Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi

Research Methodologies in Islamic
Economics and Finance
Kaouther TOUMI

Chapter 1
Research in Islamic Economics and Finance:
An Introduction
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬:‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ‬
KaoutherToumi
2

1. Meaning of research
• Research refers to:
• a ‘search for pertinent information’ on a specific
topic. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬‫ﺣﻭﻝ‬‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
• an ‘original contribution’ to the existing stock of
knowledge. ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ‬‫ﺃﺻﻠﻳﺔ‬‫ﻭﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬.
• ‘an art’ of scientific investigation to search for
knowledge. ‫ﻓﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
KaoutherToumi
3

2. Objectives of research
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ /2
• Objective1: Give answers to research
problem/question through the application of scientific
procedure.
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬1:‫ﺇﻋﻁﺎء‬‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬‫ﻹﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬/‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻣﻥ‬‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻖ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬.
• Objective2: Gain a ‘new’ knowledge to Increase the
‘existant knowledge’.
‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬2:‫ﺍﻛﺗﺳﺎﺏ‬‫ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬"‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬"‫ﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬".
KaoutherToumi
4

3. Motivation in doing scientific research
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻹﺟﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬ /3
• The possible motives for doing research :
• Desire to get a research degree
• Desire to solve the unsolved problems
• Desire to be of service to society
• Desire to get respectability
• Etc..
•‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬:
•‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬‫ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺣﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺧﺩﻣﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺦ‬…
KaoutherToumi
5

4. Meaning of research methodology
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫4/ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬
• Science of studying how research is done scientifically;
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬‫ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ‬‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء‬‫ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬
• Various steps adopted by a researcher to solve the research
problem.
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﻟﺣﻝ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
KaoutherToumi
6

5. Specificitiesof researchin Islamiceconomics and
finance.
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ /5
• Please read these articles… ‫ﻳﺭﺟﻰ‬‫ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬...
KaoutherToumi
7

5. Specificitiesof researchin Islamicfinance and
economics
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ /5
….”
KaoutherToumi
8
“…

economics
”
KaoutherToumi
9
“

economics
KaoutherToumi
10
…
…
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻳﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬/‫ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ‬/‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺳﺳﺎﺕ‬

6. Diversity of researchproblems in Islamiceconomics
and finance
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬ ‫6/ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‬
• Please take time to consult these
documents: ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺟﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻳﺭﺟﻰ‬
• KAUJIE codes: classification of the fields of
research in Islamic economics/finance/fiqh
provided by the Islamic Economics Institute,
Saudi Arabia. https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Pages-A-
KAUJIE.aspx?fbclid=IwAR39ZhY4ncO6IvSdcRb
_uEcZlLpSLlqOsXhxiGeYje--2yWNn1DLwrtl-
eA
• JEL codes: The standard method of
classifying scholarly literature in the field of
economics provided by the American
association of economics.
https://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php
KaoutherToumi
11

and finance
• « »
KaoutherToumi
12
Example

and finance
KaoutherToumi
13
Example

and finance
KaoutherToumi
14
Example

and finance
KaoutherToumi
15
Example

and finance
KaoutherToumi
16
Example

and finance
https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Files/121/Files/157790_31-03-02-MMArnaoot.pdf
KaoutherToumi
17https://iei.kau.edu.sa/Files/121/Files/157790_31-03-02-MMArnaoot.pdf
Example

and finance
KaoutherToumi
18

Chapter 2
Process of research methodology for social
and humain sciences
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬
KaoutherToumi
19

Introduction:Inductiveanddeductivestrategiesofresearch
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬
KaoutherToumi
20
Inductive approach
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
Deductive approach
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬
Specific observation
special case
Theory, general rule
‫ﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣﻳﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺃ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‬
Hypotheses.
Must be tested
propositions.
Not necessary to
be tested

KaoutherToumi
21
Deductive reasoning ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
• Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general
statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a
specific, logical conclusion. The scientific method uses deduction
to test hypotheses and theories.
• In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make
a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the
observations should be if the theory were correct.
• We go from the general “the theory” to the specific “the
observations”.

