All business chapter topics from 1 to 12

1. Chapter-1
NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
MANAGEMENT
1- Management Helps In Achieving Group Goal
2- Management Increases Efficiency
3- Management Create a Dynamic Organisation
4- Management Helps In Achieving Personal Objective
5- Management Helps In the Development of Society
CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT :
IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT :
NATURE OF MANAGEMENT :
1- Management is Goal Oriented Process.
2- Management is All Pervasive
3- Management is Multidimensional
a) Management of Work.
b) Management of People.
c) Management of Operations.
4- Management is A Continuous Process
5- Management is A Group Activity.
6- Management is A Dynamic Function.
7- Management is A Intangible Force.
1- Management Is an Art :
2- Management As Science :
3- Management As a Profession :
i) Existence of the Theoretical Knowledge
ii) Personalised Application
iii) Based on Practice and Creativity
i) Systematic Body of Knowledge
ii) Principles are Based of Repeated Experiments.
iii) Universal Validity
i) Well Defined Body of Knowledge
ii) Restricted Entry
iii) Professional Association
iv) Ethical Code of Conduct
v) Service Motive
OBTECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT :
1- Organisational Objetive
Survival Profit Growth
2- Social Objective
a) Lawful Business
b) Environmental Friendly
c) Fair Trade Practices
3- Personal Objective
a) Financial Needs of Personnel
b) Recognition and Appericiation
c) Healthy Working Environment
FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT :
1- Planning 2- Organising 3- Staffing 4- Directing
5- Controlling
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT
MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT
LOWER LEVEL MANAGEMENT
1- Determine the Obtectives for the Organisation
2- Framing of Plan and Policies
3- Co-Ordinate and Control the Performance
4- Analyse the Business Environment
5- Setting up an Organisational Framework
6- Assemble the Resources
1- Interpret the Policies Framed by Top Management
2- Selecting Suitable Operative and Supervisory Personnel
3- Assign Duties and Responsibilities to Lower Level
Management
4- Motivate Personnel to Achieve Desired Objectives
5- Co-Operate with Entire Organisation.
1- Issue Orders and Instruction
2- Prepare Plan for Activities
3- Assign and Assist In Work
4- Represent Worker's Grievances
5- Safe and Proper Working Environment
6- Encourage Initiative of Employees.
1- Co-Ordination Integrates Group Efforts
2- Co-Ordination Ensures Unity of Action
3- Co-Ordination is a Continuous Process
4- Co-Ordination is all Pervasive Function
5- Co-Ordination is the Responsibility of all Managers
6- Co-Ordination is a Deliberate Function.
NATURE / FEATURES OF CO-ORDINATION :
1- Growth in Size
2- Functional Differentiation
3- Specialisation
IMPORTANCE OF CO-ORDINAITON:
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Chapter-2
CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF
MANAGEMENT OF PRINCIPLE :
1- Universal Application
2- General Guidelines
3-Formed by Practice and Experiments
4- Flexible
5- Mainly Behavioural
6- Cause and Effect Relationship
7- Contingent
1- Provide useful Insights to Managers.
2- Optimum Utilisation of Resources & Effective Administration
3- Scientific Decisions
4- Meeting Changing Environment Requirements
5- Fulfilling Social Responsibility
6- Management Training Education and Research
1- FUNCTIONAL FOREMANSHIP
 Route Clerk  Gang Boss
 Instruction Card Clerk  Speed Boss
 Time And Cost Clerk  Repair Boss
 Disciplinarian  Inspector
Planning Incharge Production Incharge
2- WORK STUDY
 Method Study Motion Study
 Time Study Fatigue Study
3- STANDARDISAITON AND SIMPLIFICATION OF WORK
4- DIFFERENTIAL PIECE WAGE SYSTEM
Chapter-3
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
1- Totality of External Forces 2- Specific and General Forces
3- Inter-Relatedness 4- Dynamic Nature
5- Uncertainty 6- Complexity
7- Relativity
1- It Enables the Firm to Identify Opportunities and Getting the
First Mover Advantage
2- It Helps The Firm To Identify Threats & Early Warning Signals
3- It Helps In Tapping Useful Resources
4- It Helps In Coping with Rapid Changes
5- It Helps In Assisting in Planning and Policy Formulation
6- It Helps In Improving Performance
1- Liberalisation 2- Privatisation 3- Globalisation
1- Increase in Competition
2- More Demanding Customers
3- Market Orientation
4- Rapidly Changing Technological Environment
5- Necessity for change
6- Need for Developing Human Resource
7- Loss of Budgetory Support to The Public Sector.
