-diagnostic tool developed to measure conformity -for our Psych 162 class

1. Sison-Bravo
Diphasic
Conformity
Test
(SiBra DCT)
BRAVO, KEA KOKO D.
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SISON, LEIDI JAYN P. Page 1

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3. Although a variety of factors influences
alcohol drinking among adolescents, peer pressure
has emerged as one of the most powerful
predictors of its initiation and maintenance
(Riefman &Watson 2003; Wood et al., 2001). The
compelling need to fit into and belong to a group of
friends serves as a motivation. Lundborg (2006)
found evidence that peer binge drinking increases
probability that the adolescent also participates in
binge drinking – 10 percentage point (pp) increase
in share of peer binge drinking was associated with
2.3 pp higher likelihood of the adolescent to binge
drink. Fletcher & Ross (2011) estimated that 10 pp
in friends’ drinking increases individuals’ probability
to drink by 2.8 pp.
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4. Adolescents are especially prone to adopt
peer attitudes and behaviors in college where
socialization is typically peer-intensive. They
lack frequent contact with parents, siblings, and
other reference groups and institutions. Hence,
peers become crucial in defining attitudes and
behaviors. As Manski (2000) pointed out, the
interaction of individuals with each other leads to
correlated behavior – that is to perceive one’s
world as the group does, to adopt peer group
attitudes and to act in accordance with their
expectations.
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6. Theoretical Framework
The theory of reasoned action posits
the view that intention (motivation) to perform
a certain behavior is dependent on whether
individuals evaluate the behavior as positive
(attitude) and if they judge others as wanting
them to perform the behavior (subjective
norm). Thus, TRA suggests that the more
favorable the adolescent’s attitude is towards
the drinking behavior of her peers and the
more favorable the subjective norm, the
stronger is the potential of the intention
(Fishbein, 1980).
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7. Theoretical Framework
According to the differential association
theory developed by Edwin Sutherland (1992),
learning takes place according to the
frequency, duration, intensity and priority of
social interactions. Adolescents are likely to
acquire attitudes favorable to alcohol use if they
associate frequently with others who use
alcohol and have favorable attitudes towards
alcohol use. Learning is more likely to occur
when interactions are intense as opposed to
casual and superficial. If those interactions
occur over a long period of time, internalization
of pro-alcohol attitudes and behaviors is more
likely than if the duration of interactions is over
a short period of time. Templates
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9. Rationale
The researchers want to know the
prevalence of conformity among their fellow
dormers in Mary’s House. The researchers
also recognize the concern of developing a
diagnostic tool that measures conformity and
is culturally grounded. Moreover, the
researchers aim to determine how they mix
with (pakikisalamuha) their roommates as well
as other dormers given that all of them have
different personalities, different schools,
different courses and different ethnicity.
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10. Rationale
In a broader perspective, the
involvement of adolescents in alcohol use is
associated with three things. First, it is linked
with an array of other health risk behaviors
including cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and
sexual behavior (Domingo & Marquez, 1999).
Second, alcohol use increases the risks for
adolescents of negative health and social
outcomes such as physical and sexual assault,
motor vehicles crasher, school dropout,
pregnancy and STDs. Third, alcohol use in
adolescents is associated with greater likelihood
of alcohol problems later in life. To reduce these
risks, it is critical to develop a better
understanding of the risk factors especially the
role of peers because of its strong impact in
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adolescent behavior. Page 10

11. Significance of the Study
Measuring conformity among dormers
would give ideas to people who are planning
to live in a dormitory and alike on how to
makitungo, makisalamuha, makilahok,
makibagay and makisama. It also serves as
a guide to build Smooth Interpersonal
Relationship.
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13. It intends to measure…
CONFORMITY
is the participants’ susceptibility or
resistance to influence of peers.
Using a 12-item Likert scale, it can
be categorized as (0) absent with a
score below 25 and (1) present with
a score of 25 and above.
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14. Conceptual Framework
Peer
Conformity
Pressure
• first-time drinker
• authoritarian
parenting
• exclusive high
school
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15. Observations
• Since they live in a dorm, it is necessary to
mix in.
