors discovered between formerly imprisoned persons and
the general community may have been caused by the high
number of people of color and men who are overrepresented in
the jail population. Separating the data by race and gender, the
authors found that the unemployment rate for every previously
incarcerated group was higher than that of any comparable
group in the general population. When it comes to former
inmates seeking work, their prior criminal records set them
apart from other job searchers, not merely because they are
excessively symbolized in the criminal justice organization.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust
burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the
criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
According to Hinton et al., to some extent, racial disparities in
the criminal justice system may be traced back to the nation's
past and present policy (Hinton et al., 2018). In the years after
the end of slavery in the South, black Americans became the
major target of new tactics for policing, punishment, and jail.
There was legislation aimed toward the newly freed black
people that took use of a gap in the 13th Amendment, which
identifies that citizens can only be forced into slavery once they
have been found guilty of a criminal offense. Several laws were
passed to ensure that the newly emancipated black population's
labor was properly monitored and exploited. That's why police
tactics and aims are often shaped by data that reflect the crimes
committed by low-income and unemployed Americans, who are
disproportionately black, because of structural inequities.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context:
What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal
justice, 49, 32-44.

3. This study aims to determine whether or not the wider
environment in America influences crime rates over the next ten
years. Hipp’s and Kane’s findings are based on extensive
research that spans several years and includes many cities in
America (Hipp & Kane, 2017). However, even while cities with
a big population and those located near a major population
county often have larger rises in crime in the following decade,
communities feeling an upsurge in population throughout the
present decade enjoy declines in crime. In the study's findings,
cities with advanced regular incomes have lower crime rates,
whereas cities bordered by lower-income counties have higher
crime rates. Increasing levels of wealth disparity and
racial/ethnic heterogeneity are linked to an increase in crime,
and the county surrounding the city is also connected with an
increase in crime. There is some evidence that racial/ethnic
variety may increase the likelihood of violent crime. As a
result, both levels of inequality have become increasingly
important from a public safety perspective since 1970. As a
final step, Hipp and Kane looked at how these connections had
held up over our research. They discovered an increasing degree
of linkage between rising city-level inequality and a rise in
criminal behavior.
Myers, S. L., & Sabol, W. J. (2020). Unemployment and racial
differences in imprisonment. In The economics of race and
crime (pp. 189-209). Routledge.
According to Myers and Sabol, a person's race or employment
status should not play a part in determining a person's
punishment in the criminal justice system. Here, the authors
examine an alternative theory on the relationship between
incarceration, unemployment, and racial identity (Myers &
Sabol, 2020). The paradigm suggests that the practices of the
penal system are shaped by the peculiarities of the labor market
inside a production system. The pool of "reserve" empl oyees
essential for price stability and economic growth includes many
unemployed black workers. In the industrial economies of the
northern states of the United States, prisons are part of a wider

4. system of institutions that offer support for economically
dependent populations. Workers that are financially dependent
on the government make up this category. Research supports the
structural paradigm linking black incarceration and jail in the
North to manufacturing and black unemployment (Myers &
Sabol, 2020).
References
Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). Out of prison & out of work:
Unemployment among formerly incarcerated people. Prison
Policy Initiative.
Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust
burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the
criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice, 1-20.
Hipp, J. R., & Kane, K. (2017). Cities and the larger context:
What explains changing levels of a crime?. Journal of criminal
justice, 49, 32-44.
Myers, S. L., & Sabol, W. J. (2020). Unemployment and racial
differences in imprisonment. In The economics of race and
crime (pp. 189-209). Routledge.