1- Science Not Rule of Thumb
2- Harmony Not Discord
3- Cooperation Not Individualism
4- Development of each and every person to his/her Greatest
Efficiency and Prosperity.
TAYLOR'S PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT :
1- Division of Work
2- Authority and Responsibility
3- Discipline
4- Unity of Command
5- Unity of Direction
6- Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
7- Remuneration of Personnel
8- Centralisation and Decentralisation
9- Scalar Chain
10- Order
11- Equity
12- Stability of Tenure of Personnel
13- Initiative
14- Espirit De Corps
FAYOL'S PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT :
FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT :
IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT :
GOVERMENT POLICY CHANGES
(NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN JULY, 1991)
IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT POLICY CHANGES
ON BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY :
1- Economic Environment 2- Social Environment
3- Technological Environment 4- Political Environment
5- Legal Environment
DIMENSIONS / ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT :
MANAGERIAL RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT:
1- Diversification Spree
2- Joint Venture / Consolidation of Multinationals
3- Brand Building
4- Use of Latest Technology
5- Sharply Improved Compensation Levels
6- Customer Focus
Chapter - 4
PLANNING
1- Planning Focuses on Achieving Objectives
2- Planning is a Primary Function of Management
3- Planning is Pervasive
4- Planning is Continuous
5- Planning is Futuristic
6- Planning involves Decision Making
7- Planning is a Mental Exercise
CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF PLANNING:
IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
1- Planning Provides Direction
2- Planning Reduces The Risk of Uncertainty
3- Planning Reduces Overlapping and Wasteful Activities
4- Planning Promotes Innovative Ideas
5- Planning Facilitates Decision Making
6- Planning Establishes Standards for Controlling
I- STANDING PLANS
II- SINGLE USE PLANS
1-Objectives 2- Strategy
3- Policy 4- Procedure
5- Rule 6- Method
1- Programmes 2- Budget
LIMITATION OF PLANNING :
1- Planning Leads to Rigidity
2- Planning May not work in dynamic environment
3- It Reduces Creativity
4- Planning Involves Huge Costs
5- It is a Time Consuming Process
6- Planning does not Guarantee Success
EXTERNAL LIMITATION OF PLANNING :
1- Natural Calamities
2- Technological Changes
3- Changes In Government Policies
4- Strategies of Competitors
5- Changes In Fashion, Taste, etc
Chapter-5
ORGANISING
CONSIDERATION WHILE DESIGNING
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE :
1- Job design 2- Departmentation
3- Span of Management 4- Delegation of Authority
NEED FOR ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE :
1- Growth in Size of Organisation
2- Overcoming Communication Problems
3- Overcoming Co-Ordination Problems
4- Need for Control
PROESS OF ORGANISING :
1- Identification and Division of Work
2- Departmentalisation
3- Assignment of Duties
4- Establishing Reporting Relationships
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANISING :
1- Benefits of Specialisation
2- Clarity In Working Relationships
3- Optimun Utilisation of Resources
4- Adoptation To Change
5- Effective Administration
6- Development of Personnel
7- Expansion and Growth
(i) FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES :
DISADVANTAGES :
1- Specialisation 2- Effective Control and
Co-Ordination
3- Emproves Efficiency 4- Avoids Duplication
5- Ease in Training 6- Supervision
1- Functional Empire 2- Difficulty In Co-Ordination
3- Difficult to Hold Accountable
4- Conflict of Interest 5- Inflexibility
(ii) DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE :
ADVANTAGES :
DISADVANTAGES :