KaoutherToumi
22
Inductive reasoning ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
• Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning.
• Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific
observations. Basically, there is data, then conclusions are drawn
from the data. This is called inductive logic.
• We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a
generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory.
• In inductive reasoning, we go from the specific to the general

KaoutherToumi
23
»
«
»
«

1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
(Review concepts and theories)
(Review previous research findings)
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
24
• The chart shown in Figure well illustrates a research methodology process.
‫ﻳﻭﺿﺢ‬‫ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
1. ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
2. ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬
3. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬
5. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬
6. ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺭ‬
4. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
Introduction:Theresearchmethodologyprocess
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
If deductive logic,
3. formulate hypotheses
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
، ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
3.‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ‬
، ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺗﺭﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

Section 1
Step1.
Defining the research problem
‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
KaoutherToumi
25

1.1 Definition of the research problem
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
26
4. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ‬
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
Defining a research problem is :
- the foundation of any research method;
- the ‘fuel‘ that drives the scientific process.
2727
1. Define the
research
problem
KaoutherToumi

i. Properly defining the problem of research is
the most important step in the research
process. ‫ﻳﻌﺩ‬‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬‫ﺻﺣﻳﺢ‬‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﺓ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬.
ii. The research problem undertaken for study
must be carefully selected. ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﺗﻡ‬‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍﺅﻫﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬.
iii. The task is a difficult one and it takes time.
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬‫ﺻﻌﺑﺔ‬‫ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ‬‫ﻭﻗﺗﺎ‬.
KaoutherToumi
2828
1. Define the
research
problem

KaoutherToumi
29
..is what needs
to be known..

1.2. Selecting a research problem
.. ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬..
(i) Subject which is overdone should not be normally chosen.
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬‫ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻳﻪ‬.
(i) Too vague research problems should be avoided. ‫ﺗﺟﻧﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬
‫ًﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺎﺕ‬.
(ii) The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible
so that the related research material or sources of research are
within one’s reach. ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻳ‬‫ﻭﻣﺟﺩ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻓ‬‫ﻣﺄﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﻳﺙ‬.
(iii) Controversial subjects should be avoided mainly for young
researchers ‫ﺍﻟﺷﺑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺟﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻧﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
KaoutherToumi
30

1.2. Selecting a research problem..
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
(v) Other criteria : Qualifications of a researcher, costs and time
factor. ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭ‬‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬:‫ﻣﺅﻫﻼﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﻳﻑ‬‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬.
Before the final selection, a researcher must ask himself the
following questions:
a. Whether he is well equipped in terms of his background?
b. Whether the study falls within the budget he can afford?
c. Whether the necessary cooperation can be obtained from
those who must participate in research as subjects
• Affirmative answers to all these questions => the
practicability of the study.
KaoutherToumi
31

1.3. What makes a research problem « good »
… ‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
• It’s topic that strongly interests you… ‫ﻳﻬﻣﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬
• It’s creative ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬
• It’s not too broad/vague ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ‬/‫ﻏﻳﺭ‬‫ﻏﺎﻣﺽ‬
KaoutherToumi
32

1.4. Processof defining a research problem… …
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
• The process involves the undertaking of the following steps
generally one after the other:
KaoutherToumi
33
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
available literature
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition

1.4. Process of defining a research
problem… ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
: ‫ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ‬‫ﺗﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‬
KaoutherToumi
34
1.‫ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬
2.‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
3.‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬
4.‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬
5.‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

problem… … ‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
KaoutherToumi
35
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
• The idea of a topic could arise
from your colleague, your
supervisor, a scientific article, a
conference, a course, etc.
• It could be in finance,
economics, fiqh, etc. but should
be in your area of interest and
discipline
‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

KaoutherToumi
36
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
The problem stated in a broad
general way may contain various
ambiguities which must be
resolved by cool thinking and
rethinking over the problem.
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬

KaoutherToumi
37
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem and its
origin
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
2.‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
 Discuss it with those who
first raised it in order to find
how the problem originally
came.
 enter into discussion with
those who have a good
knowledge of the problem
concerned
 Reconsider the article/the
source of information.
 etc.

KaoutherToumi
38
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
• Available literature concerning the problem must necessarily be surveyed and
examined before the definition of the research problem.
• The researcher must devote sufficient time in reviewing of research already
undertaken on related problems.
=> This would help a researcher to know if there are certain “gaps”
3.‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ‬

KaoutherToumi
39
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
A researcher must discuss this “Gap” with colleagues who
have enough or in working on similar problems (May be
your supervisor).
Discussions should not only be confined to the formulation
of the specific problem, but should also be concerned with
the general approach, research methods, possible
solutions, etc.
4.‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬

KaoutherToumi
40
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
Finally, the researcher must
sit to rephrase the research
problem into a working
proposition.

problem + Research question
KaoutherToumi
41
1. statement of the
problem in a
general way
2. understanding
the nature of the
problem
3. surveying the
4. developing the
ideas through
discussions
5. rephrasing the
research problem
into a working
proposition
6. One Central
Research
question?
The objective of the research is to answer this
central question ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬
6. ‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻣﺭﻛﺯﻱ‬

Section 2
Step 2 :
Writing the literature
review
KaoutherToumi
42

Rememberthat the second step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
43
1. ‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

2.1 What is literature review? ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
• It could be a :
• Chapter in a phd thesis or a dissertation
• Section in a research proposal
• Section in a research article
• full-length, stand alone review article
‫ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺻﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻝ‬‫ﻧﻅﺭﻱ‬ 100% 4444
KaoutherToumi

2.1. What is literature review? ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
• A literature review is a critical look at the existing research
that is significant to the work that researcher is carrying out.
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻅﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﻟﻼﺑﺣﺎﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬
4545
KaoutherToumi

2.2. Why is the literature review
important? ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ‬
KaoutherToumi
4646
• Establishes what is already known about a particular topic and how
authors have approached similar issues using different theoretical
and methodological appraoches => prevents you from reproducing
what is already known. ‫ﺗﻣﻧﻌﻙ‬‫ﻣﻥ‬‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻑ‬
• Enables you to acquire the ideas and language of the topic => it is
where you look for key ideas and concepts. ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬.
• Exposes « gaps » in the literature and helps you position your
research => Where you look for the evidence to support your
arguments. ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬‫ﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺞ‬

2.3. Characteristics of “good” Literature
Reviews
KaoutherToumi
4747
• Outlines important research “trends” in a topic
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺩ‬"‫ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬"‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
• Assesses the “strengths” and “weaknesses” of existing
research ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻡ‬"‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬"‫ﻭ‬"‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬"‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣﻭﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
• Identifies potential “gaps in knowledge”
‫ﺗﺣﺩﺩ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬"
• Establishes “a need” for current and/or future research
projects ‫ﺗﻭﺿﺢ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬"‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬/‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﻳ‬‫ﺔ‬

2.4. How can I do a literature review?
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
What are the
different steps of
literature review
proces
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬ 4848
KaoutherToumi

‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬
4949
Planning to the
research
‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ‬
2. Searching for
references ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬
3. Analyzing relevant
references
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬
4. Putting it all
together
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬
5. Organizing and
writing the review
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻅﻳﻡ‬
5 important steps
5‫ﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬
KaoutherToumi

5050
Step 1
• See Section1 for research
problem definition .
• Defining the research
problem helps to identify
the objective (‫,)ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ the
discipline (‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫)ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻥ‬ as
well as the type (‫)ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ‬ of
the literature review.
• Ask yourself : what kind
of review am I writing?
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻭﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﺍﻧﺎ‬‫ﺑﺻﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﻬﺎ‬‫؟‬
Planning to
research
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

5151
Step 1
• Objective ( ‫)ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬: to what
research question my
literature review is
responding ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ؟‬
• Type (‫)ﻧﻭﻋﻳﺔ‬ What type of
review am I conducting? Will
my review emphasize theory
methodology, qualitative or
quantitative studies ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺔ؟‬‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬‫؟‬
• Discipline ( ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫)ﻣﻳﺩﺍﻥ‬ :
What academic discipline(s) will
be included (economics,
sociology, psychology, fiqh,
etc... ‫ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬‫؟‬‫ﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ؟‬‫ﻓﻘﻪ؟ﻋﻠﻡ‬‫ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻉ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning to the
research
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

5252
Step 2
What references do I
need to gather?
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬‫ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬‫؟‬
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

5353
Step 2
• Collect current research on
your topic from different
sources: ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ :
• Journal articles ‫ﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
• Peer-reviewed? ‫ﺣﻛﻣﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫؟‬
• « ranked »? ‫ﻣﺻﻧﻔﺔ؟‬
• Books ‫ﻛﺗﺏ‬
• Sometimes: conference
papers, working papers.. ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺽ‬:‫ﻟﻣﺅﺗﻣﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻣﻝ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺎﺕ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻁﻳﻁ‬
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

5454
Step 2
• Collect current research on your topic from different sources:
• www.researchgate.net
• scholar.google.fr
• books.google.fr
• https://www.academia.edu/
• https://www.ssrn.com/en/
• https:// www.sciencedirect.com
• https:// www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/
• https://www.springer.com/
• https:// www.proquest.com
KaoutherToumi

5555
Quality journal in economics and
finance : ‫ﻋﻠﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻳﻳﺭ‬
• Classement français des
revues en economie, finance
et management ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻧﺳﻲ‬ : classement CNRS,
FNEGE, HCERES.
• International ranking ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ‬
‫:ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ABS or ABDC ranking.
• Journal citation report
(Impact factor)
http://www.sciencegateway.o
rg/impact/
• Harzing’s Publish and Perish
https://harzing.com/resource
s/journal-quality-list
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

