1. Parental Discipline and
Anxiety & Depression
Ford, K., Laver, M., MS, & Bradley A., PhD

2. Previous Literature
Discipline methods: physical, psychological
Depression
Self-esteem
Externalizing behavior

3. Current Study
INSTEAD OF THIS:
“How many times per week?”
WE USED THIS:
“Was this method used?”
“If yes, did you think it was excessive?”

4. Participants
Total: 133 undergraduate students
108 female; 25 male
Mean Age: 20.54 years
Race: 91% White
6% Asian
2.3% American Indian or Alaska Native
8% Native Hawaiian

5. Procedure
Questionnaires (online):
Demographics
Parental discipline methods
New General Self-Efficacy Scale
Anxiety and Depression scales

6. Procedure
Discipline questionnaire:
1. Grades K-5
2. Grades 6-12
Types of discipline methods used:
1. Physical
2. Emotional/Verbal
3. Loss/Taken Away

7. Data Analyses
IV: DV:
Excessive Anxiety/Depression
Not Excessive Self-Efficacy
Not Applicable

11. Loss/Taking Away
Amount of variance within each IV group
was too high for analyses.
Self-Efficacy
Showed no significant results. Contrary to
previous research findings.

12. Conclusion
K-5:
Excessive Physical:
increased anxiety & depression
Emotional/Verbal used:
increased anxiety & depression

13. Conclusion
6-12:
Excessive Emotional/Verbal:
increased anxiety & depression

14. Limitations
Participants:
-Mostly undergraduate students
-Mostly white, female
-Accurate self-reporting, bias, memory
Scale:
-A lot of Not Excessive and Not
Applicable
-Bias through title of study

15. Future Considerations
Perception of relationship with parent
Religion of parent/child
Examining Loss/Taking Away items

16. References
Afifi, T. O., Brownridge, D. A., Cox, B. J., & Sareen, J. (2006). Physical
punishment, childhood abuse and psychiatric disorders. Child
Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1093-1103.
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology
associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 14(3), 357-364.
Chen, G., Gully, S., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a New General Self-
Efficacy Scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62-83.
Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom Checklist-90-R: Administration, Scoring, and
Procedures Manual. Minneapolis: NCS Pearson, Inc.
Miller-Perrin, C. L., Perrin, R. D., & Kocur, J. L. (2009). Parental physical
and psychological aggression: Psychological symptoms in young
adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(1), 1-11.

17. Parental Discipline and
Anxiety & Depression
Ford, K., Laver, M., MS, & Bradley A., PhD