1- Product Specialisation 2- Greater Accountability
3- Flexibility & More Initiative 4- Growth and Expansion
1- Departmental Conflicts 2- Costly
3- Ignores Organisational Interest
ELEMENTS OF DELEGATION :
1- Authority 2- Responsibility 3- Accountability
IMPORTANCE OF DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY :
1- Effective Management
2- Employee Development
3- Motivation Of Employees
4- Facilitates Organisational Growth
5- Basis of Management Hierarchy
6- Better Co-Ordination
(i) FORMAL ORGANISATION :
FEATURES :
ADVANTAGES :
DISADVANTAGES :
1- Formation 2- Purpose 3- Reporting Relationship
4- Stability 5- Chain of Command & Communication
6- Flexibility 7- Coordination
1- Fixation of Responsibility 2- Clarity of Duties
3- Unity of Command 4- Helpful In Achieving Objectives
5- Provides Stability
1- Delay In Action 2- Lack of Initiative
3- Ignore Human Element
(ii) INFORMAL ORGANISATION :
FEATURES :
ADVANTAGES :
DISADVANTAGES :
1- Formation 2- Purpose
3- Reporting Relationship 4- Stability
5- Chain of Command & Communication
6- Flexibility 7- Structure
1- Speed 2- Fulfillment of Social Needs
3- Fills Inadequacies
1- Create Rumours 2- Resistance to Change
3- Pressure of Group Norms
IMPORTANCE OF DECENTRALISATION :
1- Develops Initiative Amongst Subordinates.
2- Develops Managerial Talent for the Future.
3- Relief to Top Management
4- Quick Decision Making
5- Facilitates Growth
6- Better Control
TAYLOR'S TECHNIQUES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT : TYPES OF ORGANISATION :
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE :
CO-ORDINATION
TYPES OF PLANS :
Demonetisation
FEATURES OF DEMONETISATION
1- As tax administration measure
2- As a shift on the part of the government
3- Channelizing savings into the formal financial system
4- Creation of a less-cash or cash-lite economy
1. Money/Interest rates: * Decline in cash transactions.
* Bank deposits increased.
* Increase in financial savings.
2. Private wealth : Some high demonetised notes were not
returned to the depositors leading to fall in the prices of real
estate.
3. Public sector wealth: There had been no effect on public
sector wealth.
4. Digitisation: Digital transactions amongst new users
(RuPay/AEPS-Aadhar enabled payment system) have increased.
5. Real estate: Prices of real estate have declined.
6. Tax collection: There has been rise in income tax collection
because of increased disclosure.
OBJECTIVES OF DEMONETISATION IN INDIA
1- To Control Circulation of Fake Currency.
2- To Restrict and Reduce the Supply of Money, Used for
Anti-Social Activities.
3- To Run Cashless Economy in the Country.
4- To Reduce or Eliminate Tax Evasion .
5- To Eliminate Black Money and Black Marketing.
6- To Curb Corruption.
IMPACT OF DEMONETISATION

2. Chapter - 6
STAFFING
IMPORTANCE OF STAFFING:
1- Filling Jobs with Competant Personnel.
2- Placing Right Person at Right Job
3- Survival and Growth
4- Optimum Utilisation of Human Resources
5- Improves Job Satisfaction and Morale.
STAFFING PROCESS :
1- Estimating Manpower Requirement
2- Recruitement
3- Selection
4- Placement and Orientation
5- Training and Development
6- Performance Appraisal
7- Promotion and Carrer Planning
8- Compensation
SELECTION PROCESS :
1- Preliminary Screening
2- Selection Tests
a) Intelligence Test
b) Aptitude Test
c) Personality Test
d) Trade Test
e) Interest Test
3- Employment Interview
4- Reference and Background Checks
5- Selection Decision
6- Medical Examination
7- Job Offer
8- Contract of Employment
1- Clarify The Ideas before Communication
2- Communicate According toThe Needs of Receiver
3- Consult Other before Communication
4- Be Aware of Language, Tone and Content of Message
5- Convey Things of Help and Value to Listeners.
6- Ensures Proper Feedback
7- Communicate for Present as Well as Future
8- Follow up Communications
9- Be a Good Listener.