5656
Step 2
Journals in fiqh muamalat/Islamic
Finance and Economics (examples)
• ‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬
• ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩ‬ :‫ﻋﺑﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻳﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
• ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
• ISRA International Journal of Islamic
Finance
• ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻠﺔ‬
• Etc.
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

5757
Step 2
Journals in Islamic Finance and
economics (examples)
• Accounting Commerce and Finance:
The Islamic Perspective Journal
• International Journal of Islamic and
Middle Eastern Finance and
Management
• Islamic Economic Studies
• Journal of Islamic Accounting and
Business Research
• Journal of Islamic Economics,
Banking and Finance
• Journal of Islamic Marketing
• Review of Islamic Economics
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

5858
KaoutherToumi
»
«

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬
5959
Step 2
• for each research article you read,
please note :
• Who is the author?
• What is the author's main
objective?
• What is the author’s theoretical
perspective? Research
methodology?
• What is the principal conclusion?
• What does this study add to your
project?
• What are the strengths and
weaknesses of the author’s work?
• Will your work address any of the
weaknesses identified?
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

6060
Step 2
‫ﻣﺭﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺅﻟﻑ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻅﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺿﻳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻋﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻲ؟‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻟﻑ‬‫؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬‫؟‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

6161
Step 2
Select only relevant references
to your project. ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺭ‬‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﺑﺣﺛﻙ‬
Use “research question” to
distinguish between MERELY
INTERESTING vs. ACTUALLY
RELEVANT contributions for
your topic ‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻭﺻﻠﺔ‬
Resist to the temptation to
incorporate every thing. ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﺩﻣﺞ‬‫ﻛﻝ‬‫ﺷﻲء‬.
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

6262
Step 2
This step helps to identify The
big scholars and the big players
in the field of research.
‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ‬‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻛﺑﺎﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬‫ﺑﺣﺛﻙ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

6363
Step 3
How can I assess the
existing literature?
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ؟‬
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

64
KaoutherTOUMI
64
Step 3
Analyzing is:
- Summarize and synthesize
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ‬
- Compare and critique
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‬
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

6565
What do we know
about the immediate
subject?
What are the key
arguments, key
concepts, etc.?
What are the existing
debates/theories?
What common
methodologies are
used?
Summary
and
synthesis What is new, different,
or controversial?
What views need
further testing?
What evidence is
lacking, inconclusive,
contradicting, or too
limited?
What research designs
or methods seem
unsatisfactory?
Comparison
and critique
Evaluates the “strength”
and “weaknesses” of
previous researches.
KaoutherToumi

6666
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ؟‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻅﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺟﺩﻝ؟‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍء‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺯﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻧﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺻﺎﻣﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺭﺿ‬ ‫ﻏﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬‫ﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‬
"‫ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻑ‬ ‫"ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ "‫"ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
KaoutherToumi

6767
Sample Language for “Summary and Synthesis” “‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻭﻟﻳﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻠﺧﻳﺹ‬”
- Badis et al. (2012) have demonstrated…
- Early work by Hassan and Graves (2013) showed that…
- Elsayed and Stern (2007) and Martinez et al. (2014) studied the profitability of
banks…
- Additional recent work by Parry et. al (2017) deals with…
Sample Language for « Comparison and Critique » « ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ »
- In this ambitious but simple research of Mellouli and Nacer (2012) showed that ..
- These general results, reflecting the higher profitability of IBs in Bahrain, are
similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll (2015),…
- A recent work by Hasna et. Al (2018) shows a different result when comparing
with Azadivar and Parry (2017) study.
Example
KaoutherToumi

6868
Step 4
A researcher should
consider the overall
picture that emerges.
What kinds of
conversations are scholars
having about your topic in
general?
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
KaoutherToumi

6969
Step 4:
When a researcher finish to analyze
relevant references, he should have
responses to all these questions: ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻳﻧﺗﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬:
• What do researchers KNOW about this
field?
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬‫؟‬
• What do researchers NOT KNOW?
‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻭﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺭﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
• Why should we (further) study this
topic?
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫؟‬
• What will my study contribute?
‫ﺑﺣﺛﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7070
Step 5
How will a researcher arrange
the information he has
accumulated?
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7171
Step 5
• You should not present
each source one by one!!
• Some organizational
structure :
• Topical
• Chronological
• Distant to close
• Debate
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7272
Step 5
• Topical ‫ﺣﺳﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ‬/
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺿﻳﻊ‬
• Most common approach.
• This approach breaks the
field into a number of
topics, sub-topics.
• Discusses each sub-
section individually.
KaoutherToumi
Three important areas of this field have
received attention: A, B, C.
• A has been approached from two
perspectives...
• The most important developments in
terms of B have been…
• C has also been an important area of
study in this field.
Example