•Dormers, especially roommates, are
sensitive to the attitudes and behaviors of
their fellow dormers.
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16. Feasibility
The scale is a paper and pencil test
that gives out profile of conformity behavior
posing minimal risk to the respondents. It
consists of 12 items which will be measured
through a 4-point Likert scale ranging from
“strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. It
takes 5-10 minutes to complete the
questionnaire.
Meanwhile, the experiment is an
unstructured test with minimum effort from
the respondents.
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18. Methodology
The study used a quantitative research
design. An experiment and a survey were
conducted in Mary’s House Dormitory located
at 1806 A. Vasquez St., cr. Nakpil St., Malate,
Manila. The sample for the study was
purposively selected among adolescent girls
aged 16-19 years. Prescreening of the
prospective study participants eliminated
those individuals who (1) are first time
drinkers; (2) have authoritarian parents and;
(3) attended exclusive high school. If the
adolescent appeared to fit the inclusion
criteria, she was considered to participate in
the experiment and the survey.
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19. Methodology
Over the course of data collection,
only 30 respondents out of 50 proceeded to
the experiment, representing a 60% response
rate. 6 were found to be first-time drinkers, 6
attended exclusive high school, and 8 have
authoritarian parents.
A self-developed, self-administered
questionnaire followed the experiment. It
consisted of multiple choice questions;
yes/no items and; items measuring
conformity on a 4-point Likert scale.
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20. Methodology
Pre-coding was done by the
researchers where values are assigned that
corresponds to each item. Data gathered
were encoded in MS Excel and were
analyzed using the Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) 17. Point-biserial
correlation was used to determine significant
associations between the scores in the
conformity scale and the responses in the
experiment.
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21. Methodology
Prior the experiment, the researchers
did not ask for informed consent due to the
purpose of determining the individual’s
decisional capacity. However, the objectives,
the methods used, the possible outcome and
the consequence of participating in the study
were explained before answering the
questionnaire. If questions were threatening
to respondents, they had the freedom not to
answer or withdraw from the study.
Information gathered was kept confidential
and anonymity was assured.
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22. Picture 1. Informed consent
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24. FLOW OF
DATA COLLECTION
AGREE
Ask to compare • first-time drinker
Drink A and B • authoritarian
parenting
DISAGREE • exclusive high
• school
• Gusto mo?
•Sige na. NOT FIT
• Tikim lang naman. FIT
QUESTIONNAIRE
EXCLUDED
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25. Picture 2. Items used to measure conformity
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28. Scoring and Interpretation
Responses obtained in the experiment
were assigned values where “disagree” was
coded as (0) and agree as (1).
In the survey, responses ranged from
(1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) agree
and (4) strongly agree. The mean of the total
scores (μ = 25) was computed then
compared to the individual scores of the
respondents. If the individual score was
below 25 (x < 25), it was interpreted as
absence of conformity. If the score ranged
from 25 and above (x > 25), it indicated
presence of conformity.
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29. Table 1. Code for experiment
Response Code
Disagree 0
Agree 1
Table 2. Code for scale
Response Code
Strongly Disagree 1
Disagree 2
Agree 3
Strongly Agree 4
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30. Results and Discussion
Adolescent dormers were 17.9 years old on
average and most have family income of
more than P100, 000 a month.
%
% SES
Age (n=30)
(n=30) Below P10,000 6.7
P10,000 – P25,000 23.3
17 36.7 P25,001- P50,000 10.0
18 36.7 P50,001-P100,000 16.7
19 26.7 Above P100,000 43.3
Table 3. Age of Table 4. Socio-economic
participants in % status of participants in %
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31. Results and Discussion
Half of the respondents showed presence of
conformity while the other half showed
absence.
%
(n=30)
Absent 50
Present 50
Table 5. Percent of respondents and their
presence/absence of conformity
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32. Results and Discussion
In the experiment, one-third of the
respondents disagreed to drink the alcoholic
beverage offered to them while the remaining
2/3 agreed.