Chapter - 7
DIRECTING
FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTING:
1- Directing Initiates Action
2- Directing Takes Place at Every Level of Management
3- Directing is a Continuous Process
4- Directing Flows from Top to Bottom
5- Directing is a Performance Oriented
IMPORTANCE OF DIRECTING :
1- Directing Helps Initiates Action
2- Directing Integrates Employee Efforts
3- Directing is a Means of Motivation
4- Directing Helps to Implement Changes
5- Stability and Balance in the Organisation
SUPERVISION
ROLE OF SUPERVISOR :
1- Maintains Day to Day Contact
2- Acting as a Linking Pin
3- Helps In Maintaining Group Unity
4- Ensures Performance of Work
5- Provide on the Job Training
6- Build High Morale Amongst the Workers
7- Provides Feedback
MASLOW'S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY OF
MOTIVATION :
1- Basic Physiological Needs
2- Safety or Security Needs
3- Social or Affiliation or Belonging Needs
4- Esteem Needs
5- Self Actualisation Needs
MOTIVATION
i) FEATURES / CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTIVATION :
ii) PROCESS OF MOTIVATION :
1- Motivation is an Internal Feeling
2- Motivation Produces Goal Directed Behaviour
3- Motivation can be Either Positive or Negative
4- Motivation is a Complex Process
1- Unsatisfied Need
2- Tension
3- Drive
4- Search Behaviour
5- Satisfied Need
6- Reduction of Tension
i) FINANCIAL INCENTIVES :
ii) NON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES :
1- Pay and Allowances
2- Profit Sharing
3- Co-Partnership / Stock Option
4- Bonus
5- Productivity Linked Wage Incentives
6- Retirement Benefits
7- Perquisites
1- Status
2- Organisation Climate
3- Career Advancement Opportunity
4- Job Enrichment
5- Employee Recognition Programme
6- Job Security
7- Employee Participation
8- Employee Empowerment
INCENTIVES
i) SEMANTIC BARRIERS:
ii) PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS :
iii) ORGANISATIONAL BARRTERS :
iv) PERSONAL BARRIERS :
1- Badly Expressed Message
2- Symbols with Different Meanings
3- Faulty Translations
4- Unclarified Assumptions
5- Technical Jargon
6- Body Language and Gesture Decoding
1- Premature Evaluation
2- Lack of Attention
3- Loss by Transmission and Poor Retention
4- Distrust
1- Organisational Policy
2- Rules and Regulations
3- Status
4- Complexity in Organisational Structure
5- Organisational Facilities
1- Fear of Challenge to Authority
2- Lack of Confidence of Superior on his Subordinates
3- Unwillingness to Communicate
4- Lack of Proper Incentives.
CHAPTER - 8
CONTROLLING
NATURE / FEATURES OF CONTROLLING :
1- Controlling is Goal Oriented Function
2- Controlling is a Pervasive Function
3- Controlling is Both a Backward Looking and Forward
Looking Function
4- Controlling is a Continuous Process
IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING :
1- Accomplishing Organisational Goals
2- Judgeing Accuracy of Resources
3- Improving Employee Motivation
4- Ensuring Order and Discipline
5- Facilitating Coordination in Action
CONTROLLING PROCESS :
1- Setting Performance Standards
2- Measurement of Actual Performance
3- Comparing Actual Performance with Standards
4- Analysing Deviation
5- Taking Corrective Actions
TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSING DEVIATIONS :
1- Critical Point of Control
2- Management by Exception
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANNING AND
CONTROLLING :
1- Both Planning and Controlling are Interrelated and
Interdependent
2- Planning is Prescriptive and Controlling is
Evaluative
3- Both are Backward Looking as well as Forward
Looking Function
CHAPTER - 9
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT :
1- Size as well as Composition of Fixed Assets
2- Quantum of Current Assets
3- Amount of Long Term And Short Term Financing
4- Break up of Long Term Financing Into Debt and Equity
5- All Items in the Profit and Loss Account
OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT :
1- Ensuring Availability of Sufficient Funds at a Reasonable
Cost
2- Ensuring Effective Utilisation / Deployment of Such Fund
3- Ensuring Safety of Funds
4- Avoiding Idle Finance
1) INVESTMENT DECISIONS
i) IMPORTANCE OF CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONS :
ii) FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONS :
1- Long Term Growth and Effects
2- Large Amount of Funds Involved
3- Huge Risk Involved
4- Irreversible Decisions
1- Cash Flow of the Projects 2- Rate of Return