7373
Step 5
• Chronological ‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻧﻲ‬
• This approach lists
studies in terms of
chronological
development.
KaoutherToumi
• This subject was first studied by ‘X
(author)’, who argued/found…
• In (date), author Y
modified/extended/contradicted ‘X
author’ work by…
• Today, research by author Z represents
the current state of the field...
Example

7474
Step 5
• Distant to close ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬
• Studies are organized in terms of their relevance to the current study.
• This approach starts by describing studies with general similarities
and ends with studies most relevant to the specific topic.
• Most useful for studies of methods or mathemathical or statistical
models.
KaoutherToumi

7575
Step 5
• Debate ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺗﻳﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻅﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎﻗﺷﺎﺕ‬/
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬/
• This structure
emphasizes various
strands of research in
which proponents of
various models
openly criticize one
another.
KaoutherToumi
• There have been two (three, four, etc.)
distinct approaches to this problem.
• The first debate/appraoch explains
that…
• The second debate/appraoch argues
that the first model is wrong for three
reasons. Instead, the second model
claims…
Example

7676
Step 5 : Basic rule for
citation:
If it’s not your own idea,
document it!
• In general, you should
paraphrase (restate in
your own words) the
author’s main idea + add
the name(s) of author(s).
• Recommendation: Please
use mendley desktop to
manage references!
https://www.mendeley.co
m/download-desktop/
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7777
Step 5
• The rationale of academic
citation is to enable other
researchers to follow the
author’s footsteps and track
sources down ‫ﻥ‬ّ‫ﻛ‬‫ﻳﻣ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ‬‫ﺁﺧﺭﻳﻥ‬‫ﻣﻥ‬‫ﺍﺗﺑﺎﻉ‬‫ﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬‫ﻭﺗﺗﺑﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬. .
• You should use references to
justify and support your
arguments as well as to
demonstrate your familiarity
with the main authors in a
field ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺷﻬﺎﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬‫ﻳﺳﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺑﺭﻳﺭ‬‫ﺣﺟﺟﻙ‬‫ﻭﺩﻋﻣﻬﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺗﻙ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺅﻟﻔﻳﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻬﻭﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7878
Step 5
• Please follow the
guidelines of the
university of Ez-Zitouna
regarding the citations in
your dissertation!
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

7979
Step 5
KaoutherToumi

8080
Step 5
• Clearly distinguish
between others’
contributions and your
own contribution.
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review

8181
Step 6
Formulate hypotheses
(in a deductive approach
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬ )
‫ﺻﻳﺎﻏﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬
KaoutherToumi
Planning
2. Searching for
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organizing and
writing the review
6. Formulate
hypotheses

2.4. How can I do a literature review? ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
KaoutherToumi
82
Inductive approach
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
Deductive approach
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬
Specific observation
special case
Theory, general rule
‫ﻭﺗﺟﻣﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣﻳﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺃ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺑﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺛﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ‬
Hypotheses.
Must be tested
propositions.
Not necessary to
be tested Literature
review

8383
1.Planning
2. Search the
literature
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organize and
write the review
6. Formulate
hypotheses
Step 6
A research hypothesis is :
• a tentative explanation of the
research problem, derived
from the literature review
‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺷﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻁﻼﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺟﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
• a statement of expectation or
prediction that will be
tested/proved by research ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﺑﺅ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﻗﻊ‬/‫ﺇ‬‫ﺛﺑﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬
KaoutherToumi

8484
Step 6
• The research question, when
stated as one sentence, is
your research hypothesis.
• A research hypothesis should
be stated in a declarative
form.
• A hypothesis should be clear
and brief. ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ‬‫ﻭﻣﻭﺟﺯﺓ‬.
• A hypothesis must be testable
(we could measure the
variables) ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻼﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬)‫ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ‬‫ﻗﻳﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬‫ﺍﺕ‬(
KaoutherToumi
1.Planning
2. Search the
literature
references
4. Putting it all
together
5. Organize and
write the review
6. Formulate
hypotheses

8585
KaoutherToumi

Section 3
Step 3:
Research design
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬
KaoutherToumi
86

Rememberthat the third step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
87
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