%
Responses
(n=30)
Disagree 33.3
Agree 66.7
Table 6. Percent of respondents and their
responses to drink alcohol
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34. Validity
I. Conformity Scale
Content Validity
1. Does each item pertain to one aspect of the
construct (content relevance)?
2. Is the domain covered by atleast 5 items
(content coverage)?
3. Was this assessed by a panel of experts?
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35. Validity
II. Experiment
Criterion-related Validity
How well do the results correlate with other
similar measures of the construct
(concurrent validity)?
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36. Reliability
I. Conformity Scale
The internal consistency of the whole
scale has a good correlation 0.664 as
analyzed by the Cronbach’s Alpha.
Table 7. Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha
Alpha Based on N
Standardized Items of
Items
.664 .652 12
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37. Reliability
I. Conformity Scale
Table 8. Inter-item correlation matrix from C1-C6 listwise
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
C1 1.000 .041 .038 -.092 .149 .370 -.204 .028 .219 -.169 -.107 -.150
C2 .041 1.000 .584 .034 .386 .239 .075 .173 .529 .403 .412 .299
C3 .038 .584 1.000 .031 .355 .126 -.139 .159 .104 .084 .160 .046
C4 -.092 .034 .031 1.000 -.124 -.154 .085 -.117 -.026 .023 -.156 .093
C5 .149 .386 .355 -.124 1.000 .248 .183 .340 -.042 .377 .574 .402
C6 .370 .239 .126 -.154 .248 1.000 -.340 -.117 .286 -.327 -.223 -.093
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38. Reliability
I. Conformity Scale
Table 9. Inter-item correlation matrix of C7-C12 listwise
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12
C7 -.204 .075 -.139 .085 .183 -.340 1.000 .103 .172 .361 .393 .069
C8 .028 .173 .159 -.117 .340 -.117 .103 1.000 .068 .140 .388 .125
C9 .219 .529 .104 -.026 -.042 .286 .172 .068 1.000 .149 .102 .038
C10 -.169 .403 .084 .023 .377 -.327 .361 .140 .149 1.000 .728 .545
C11 -.107 .412 .160 -.156 .574 -.223 .393 .388 .102 .728 1.000 .444
C12 -.150 .299 .046 .093 .402 -.093 .069 .125 .038 .545 .444 1.000
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39. Reliability
I. Conformity Scale
Table 10. Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if Scale Variance Corrected Squared Cronbach's
Item Deleted if Item Deleted Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item
Correlation Correlation Deleted
C1 23.50 15.707 -.006 .262 .690
C2 23.37 12.861 .657 .704 .592
C3 22.37 14.309 .273 .524 .649
C4 22.33 16.161 -.073 .151 .691
C5 23.50 13.638 .597 .700 .612
C6 23.33 16.023 -.042 .617 .687
C7 22.00 14.483 .195 .449 .662
C8 22.57 13.564 .267 .282 .653
C9 23.03 13.689 .300 .565 .645
C10 22.87 12.120 .512 .683 .600
C11 22.73 11.375 .608 .718 .576
C12 23.40 13.766 .383 .436 .632
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40. Reliability
II. Experiment
Table 11. Correlation of Scores in the conformity scale and
responses in the experiment
Score Response
Pearson Correlation 1 .626**
Score Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 30 30
Pearson Correlation .626** 1
Response Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 30 30
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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41. Reliability
II. Experiment
V 51 = scores
V53 = responses
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42. References
Ajzen, L., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and
predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall.
Fletcher, J. M., & Ross, S. L. (2011). Estimating the effects of
friendship networks on health behaviors of adolescents. New
Haven, CT.
Lundborg, P. (2006). Having the wrong friends? Peer effects
in adolescent substance use. Journal of Health Economics,
25(2), 214-33. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2005.02.001
Manski, C. F. (2000). Economic analysis of social interactions.
Evanston, IL.
Reifman A., & Watson K. (2003). Binge drinking during the
first semester of college. Journal of American College Health,
52, 73–81
Sutherland, E. H., Cressey, D. R., & Luckenbill, D. F. (1992).
Principles of Criminology (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
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