3- Risk Innovlved 4- Investment Criteria Involved
2) FINANCING DECISIONS :
i) FACTORS AFFECTING FINANCING DECISIONS:
1- Cost 2- Risk
3- Floatation Costs 4- Cash Flow Statement
5- Fixed Operating Cost 6- Control Consideration
7- State Capital Market
3) DIVIDEND DECISIONS :
i) FACTORS AFFECTING DIVIDEND DECISIONS :
1- Amount of Earning 2- Stability of Earning
3- Stability of Dividend 4- Growth Opportunities
5- Cash Flow Position 6- Shareholder's Preference
7- Taxation Policy 8- Stock Market Reaction
9- Access to Capital Market 10- Legal Constraints
11- Contractual Constraints
FINANCIAL PLANNING
i) OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL PLANNING :
ii) IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL PLANNING:
1- To Ensure Availability of Funds Whenever Required
2- To Ensure That Unnecessary Finance is not Raised
1- It helps The Company To Prepare for The Future
2- It Helps In Avoiding Business Shock and Surprises
3- Helps in Co-Ordination
4- Helps to Eliminate Wasteful Efforts
5- Helps to Link Present with Future
6- Provides Link Between Investment and Financial Decisions
7- Facilitates Financial Control
8- It Enables to Tackle the Uncertainity
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL STRUCTURE :
1- Cash Flow Position
2- Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR)
3- Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
4- Return on Investment
5- Cost of Debt
6- Tax Rate
7- Cost of Equity
8- Floatation Costs
9- Risk Consideration
10- Flexibility
11- Control
12- Regulatory Framework
13- Stock Market Conditions
14- Capital Structure of Other Companies
FIXED CAPITAL
FACTORS AFFECTING REQUIREMENT OF FIXED CAPITAL :
1- Nature of Business 2- Scale of Operations
3- Choice of Technique 4- Technology Upgradation
5- Growth Prospects 6- Diversification
7- Financing Alternatives 8- Level of Collaboration
WORKING CAPITAL
FACTORS AFFECTING REQUIREMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL :
1- Nature of Business 2- Scale of Operations
3- Business Cycle 4- Seasonal Factors
5- Production Cycle 6- Credit Allowed
7- Credit Availed 8- Operating Efficiency
9- Availability of Raw Material 10- Growth Prospects
11- Level of Competition 12- Inflation
Advantages :
1- Economical
2- Higher Motivation Level
3- Simple Process
4- No Need for Induction Training
5- No Over or Under Staffing
6- Benefits In Training
7- Employees Satisfaction
1) INTERNAL SOURCES :
RECRUITMENT
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS:
1- Sender
2- Message
CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
1) FORMAL COMMUNICATION:
2) INFORMAL COMMUNICATION :
a- Vertical Communication
1- Downward Communication
2- Upward Communication
b- Horizontal Communication
Grapevine :
5- Decoding
6- Receiver
COMMUNICATION
FINANCIAL DECISIONS
i) Promotion ii) Transfer
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION :
IMPROVING COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS :
2) EXTERNAL SOURCES :
1- Direct Recruitement
2- Casual Callers
3- Advertisement
4- Employment Exchange
5- Placement Agencies and Management Consultants
6- Campus Recruitement
7- Recommendation of Employees
8- Labour Contractors
9- Advertising on Television
10- Web Publishing
SELECTION
i) ADVANTAGES:
ii) DISADVANTAGES :
1- Qualified Personnel
2- Wider Choice
3- Fresh Talent
4- Competitive Spirit
1- Dissatisfaction Among Existing Staff
2- Lengthy Process
3- Costly Process
3- Encoding
4- Media
7- Feedback
8- Noise
On The Job Training -
Off The Job Training -
1- Apprenticeship Training 2- Internship Training
1- Vestibule Training
1- Reduced Learning Time
2- Higher Profits
3- Develops Future Managers
4- Reduces Absenteeism and Employee Turnover
5- Effective Response to Fast Changing Environment
1- Career Growth 2- Increased Earnings
3- Safety of Employees 4- High Morale
METHODS OF TRAINING:
BENEFITS TO THE EMPLOYEES :
BENEFITS TO THE ORGANIZATION :
IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
Disadvantages :
1- Limited Choice
2- Lack of Fresh Talent
3- Not Suitable for New Enterprises
4- Absence of Competition
5- Reduces Productivity
6- Conflict Among Employees
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP STYLES
1- Autocratic Leadership or Authoritative Leadership
2- Participative Leadership or Democratic Leadership
3- Free rein Leadership or Laissez Faire Leadership
FEATURES OF LEADERSHIP
1- Leadership Indicates Ability to Influence Others.