3.1. Definition of the research design
• When designing research we need to ask:
“given this research question, what we need to
answer the research question in a convincing way
and clearly”?
.. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺟﻪ‬‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﻧﻌﺔ‬‫ﻭﺑﻭﺿﻭﺡ‬ ..
KaoutherToumi
88

• A research design is: ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬
• a plan that specifies the sources and types of
information relevant to the research problem
‫ﺧﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﺩ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬.
• a strategy specifying which approach (qualitative or
quantitative) that will be used for collecting and
analyzing the data
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺭﺍﺗﻳﺟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬(‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬.
KaoutherToumi
89

• Whether you choose qualitative or quantitative analysis will
depend on several things
: ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬‫ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
• Your preferred philosophical approach (conductive or inductive).
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬)‫ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬.(
• Your skills and abilities with methods of data collection (if
needed) and analysis. ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻣﻛﻥ‬.
• The topic or issue you are interested in. ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬.
• How you frame your research question.‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ‬
KaoutherToumi
90

i. What is the study about?
ii. What approach will I use in my study?
iii. What will be the population and the sample?
iv. What are the variables of the study?
v. What periods of time will the study include and
region?
vi. What type of data is required?
vii. Where can the data be found?
viii. What techniques of data collection will be used?
ix. How will the data be analyzed?
KaoutherToumi
91
A clear statement of the research problem
The population/sample to beThe population/sample to be
studied
The period/The region
Techniques to be used to gather data
Methods to be used in processingMethods to be used in processing
and analyzing data.
Research design must, at least,
contain
A researcher should ask many questions
when designing his research:
The variables to be measured
Qualitative or quantitative approach

i. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
ii. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺄﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
iii. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬
iv. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫؟‬
v. ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺷﻣﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬‫؟‬
vi. ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
vii. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺛﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻥ‬
viii. ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫؟‬
ix. ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻳﺗﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻑ‬‫؟‬
KaoutherToumi
92
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﺎﻥ‬‫ﻻﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻧﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺑﺣﺛﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻁﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬:
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻲ‬‫ﻫﻭ‬:
‫ﺧﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺗﻭﺻﻝ‬‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻛﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬.
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺻﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬‫ﻏﺎﻳﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬)‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﻁﻠﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫؛ﻣﻌﺎﺟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺙ‬ ‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻪ‬(...
KaoutherToumi
93

a. the population
KaoutherToumi
94
Population

b. the sample
KaoutherToumi
95
Sample

d. Research approachesResearchapproaches
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixte
KaoutherToumi
96
What?
How? Who?
=> To understand the nature or a
quality of a phneomenon
Why? How much?
=> To evaluate the magnitude of
causal relationship (effect) between
two variables.
If the research
question is : Exploratory research or
Descriptive research
Hypothesis-testing research=
explicative research
If the research
question is :

d. Research approaches‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
KaoutherToumi
97
‫ﻫﻭ؟ﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻑ؟‬
=> ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺦ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺅﻯ‬.
‫ﻛﻡ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟‬
‫ﻟﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺟﻡ‬)‫ﺍﻷﺛﺭ‬(‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ‬.
‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬:
‫ﻭﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﺙ‬/‫ﺳﺑﺑﻲ‬

d. Research approaches‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻣﻧﺎﻫﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬
KaoutherToumi
98
: ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻛﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺿﺑﺎﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻣﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻭﺿﻳﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺳﺎﻫﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬1‫ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺑﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺄﺛﺭ‬)‫ﺳﻠﺑﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬(‫ﻣﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬2
‫ﺑﻳﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬:
‫ﻳﻬﺩﻑ‬‫ﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻗﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻭ؟ﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻥ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻑ؟‬
‫ﻛﻡ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟‬

d. Research approaches
KaoutherToumi
99

KaoutherToumi
100
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬/‫ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺑﻲ‬

KaoutherToumi
101

e. types of data
KaoutherToumi
102
Primary
Data
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
• Original data collected for the first time to
conduct the research ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ﻻﻭﻝ‬‫ﻣﺭﺓ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻘﺻﺎء‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬(...‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻠﺟﺄ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،
‫ﻗﺻﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ‬
• Sure about sources of data ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
• Time consuming process ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ‬
Secondary
data
• Those which have already been collected by
someone else ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺳﺟﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻳﺋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫.ﺳﺟﻼﺕ‬
• Not sure about sources of data ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬
• No time consuming process ‫ﻁﻭﻳﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

e. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
103
Primary data
Qualitative
research
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
Data are collected
via :
Interview
Observation
Quantitative
research
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
Data are collected
via :
Surveys
Secondary
data
Quantitative
research
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
Data are
collected from
financial
databases or
other sources

Section 4
Step 4:
Data collection
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬
KaoutherToumi
104

Rememberthat the fourth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
105
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

4.1. Purpose of data collection
• The purpose of data collection is to obain
information in order to investigate empirically
the research
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬‫ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺟﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺭﺍء‬
106106
KaoutherToumi

4.1. Purpose of data collection
107107
KaoutherToumi

4.2. Methods of collecting data
KaoutherToumi
108
a. Interview method to collect primary data for qualitative
research
The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used
through personal interviews and, if possible, through telephone interviews.