2- Leadership Tries to Bring Change in Behaviour
3- Leadership Indicates Interpersonal Relation
4- Leadership is Exercised to Achieve Common Goal
5- Leadership is a Continuos Process

3. Chapter -10
FINANCIAL MARKET
Chapter -11
ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATION :
1- Press Relation
2- Product Publicity
3- Corporate Communication
4- Lobbying
5- Counselling
6- Image Building
7- Facing Adverse Publicity
8- Building Creditibility
9- Stimulate Sales Force
10- Lowers Promotion Costs.
1- District Forum (0 - 20L)
2- State Commission (20L - 1Cr)
3- National Commission (1Cr > Above)
FUNCTION OF FINANCIAL MARKET :
1- Mobilisation of Saving and Channelising Them into
the Most Productive use
2- Facilitates Price Discovery
3- Provides Liquidity to Financial Assets
4- Reduces the Cost of Transactions
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL MARKET :
1) MONEY MARKET -
FEATURES OF MONEY MARKET
MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS :
1- Investment Outlay 2- Participants
3- Duration 4- Liquidity
5- Safety 6- Expected Return
1- Treasury Bill (T.Bill) 2- Commercial Paper
3- Call Money 4- Certificate of Deposit
5- Commercial Bills
2) CAPITAL MARKET :
FEATURES OF CAPITAL MARKET
COMPONENTS OF CAPITAL MARKET
1- Investment Outlay 2- Participants
3- Duration 4- Liquidity
5- Safety 6- Expected Return
1) PRIMARY MARKET 2) SECONDARY MARKET
STOCK EXCHANGE
FUNCTIONS OF STOCK EXCHANGE :
1- Providing Liquidity and Marketability to Existing Securities
2- Pricing of Securities
3- Safety of Transaction
4- Contribute to Economic Growth
5- Spreading to Equity Cult
6- Providing Scope for Speculation
ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRONIC TRADING SYSTEMS :
1- Ensures Transparancy
2- Increases Efficiency of Information
3- Increases the Efficiency of Operations
4- Improves the Liquidity of the Stock Market
5- Provides a Single Trading Platform
OBJECTIVES OF SEBI :
1- To Regulate Stock Exchanges
2- To Protect Guide and Educate Investors
3- To Prevent Trading Malpractices
4- To Regulate and Develop a Code of Conduct for Intermediaries
FUNCTIONS OF SEBI :
REGULATORY FUNCTION :
DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION :
PROTECTIVE FUNCTION :
a) Notification of Rules and Regulations
b) Registration of Brokers and Agents
c) Inspection and Enquiries
d) Prohibits Unfair Trade Practices
e) Regulator of Investment Schemes
f) As a Watch Dog
g) Levying of Fees
h) Performing and Exercising Powers
a) Training to Intermediaries
b) Promotion of Fair Trade
c) Research
a) Prohibits Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices
b) Prevents Insider Trading
c) Protects Investors
d) Promotes Fair Practices
CHAPTER -12
CONSUMER PROTECTION
IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
FROM CONSUMER'S POINT OF VIEW
FROM BUSINESSMAN'S POINT OF VIEW
1- Consumer Ignorance
2- Unorganised Consumers
3- Wide Spread Exploitation of Consumers