KaoutherToumi
109
a. Interview method to collect primary data for qualitative
research
3 types of
interviews
depending
on the
nature of
questions
Unstructured interviews
(for exploratory research )
Semi-structured interviews
(for exploratory research and explicative research)
Structured interviews
(for descriptive research and explicative research )

KaoutherToumi
110
b. Observation method to collect primary data for
qualitative research
Observation becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection for the
researcher, when it serves a formulated research problem, is systematically
planned and recorded and is subjected to checks and controls on validity and
reliability. Under the observation method, the information is sought by way of
investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the respondent.

KaoutherToumi
111
b. Observation method to collect primary data for
qualitative research
2 types of
observation in
social sciences
depending upon
the observer’s
sharing or not
sharing the life of
the group he is
observing.
(used in
exploratory
research)
Participant Observation
The observer observes by making himself, more
or less, a member of the group he is observing so
that he can experience what the members of the
group experience.
Non-participant observation
The observer observes as a detached emissary
without any attempt on his part to experience
through participation what others feel.

KaoutherToumi
112
c. Collection of data through questionnaires (survey)
In this method, a questionnaire is sent to the persons concerned with a request
to answer the same set of questions and return the questionnaire. It consists of a
number of questions set in a predetermined order. The questionnaire is sent to
respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and write
down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.

KaoutherToumi
113
c. Collection of primary data through questionnaires
(survey)
3 types of
questions in a
questionnaire
Closed (or multiple choice) questions ask the respondent
to choose, among a possible set of answers, the response that most
closely represents his/her viewpoint. The respondent is usually
asked to tick or circle the chosen answer. Questions of this kind may
offer simple alternatives such as ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. They may also require
that the respondent chooses among several answer categories, that
he/she uses a frequency scale, an importance scale, or an
agreement scale.
Open-ended or free-response questions are not
followed by any choices and the respondent must answer by
supplying a response, usually by entering a number, a word, or a
short text.
A contingency question is a special case of a closed-ended
question because it applies only to a subgroup of respondents. The
relevance of the question for a subgroup is determined by asking a
filter question. The filter question directs the subgroup to answer a
relevant set of specialized questions and instructs other
respondents to skip to a later section of the questionnaire.

KaoutherToumi
114
d. Collection of data for research in fiqh ‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬‫ﺣﻭﺙ‬‫ﻟﻠﺑ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬)‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﻪ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺙ‬ ‫؛ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ‬(...

KaoutherToumi
115
d. Collection of secondary data
Examples of financial databases that offers financial data for
researchers (for free):
IFSB data : https://www.ifsb.org/psifi_03.php
World bank open data : https://data.worldbank.org/
IMF data : https://www.imf.org/en/Data

Section 5
Step 5:
Data analysis
KaoutherToumi
116

Rememberthat the fifth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
117
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate
propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

5.1. Diversityof data analysismethods
Several methods exist to analyse data in order to solve the
research problem:
KaoutherToumi
118118
• Analyse factorielle en composantes principales
• Analyse factorielle des correspondances
• Analyse typologique
• Etc.
Analyse qualitative
exploratoire
• Analyse du contenu
• Résumé/synthèse
• Analyse thématique
• Etc.
Autres analyses
qualitatives
• Régression linéaire
• Analyse discriminante
• Régression sur données de panel
• Etc.
Analyse
quantitative

5.1. Diversityof data analysismethods
• Most research articles do not describe why a method was
chosen, or compare it to alternatives. ‫ﻣﻌﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻑ‬‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬‫ﺗﻡ‬‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬‫ﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
• For your MSc thesis, you will normally be expected to provide
explicit reasons for method choice. ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﻳﺭ‬،
‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬‫ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ‬‫ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ‬‫ﻭﺍﺿﺣﺔ‬‫ﻻﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ‬‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
• Example : “The interview method was chosen because how managers
understand the concept of competitive advantage is not understood.
Consequently, a postal survey could not be devised that would investigate
the issue in sufficient depth.”
KaoutherToumi
119119

5.2. examples of softwares for data analysis
KaoutherToumi
120
Quantitative data analysis
- Free open-source softwares for data analysis
• R : https://www.r-project.org/
• Grtel : http://gretl.sourceforge.net/
- Paying software
• SPSS
• STATA
Qualitative data analysis
• NVIVO: https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/home
• MAXQDA : https://www.maxqda.com/
• Atlas.ti: https://atlasti.com/

Section6
Step 6:
Interpret and report
KaoutherToumi
121121

Rememberthat the sixth step in the methodologyof
researchis to…
1. Define the
research
problem
2. Review
the literature
3. Design the
Research
5. Analyse
data
6. Interpret
and report
4. Collect
data
KaoutherToumi
122
If deductive logic,
If inductive logic,
formulate propositions
in 6.
‫ﻓﻲ‬6.

6.1 Results interpretation
• It consists in presenting a synopsis of the results followed
by an explanation of key findings.
• In deductive explicative research, researcher should :
• Present obtained results
• compare obtained results with suggested hypotheses => validate
or not validate the research hypotheses. In another term,
researcher should find reponses to his research question.
• compare obtained results with results of those of previous
empirical literature.
• Discuss the results
KaoutherToumi
123123

6.2 Reportwriting/Structure of the finalreport ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬
Typical structure of deductive
research:
a) Title, Author, author
affiliation
b) Abstract, keywords
c) Introduction
d) Theoretical
background/literature
review
e) Hypotheses development
f) Research design
g) Analysis and results
h) Discussion and conclusion
i) References
KaoutherToumi
124124
Typical structure of inductive
research:
a) Title, Author, author
affiliation
b) Abstract, keywords
c) Introduction
d) Literature and concepts
review
e) Research design
f) Analysis and results
g) Discussion, suggestion of
propositions and
conclusion
h) References

6.3 Reportwriting/the abstract
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph, the major
aspects of the entire research in a prescribed sequence that
includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you
investigated.
2) The basic design of the study.
3) Major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis.
4) A brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻠﺧﺹ‬:
‫ﻳﺗﺿﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺧﺹ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬:
1(‫ﺑﺩﺭﺍﺳﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻣﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬.
2(‫ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬.
3(‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬.
4(‫ﻣﻠﺧﺹ‬‫ﻣﻭﺟﺯﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺟﺎﺗﻙ‬.
KaoutherToumi
125125

6.4 Reportwriting/the structure ofthe introduction
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
1. Presents an overview on existing researches on the subject and highlights
the importance of the subject. ‫ﺗﻘﺩﻡ‬‫ﻟﻣﺣﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﺣﻭﻝ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬‫ﻭﺗﺑﺭﺯ‬‫ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ‬
2. Reveals « a Gap » in existing research ‫ﺗﻛﺷﻑ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬»‫ﺍﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ‬«‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
3. Indicates why it is important to study this Gap of research ‫ﺗﺷﻳﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻊ‬‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬‫ﻓﺟﻭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
4. Formulates the research problem + the research question (?) ‫ﺗﻁﺭﺡ‬‫ﺍﺷﻛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬+‫ﺳﺅﺍﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬)‫؟‬(
5. States the objective of your research ‫ﺗﺷﻳﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻫﺩﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
6. Describes brifely methods and important results ‫ﺗﺻﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻬﺞ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻁﺭﻕ‬‫ﺟﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺣﻠﻳﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺗ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‬
7. Indicates your contributions and the implications of the research ‫ﺗﺷﻳﺭ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺎﺗﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺛﻳﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺗﺑﺔ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
8. Gives a brief overview of the structure of your work (plan) ‫ﺗﻌﻁﻲ‬‫ﻟﻣﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻭﺟﺯﺓ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻫﻳﻛﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬
KaoutherToumi
126126

6.5 Reportwriting/the conclusion
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬/‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬
A conclusion is not an abstract. For most research papers, one or
two well-developed paragraphs is sufficient for a conclusion.
- A conclusion should:
- Synthetizes key points of the research
- Presents limits of the research
- recommends new areas for future research.
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺧﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻳﺳﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬.
‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺟﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺗﻣﺔ‬:
1.‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺧﺹ‬
2.‫ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﺽ‬
3.‫ﺗﻭﺻﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻓﻛﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺑﺣﺙ‬ ‫ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ‬.
KaoutherToumi
127127

Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (14)

Similar to Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi

Similar to Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Methodology of Research in Islamic Economics and Finance. Dr kaouther toumi