1- Long Term Interest of Business
2- Business uses Society Resources
3- Social Responsibility
4- Moral Justification
5- Government Intervention
CONSUMER RIGHTS :
1- Right to Safety
2- Right to be Informed
3- Right to Choose
4- Right to be Heard
5- Right to Seek Redressal
6- Right to Consumer Education
CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITIES :
1- Consumer Should Have Knowledge About Market
2- Consumer Must be Quality Conscious
3- Use The Products Safely
4- Consumer Must be Cautious
5- Insist on Cash Memo
6- Consumer Must be Honest
7- Consumer Must File Complaint
8- Consumer Must Exercise his Rights
9- Form Consumer Organisations
10- Save Enviornment
REDRESSAL AGENCIES :
MARKETING MANAGEMENT
FEATURES OF MARKETING :
1- Need and Wants 2- Creating a Market Offering
3- Customer Value 4- Exchange Mechanism
FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING :
1- Gathering and Analysing Market Information
2- Marketing Planning
3- Product Designing and Development
4- Standardisation and Grading
5- Packaging and Labelling
6- Branding
7- Customer Support Services
8- Pricing of Product
9- Promotion
10- Physical Distribution
11- Transportation
12- Storage or Warehousing
PROCESS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT :
1- Selection of Target Market
2- Create Demand for the Product
3- Create Superior Value
OBJECTIVES OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT :
1- Creation of Demand
2- Capture Market Share
3- Goodwill
4- Profitable Sales Volume Through Customer Satisfaction
CONCEPT / PHILOSOPHIES OF
MARKETING MANAGEMENT :
1- Production Concept 2- Product Concept
3- Selling Concept 4- Marketing Concept
5- Societal Marketing Concept
MARKETING MIX :
1- Product Mix 2- Price Mix
3- Place Mix 4- Promotion Mix
1) Product
BRANDING :
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO BRANDING :
ADVANTAGES OF BRANDING TO MARKETERS :
ADVANTAGES OF BRANDING TO CUSTOMERS :
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BRAND NAME :
- BRAND
1- Brand Name
2- Brand Mark
-TRADE MARK
1) Enables Marking Product Differentiation
2) Helps in Advertising and Display Programmes
3) Differential Pricing
4) Ease in Introduction of New Product
1- Helps in Product Identification
2- Ensures Quality
3- Status Symbol
1) Simple and Easily Pronounceable
2) Suggestive
3) Distinctive
4) Adaptable
5) Versatile
6) Legal Protection
7) Staying Power
PACKAGING :
LEVELS OF PACKAGING :
IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING :
FUNCTION OF PACKAGING :
1- Primary Package
2- Secondary Package
3- Transportation Package
1- Raising Standard of Health and Sanitation
2- Self Service Outlets
3- Product Differentiation
4- Innovational Opportunities
1- Product Identification
2- Product Protection
3- Facilitates use of the Product
4- Product Promotion
LABELLING :
FUNCTIONS OF LABELLING :
1) Describe the Product and Specify its Contents.
2) Identification of the Product or Brand
3) Grading of Product
4) Helps in Promotion of Product
5) Providing Information Required by Law
2) PRICE
1) Product Cost
2) Utility and Demand
3) Extent of Competition in Market
4) Government and Legal Regulations
5) Pricing Objectives
- Profit Maximisation
- Obtaining Market leadership
- Surviving in a Competative Market
- Attaining Product Quality Leadership
6) Marketing Methods Used
FACTORS AFFECTING PRICE DETERMINATION :
3) PLACE
CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION :
DIRECT CHANNEL
INDIRECT CHANNEL
1) Company Owned Shops 2) Door to Door Selling
3) Mail Order Selling 4) Telemarketing
5) Internet Selling
1) One Level Channel 2) Two Level Channel
3) Three Level Channel
FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE OF CHANNEL :
1- PRODUCT RELATED FACTOR :
2- COMPANY RELATED FACTOR :
3- COMPETITIVE FACTORS:
4- MARKET RELATED FACTORS:
5- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS :
1- Value of Product Line
2- Product Complexity
3- Nature of Product
4- Perishable or Non Perishable Product
1- Finance
2- Degree of Control
1- Nature of Market
2- Size of Market
3- Geographical Concentration
4- Quantity Purchased
1- Economic Conditions
2- Government Policy
COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION :
1- Order Processing 2- Transportation
3- Warehousing 4- Inventory Control
1- Policy on Level of Customer Service
2- Accuracy in Sales Forecast
3- Responsiveness of Distribution System
4- Cost of Inventory
MAJOR FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE INVENTORY LEVEL :
4) PROMOTION
ELEMENTS :
1- ADVERTISING 2- PERSONAL SELLING
3- SALES PROMOTION 4- PUBLIC RELATION
ADVERTISING
FEATURES OF ADVERTISING :
ROLE OF ADVERTISING :
1- Paid Form
2- Impersonal Method of Promotion
3- Identified Sponsor
1- Creates Demand
2- Educates Consumers and Makes Shopping Easier
3- Enhance Consumer Confidence
4- Create Better Organisational Image
5- Facilitate Introduction of New Product
6- Creates Customer Loyalty
7- Improves Standard of Living
PERSONAL SELLING
FEATURES OF PERSONAL SELLING :
QUALITIES OF GOOD SALESMAN :
1- PHYSICAL QUALITIES -
2- MENTAL QUALITIES -
3- SOCIAL QUALITIES :
4- TECHNICAL QUALITIES :
1- Personal Form of Communication
2- Develop Personal Relationship
3- Flexible Tool
 Good Appearance  Sound Health  Impressive Voice
Intelligance  Self Confidence  Patience
 Courage  Tactfulness  Good Manners
 Knowledge of Companies  Knowledge of Products
 Knowledge of Competitors  Knowledge of Customers
 Knowledge of Selling Technique
SALES PROMOTION
COMMONLY USED SALES PROMOTION TECHNIQUES :
1- Rebate
2- Discount
3- Refund
4- Product Combination
5- Quantity Gift
6- Instant Draw and Assigned Gift
7- Lucky Draw
8- Usable Benefits
9- Full Finance @ 0%
10- Sampling
11- Contest
PUBLIC RELATION
SECURITIES & EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
METHODS OF FLOATATION
1- Offer Through Prospectus 2- Offer for Sale
3- Private Placement 4- Right Issue
5- E-IPOs
PRIMARY MARKET
TRADING PROCEDURE ON A STOCK EXCHANGE :
1- Selection of Broker
2- Opening Demat Account
3- Placing the Order
4- Connecting to Main Stock Exchange
5- Execution of Order
6- Issuance of Contract Note
7- Delivery of Shares or Payment of Cash by Investor
8- Settlement of Deal - Before T+2
9- Delivery of Securities or payment of cash by Stock
Exchange
10- Delivery of Securities in Demat Form
THREE - TIER FORMS OF SECONDARY MARKET
1- Regional Stock Exchange 2- National Stock Exchange
3- Over the Counter Exchange of India
SECONDARY MARKET
PHYSICAL MOVEMENT OF GOODS
1- Educating the general public about consumer rights by
organising training programmers, seminars and
workshops.
2- Publishing periodicals and other publications to impart
knowledge about consumer problems, legal reporting,
reliefs available and other matters of interest.
3- Carrying out comparative testing of consumer products in
accredited laboratories to test relative qualities of
competing brands and publishing the test results for the
benefit of consumers.
4- Encouraging consumers to strongly protest and take an
action against unscrupulous, exploitative and unfair trade
practices of sellers.
5- Providing legal assistance to consumers by way of
providing aid, legal advice etc. in seeking legal remedy.
6- Filing complaints in appropriate consumer courts on behalf
of the consumers.
7- Taking initiative in filing cases in consumer courts in the
interest of the general public, not for any individual.
ROLE OF CONSUMER ORGANISATION & NGOs